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By Z. I. Zaki

Synthesis of TiC /A1203 Composite from TiO2, Al and graphite using combustion technique has been investigated at different initial temperatures; room, 400 and 600 °C. The effect of initial temperature on the composition of the product, wave velocity and combustion temperature of the reaction was studied. The measured combustion temperature and wave velocity were increased with increasing the initial temperature of the combustion reaction. The maximum wave velocity obtained was 5.9mms-1 when conducting the combustion reaction at initial temperature of 600 °C. Oxidation resistance of the obtained composite was also studied at the temperature range 300-800 °C. No oxidation is detected before 400 °C while it takes place effectively at 700 °C forming different titanium oxides. Wave velocity measurements method was used to calculate the activation energy of the reaction between the starting materials. It was found to be 316.34 kJ mol 1 at the temperature range that was studied.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. E. MacAfee

THERE have been great changes in the design, capacity, and pressure of steam generating units over the past fifty years. If we go back as far as 1890, the plants then existing were largely horizontal return tubular boilers, hand-fired, with the boilers supported on the brick sitting which was com-posed of red brick with, probably, a refractory lining one brick thick in the combustion chamber. About this time, the water tube boiler began to supplant the H.R.T. boiler and, where new plants were being constructed of any size, water tube boilers were largely installed. In those days, say from 1890 to 1905, a 250 h. p. water tube boiler was considered a large unit. These boilers were largely the straight tube type and were set with the first row of boiler tubes three to six feet above the grates. The brick setting was a combination of red brick and fire-brick. The fire-brick lining in the furnace proper was usually 9 in. thick and in the first pass 4 1/2 in., while the rest of the setting was entirely red brick. These units were largely hand-fired and were expected to produce about 100 per cent rating as a maximum. It may be well at this point to define rating, which is the evaporation of one boiler horse power per hour by each ten square feet of heating surface in the boiler. A boiler horse power is the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of steam from and at 212°F. Consequently, a boiler containing 2,000 square feet of heating surface is rated at 200 h. p. and the evaporation at 100 per cent rating is 200 X 34.5, which equals 6,900 pounds of steam per hour from and at 212°F.

Jan 1, 1939

By G. J. Birnie

Introduction The preparation of the following paper has been undertaken in the belief that a description of the development methods and equipment used at Lake Shore, at the present time, will prove of general ? interest. Working depths of nearly a mile and a half in shaft sinking and of more than one mile for stoping operations have imposed problems not encountered at shallower horizons. Among the problems contributing to the difficulty of mining at extreme depths might be mentioned: Rock pressures Ventilation Hoisting Shorter work period at the face Geological considerations In the main, the effects of these factors add to the difficulty of mining at depth, but it is not entirely true to say that each must necessarily become more pronounced as mining operations proceed to greater depths. Corrective measures may, in some cases, retard the effect and in others may even relieve some of the difficulty. It is proposed here to discuss these features in the light of the experience at Lake Shore, and to present, in some detail, the current practice in shaft sinking and in driving ore and waste passes, raises, drifts and cross-cuts.

Jan 1, 1950

By Horst Konig

This paper illustrates that, with the application of new processes, smaller steel plants using local raw materials can be economical and advisable. It also introduces the problems connected with the direct reduction processes, which use non-coking coal or gas as reducing agents, and which are employed in connection with conventional reduction to produce excellent results. Electric smelting is also discussed, and some practical examples of operating plants are given.

Jan 1, 1970

By S. L. Gertsman

Canadian steel foundry practice has made marked progress during the past decade. Equipment suppliers, development engineers, and foundry personnel have focussed their attention on every phase of the foundry operation, with a resulting lower demand on manpower and materials. Also, more rigid specification requirements as to dimensional tolerances and quality have necessitated improvement and increased control at every stage from the pattern shop to the cleaning room. The growing trend toward mechanization is clearly evident. Equipment such as sand mixers, sand reclamation systems, material handling devices, moulding machines, core blowers, etc., is being increasingly employed by the steel foundryman. This equipment not only increases production but also tends to lessen the human variable so prevalent and disconcerting in the early days of steel founding. The result has been an improved and more reliable steel casting, which is gradually obtaining wider acceptance by design engineers. The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly some of the practices being used, and also the direction of development that is being pursued by Canadian steel foundrymen.

Jan 1, 1948

By M. A. Hardie

"CASES and mixtures of them are so common and so much a part of everyday existence that they become so taken for granted that their individual characteristics and idiosyncrasies rarely become of curiosity to others than those involved in tl1eir production, processing, treatment, transportation, and for utilization. The use of the most common and universal mixture of gases -air -is begun at birth by ail living creatures and their discontinuation of its use terminates existence. Modern man rides on air in his tires, rides through it for high-speed transportation, and uses it for his comfort in the heating and air conditioning of his domicile. It is neither the aim nor the in-tent, in the next few moments, to provide a panacea for even a portion of the problems inherent in the gas industry nor to delve deeply into any particular facet of its diversities. The purpose is primarily to touch upon some of the peculiarities and generally to consider approaches to employ in the pursuit of solutions."

Jan 1, 1959

By V. L. Eardley-Wilmot

Introduction We are all familiar with the bright and attractive colours of the roofs of our suburban houses and country cottages, but few of us fully appreciate the complex and highly technical nature of the business which produces these roofings. Roofing granules consist of small broken particles of certain types of rocks, burned clay products, or slag. They are used either in their natural state or artificially coloured and are affixed onto one surface of asphalt sheeting. Their main functions are to protect the roof against external fire hazard, prolong its life, and enable it to withstand extremes of weather over a period of years without deteriorating. Pleasing designs and colours are added attractions. The reverse, or inner side, of the sheeting is coated with a film of talc or fine mica to prevent it sticking when rolled up for convenience of handling for transport. The finished sheets or strips are cut into a variety of shapes for roofing shingles, or for sidings which resemble rows of bricks separated by mortar. In Canada, the consumption of roofing granules has increased fourfold in the past decade and indications are that the industry will continue to expand. At present, fourteen plants are engaged in manufacturing granule-coated roofings, but, apart from a relatively small output of natural granules by two producers in British Columbia, only one eastern producer makes both natural and coloured granules in Canada, and these only for its own use. The annual consumption is now over 77,000 tons of roofing granules valued at more than $1,600,000, but about 62 per cent of the tonnage is imported. It is thus apparent that the production of Canadian-made granules, both natural and coloured, could be considerably increased. This paper is presented in order to give an outline of the industry and at the same time to point out its difficulties and pitfalls.

Jan 1, 1946

By R. O. Burt, D. J. Ottley

"SYNOPSISRecent developments in the use of the Bartles-Mozley table and the Bartles CTS screen are described for the gravity preconcentration of fine heavy mineral and metal particles present in low grade pulps. The B-M table is a relatively new device used for the recovery of particles of up to 100 micron size down to 5 microns or in the case of gold and platinum, down to 1 micron. The CTS screen is a wet screening device used for feed preparation ahead of the Bartles-Mozley table and will size effectively down to about 300 mesh. Results and operating data for a number of different materials are given including outline flowsheets; the effects of the major variables on the performance of the table are briefly discussed. The potential of the B-M table to treat a variety of different ores, coal, tailings, and waste products are considered. The utilization of