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Jan 1, 1938

Jan 1, 1971

Sykes, W. P.-Effect of Temperature, Deformation, Grain Size, and Rate of Loading on Mechanical Properties of Metals. Discussed by Zay Jeffries, W. H. Bassett, F. E. Carter 3 Evans, Geo. Watkin.-Alaskan Coal Fields. Discussed by P. N. Moore, H. H. Stoek, G. S. Rice, H. Emerson 4 Eavenson, Howard N.-Run-off and Mine Drainage. Discussed by J. R. Campbell, Andrew B. Crichton, J. B. Warriner, R. V. Norris, H. G. Moulton, H. B. Wright 7 Andrews, Allen, and Garcia, John A.-Skip Hoisting for Coal Mines. Discussed by R. V. Norris, Geo. S. Rice, H. N. Eavenson, E. A. Holbrook, Robert Obert, Andrews Allen, T. M. Chance 12 Rice, Geo. S.-Coal-pillar Drawing Methods in Europe. Discussed by Carl Scholz, D. Harrington; H. 1. Smith 16 Knapp, Arthur.-Modified Oil .well Depletion Curves. Discussed by Roswell H. Johnson 21 Alvey, Glenn H., and Alden W. Foster.-Barrel-day Values. Discussed by Roswell H. Johnson 22 Matteson, W. G.-Secondary Intrusive Origin of Gulf Coastal Plain Salt Domes. Discussed by Eugene Coste, E. W. Shaw, Joseph E. Pogue, F. G. Clapp, E. DeGoIyer, W. G. Matteson, H. W. Hixon, R. Van A. Mills 23 Reger, David B,-Carbon Ratio of Coals in West Virginia Oil Fields. Discussed by J. T. Singewald, Jr 33

Jan 5, 1921

By W. H. Bassett

Beads of metal frequently appear at the ends of cast-copper wire bars and on the sides of wedge cakes near the top. These are richer in cuprous-oxide than the rest of the casting. A micrographical study of these exudations has been made. It is suggested that the material is forced through the surface while the copper is solidifying. If not eliminated in process of manufacture, it shows on the finished polished sheet copper in patches differing in color from the main body of the sheet. FIGURES 1 to 4 show the copper exudations, at different magnifications, as they appear on the ends of cast wire bars, and on the sides, usually near the top, of wedge cakes. Sometimes the exudations are in fine "drops;" at other times, large masses of the material are found. Microscopic examination of the copper exudation indicates that it is high in oxide and of eutectic proportions. Because of the difficulty of securing a suitable sample, the protuberances have not been analyzed chemically; but the spectroscope shows no indication that there are any more metallic impurities present than in the balance of the copper. The lowest copper plus silver content of the coppers studied for this? paper was 99.914 per cent.; the highest, 99.966 per cent.; so the oxygen content of the whole casting would be well under 0.07 per cent.

Jan 2, 1926

Lake Superior Meeting . PAGE Gathmann, Emil.-Casting and Molding Steel Ingots. Discussed by J. W. Richards.. 2 McCaffery, R. S.-The Acid Bessemer Process. Discussed by Bradley Stoughton, J. W. Richards 3 Elliott, S. R.-Athens System of Mining. Discussed by F. W. Sperr, Lucien Eaton 4 Mercer, H. T. and Paulson, A. C.-Handling and Treatment of Rock-drill Steel at Copper Range Mines. Discussed by Harrison Souder, H. T. Mercer, W. H. Schacht, C. M. Haight 5 Hayden, J. E. and Eaton, Lucien.-Building Reinforced-concrete Shaft Houses. Discussed by William Kelly, T. L. Condron, Lucien Eaton 7 Eaton, Lucien.-Mechanical Ventilation at Lake Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 8 Schacht, W. H.-Steam Regenerators Reduce Coal Consumption. Discussed by 0. P. Hood, W. H. Schacht ? 9 Linton, Robert.-Standardizing at North Butte Mining Co. Discussed by Grant H. Tod, C. A. Mitke 10 Smith, H. DeWitt and Sirdevan, W. H.-Mining Methods and Costs at United Verde Mine. Discussed by C. A. Mitke 12 Davy, Myron A.-Reflecting Microscope for the Mining Engineer. Discussed by C. P. Berkey, W. A. Rukeyser 14 , Norden, J. A. and Willson, A. R.-Hoisting Equipment at Utah-Apex Mining Co. Discussed by E. M. Norris 17 Aldrich, H. R.-The Dip Needle in Stratigraphy. Discussed by H. R. Aldrich, W. 0. Hotchkiss, Carl Zapffe, E. A. Kronquist 18

Jan 1, 1921

By J. J. Beeson

For the past fifty years or more, the structural features of the Cordil-leran mountain system of western United States have presented some most interesting problems. Any geologist or engineer living in this region, or even making occasional examinations of the mines, will lose much of interest and importance if he is not familiar with the literature. Some of the greatest works on geology have been the result of studies carried on in sections of this region. Among the more important of the earlier works are those of Dutton,l King,2 Gilbert3 and Powell;4 of the more recent Lindgren,5 Ransome,6 Spurr,7 Butler8 and others have contributed much. Many of the papers are largely of scientific interest but even these lay the foundation for the commercial application of the broader features of the geology. I have read many of these works with the keenest interest and pleasure; in fact, some have been read until some of the more important findings seem to be my own. In this paper, however, it is my aim to accept credit for little more than the labor of assembling some of the ideas of others. This is done with the hope that an interesting and valuable discussion will be the result. If some of the ideas presented should

Jan 1, 1927

By J. J. Beeson

Fox the past fifty years or more, the structural features of the Cordilleran mountain system of western United States have presented some most interesting problems. Any geologist or engineer living in this region, or even making occasional examinations. of the mines, will lose much of interest and importance if he is not familiar with the literature. Some of the greatest works on geology have been the, result of studies carried on in sections of this region. Among the more important of the earlier works are those of Dutton,1. King,2 Gilbert,3 and Powell;4 of the more recent Lindgren,5 Ransome,6 Spurr,7 Butler,8 and others have contributed much. Many of the papers are largely of scientific interest but even these lay the foundation for the commercial application of the broader features of the geology. I have read many of these works with the keenest interest and pleasure; in fact, some have been read until some of the more important findings seem to be my own. In this paper, however, it is my aim to accept credit for little more than the labor of assembling some of the ideas of others. This is done with the hope that an interesting and valuable discussion will be the result. If some of the ideas presented should

Jan 9, 1925

By A. D. Zunkel, A. H. Larson

Equilibrium antimony contents of pb-sb alloys in contact with PbO-Sb2O3 slags containing less than 45 mole pct Sb203 uleve determined at 650', 700°, and 750°C in an inert atmosphere. In this ten~pevature range, the antimony contmzt of the alloy increased with increasing temperature at all slag compositions. The PbO-Sb203 phase diagram below 28 mole pct Sb2O3 was determined by thermal analysis and by application of a log sbZ4/y$b0 us plot determined from the equilibrium-activity data. The resulting phase diagram showed a eutectic at a temperature of 604°C and a comfiosition of 21.6 mole pct Sb2O, with a maximum terminal solid solubility of Sb203 in PbO of 5.6 mole pct. These results are compared with existing data in the literature. In the past three decades, only a small amount of experimental work has been done on the slag-metal equilibria in the Pb-PbO-SbaO3 or the analogous arsenic and tin systems. These systems are important in commercial lead-refining processes such as softening and dross fuming since it is impurities such as antimony, arsenic, and tin in lead bullion and Sb2O3, As2O3, and SnOz in lead drosses which must be re-

Jan 1, 1968

By A. Perry Thompson

I- GeneRal Distribution, AppeaRance, and Relations ........ 563 11. Data fRom MicRoscopic Examination............... 568 1. Criteria for Distinguishing Primary from Secondary Minerals...... 568 2. The Leonard Vein Filling..................... 574 Quartz............................ 575 Pyrite............................ 575 Enargite............................ 576 Covellite............................ 578 Bornite............................ 581 Chalcocite........................... 583 Chalcopyrite.......................... 586 3. The Fault-Vein Covellite..................... 587 The Speculator Ore........................ 587 The East Gray Rock Ore.....,.............. 589 4. Other Occurrences of Covellite.................. 591 111. Conclusions........................... 592 1. The Replacement of Minerals..................592 2. The Character of Mineralizing Solutions .............. 594 I. General Distribution, Appearance, and Relations Mining in Butte has seldom encountered covellite in commercial quantities. The notable occurrences, extending vertically and laterally perhaps several hundred feet, presented scattered, bladed lenses of this mineral in a matrix of quartz, pyrite, enargite, bornite, and chalcocite. But under the microscope covellite is seen to be widespread in the Butte ores, though in such small quantity that megascopic examination will not discover it. In early mining operations covellite was found in the Gray Rock vein, a member of the Blue vein system. As described by Sales,' it persisted as an occasional ore mineral, associated with quartz, pyrite, tetrahedrite, bornite, chalcocite, and minor amounts of sphalerite, from the 700-ft. to the 1,200-ft. level of the East Gray Rock and Diamond mines. Crushed quartz-monzonite and later quartz completed the vein filling between

Jan 1, 1916

By Wheeler Davey

WHEN metals are subjected to mechanical working, such as rolling, one of the phenomena that take place is a movement of the crystals of the metal into a system or systems of orientation which bear an angular relation to the direction of working. In rolled metal the crystals may orient themselves with respect to the rolling plane or the rolling direction, or both. Direct evidence of the existence of preferred orientations in rolled metal has been obtained by numerous investigators from X-ray patterns of the rolled metal. Most of these workers used a monochromatic pinhole method. Where the degree of preference for a single orientation is high the monochromatic pinhole pattern may be interpreted by a geometrical calculation based on the angular relationships of the planes in the crystal and the diffraction arcs on the X-ray pattern. This process may be aided by the geometrical construction of the locus sphere (Langenkugel), and reflection circles of Polanyi,1 Polanyi and Weissenberg,2 and Mark and Weissenberg,3 and of the plane polar figures (flachenpolfigur) of Franz Wever.4 R. M. Bozorth5 solves X-ray patterns from metals having a single preferred orientation by means of a series of charts which when placed over the X-ray pattern give directly certain angular relationships, between the crystal planes and the surface of the specimen.

Jan 1, 1929

By Robert Gorham Morse

This paper presents the results of an investigation made in the metallurgical laboratory of Columbia University, New York City. The object of the investigation was to determine how the tensile strength, the elastic limit, and the size of the grain, of a pure medium-carbon steel are affected by heating to successive temperatures between 500° and 1300° C., with slow cooling therefrom. Since Dr. Sorby's first investigations into the microstructure of steel, the study of the subject has been continued by Professor Martens, Mr. F. Osmond, Professor Arnold, Professor Howe, Mr. A. Sauveur, Mr. J. E. Stead, and many others. Among many valuable and interesting papers I mention the following as having a special bearing upon this investigation.* " Microstructure of Steel," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxii., 546 (1893); Microscopic Metallography," by F. Osmond, Trans., xxii., 243 (1893); "The Microstructure of Steel and the Current Theories of Hardening," by Albert Sauveur, Trans., xxvi., 863 (1896); "The Crystalline Structure of Iron and Steel," by John Edward Stead, J. Iron and Steel Inst., 1898. II.—Statement of Experiments. Through the kindness of Mr. N. Lilienberg, New York City, round rods 3/4 of an inch in diameter were obtained, which had been rolled from one ingot. The analysis of the steel was as follows : C, 0.343; Si, 0.027; Mn, 0.221; I?, 0.0266; S, 0.0037 per cent.

Jan 1, 1900

By J. S. Vanick

An extremely hard, tough, and strong, white or chilled cast iron has been applied for the past several years to industrial and mining services in which its unusual properties have been confirmed by its ability to deliver in many instances much better performance than plain chilled iron, or other wear-resistant materials. It is being produced regularly by alloying a good base composition of chilled or white cast iron with essentially 4 to 6 per cent of nickel and 1 to 2.5 per cent of chromium. Such a material can attain a hardness exceeding 600 to 750 Brinell as against 380 to 530 for corresponding grades of plain chilled iron. The strength is approximately doubled and the toughness significantly increased. These properties make it especially useful for many applications requiring a high hardness for resistance to wear, abrasion, attrition, deformation; to some extent to high compressive loading and to a lesser but important degree to corrosive action. A wide variety of commercial castings is being successfully produced from this iron, ranging in size from the small grain-grinding plates or burrs through medium-sized castings such as sand pumps up to large, heavy castings such as rolls for metal rolling or cement grinding. The composition of this white cast iron may be roughly bracketed within the range shown in Table 1.

Jan 1, 1933

By L. W. McKeehan, W. C. Elmore

THE magnetic powder method, long used for roughly mapping magnetic fields, has recently been refined 1,2 for investigating the microscopic variations in the surface magnetization of ferromagnetic crystals. Bitter' first discovered regular powder patterns connected with the crystal structure of such specimens. Several other investigators3 have used Bitter's original technique, with slight modifications, to study the variation of the patterns with variations in the magnetizing field applied parallel to the surface, and their dependence upon the state of strain, of polish and of crystal cut. All of the explanations of these patterns on metallic ferromagnetics have been couched in general terms. In a preliminary report we have described an improvement in the powder technique which led us to the discovery of a new effect throwing considerable light on the magnetic secondary structure of alpha iron4 and of nickel' single crystals. We now report additional evidence confirming the existence and stability of a magnetic block secondary structure. SPECIMENS The following list describes the specimens used in the present investigation. DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION A1 Silicon ferrite furnished to us by Dr. W. E. Ruder, of the General Electric Co., for which he gave the following typical analysis: C, 0.05; P, 0.038; 5, 0.026; Mn, 0.15; Si, 3.24. Disk, 0.60 cm. diameter, about 0.05 cm. thick.

Jan 1, 1935

By H. P. Croft

[ ] Professor Hibbard's paper presents a very interesting theory concerning the influence of texture on the tendency of brass tube to stress-corrosion crack. I should like to present the result of some work done in 1941 which may throw further light on the subject. In the first place, in regard to his review of the influences of grain boundaries, we not only confirmed the findings which he quoted, but also were unable to crack single crystals of beta brass in the standard mercurous nitrate test in 50 hr under loads up to 18,500 psi. Samples containing two or more crystals of beta brass always cracked at grain boundaries and generally followed the same pattern as for alpha brass, although cracking occurred sooner than in alpha brass under the same conditions. Such a specimen is shown in Fig 4. Second, at the possible risk of repetition, we should like to call attention to the reported role of grain size as influencing the tendency to stress-corrosion crack. This phenomenon, originally mentioned by Dr. Allan Morris in the Transactions, AIME, 1931, is illustrated in Fig 5, showing the effect of variations in grain size on the tendency of drawn brass wires to crack under load in the mercurous nitrate solution. This was taken from my work published in Proceedings A.S.T.M. 41, (1941), 905.

Jan 1, 1948

By George Stern

THE purpose of this investigation has been to study one method for making ordinary carbon steel by the powder metallurgy technique. This method con- [ ] sists of pressing and subsequently sintering an intimate mixture of iron powder and graphite in a suitable atmosphere to produce a steel. Two types of iron powder have been studied, electrolytic and reduced. The sintering of mixtures of loose carbonyl iron and carbon black for several hours at 1000° to 1100°C. (1830° to 2010°F.), followed by forging of the resultant ingots to bars, has been studied by Offermann.1 Trail' has reported on the properties of hydrogen-reduced and electrolytic iron powders, both containing 0.5 per cent carbon. Methods for making steel bodies by powder metallurgy have also been sug- [ ] gested by Goetzel,3 who recommends the addition of steel powder of well-defined carbon content to pure iron powder, and Volterra,4 who suggests compaction and subsequent sintering of a mixture of steel powder, iron oxide and iron powder. Additional methods for making steel bodies by powder metallurgy have been reported in the literature by Koehring,5 Allen,6 Balke,7 Wulff,8 Boegehold,9 and others. 10,11,12 It is felt that the method of pressing iron powder and graphite, as described herein, lends itself best to production because of the lubricating action of the

Jan 1, 1946

By Lyall Zickrick, R. S. Dean, F. C. Nix

The first attempt to establish an equilibrium diagram of the lead-antimony series was made by Roland-Gosselinl in 1896. This investigation classified the system as a purely eutectiferous one, with the eutectic at 12.5 per cent. antimony and 228" C. In the next year, Stead2 placed the eutectic temperature at 247' C. The error in temperature made by Roland-Gosselin, however, has been perpetuated in the literature with a remarkable degree of persistency; this value was accepted by Campbell (1902), and Ewen (1910),3 and will be found in the last edition of Desch's3 Metallography (1922). Gonterman's investigation, made in 1907, was the most complete one available at the time .the present investigation was started. He concluded4 that the system was a simple eutectiferous one and placed the eutectic at 13 per cent. antimony and 247° C. Other investigations by Tammann (1907),5 Garbow (1909),6 Rudolfi (1910),7 Loebe (1911),8 and Leroux (1913)9 added little, if anything, to Gonterman's diagram. A number of investigations have been made of physical properties of the alloys. The electrical conductivity of the series was studied by Matthiessen (1860)10 and by A. W. Smith (1921);11 the thermoforce by Rudolfi (1910),12 and Pelabon (1923) ;13 the specific heat by Durrer

Jan 1, 1926

[59H1-Water Law and Its Significance to the Mining Industry by Wells A Hutchins 59H2-Relation of Land Subsidence to Groundwater Withdrawals in the Upper Gulf Coast Region, Texas by Leonard A Wood and A G Winslow 59F3-Hydraulic Mining of Gilsonite and Its Application to Coal Mining by J H Baker 59H4-Recovery of Phosphates by In Situ Fluid Mining by Sylvain J Pirson 59F5-Coal Cleaning Plant Design for Minimum Operating Labor by Wm M Bertholf and John D Price 59F6-Coke Combustibility A Neglected Characteristic by J D Price 59B7-Union Carbide's Uranium Operation at Maybell, Colorado by K W Lentz and F T Temple 59H8-A Rapid Method for Estimating Alumina in Feldspathic Sands by Hugh H Bein 59H9-Water Laws as Related to Dredging in Idaho by Robert A Lothrop, Richard B Porter, and Robert P Porter 58B19-Separation and Washing of Alumina Process Residue by Morton Handelman 59B11-Feed Preparation and Froth Modification for Fatty Acid Flotation by Carl C Martin and Burt C Mariacher 59B12-Design Requirements for Tailing Disposal in the Southwest by E Vern Given 59B13-Semi-Dome Shaped Buildings for Bulk Storage by Edward E Ives and William L Payne]

Jan 1, 1961

By J. H. Frye, S. G. Holder, E. E. Stansbury

Internal friction studies on annealed and cold-worked pure silver and alloys of silver with 4.5 atomic pct each of Cd, Sn, and Sb are reported. Small amounts of cold work, introduced by stretching pure silver, decrease the internal friction; large amounts of cold work, by wire drawing, cause this decreased internal friction to rise. Results of severol anneoling histories on the room-temperature in-ternal friction indicate a rather complex recovery and recrystallization behavior. A rather system-atic alloy effect is observed for the elements of Period V-B in silver in both the annealed and cold-worked states. DURING recent years internal friction measurements at very small stress levels have been interpreted in terms of structural models and mechanisms occurring within the metal or alloy.These measurements have been made over wide ranges of frequency of vibration and of temperature. While the effects of impurities, alloying, and plastic deformation have been studied by numerous investigators, no investigations of the effect of a series of solutes related by their position in the Periodic Table on a given solvent seem to have been reported. The present paper reports internal friction measurements on silver and on certain silver-base solid solutions to determine the values of room-temperature internal friction associated with varying amounts of plastic deformation and after different annealing

Jan 1, 1957

By Charles W. Henderson

THE influence of mineral production on the development of the western United States has been profound. From 1848 to 1860, there was only gold production, the effect of silver began in 1860, and from then on both had a powerful influence. Lead production started in 1863, copper in 1863, and zinc in 1885, but was small until 1898. Gold alone was therefore the stimulus of the early settlement and exploration of the Western States.. But mineral deposits caused neither acquisition of territory nor determination of boundary lines. Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and parts of Utah, Wyoming, and Colorado were formally acquired from Mexico fourteen days after the actual date of the discovery (January 19, 1848)1.2 of gold at Sutters Mill, near the present town of Coloma, California (a discovery which, with the immediate new discoveries, aroused the world several months later) ; but the acquisition was by treaty (under negotiation for some time but signed February 2, 1848)3 in settlement of a war involving the boundaries of the grassy plains of Texas, an area at that time not known to contain any metals, and to date found to have but few metal deposits.4 The international boundary at 49º latitude for the far northwest states was determined by causes other than mineral deposits.

Jan 1, 1933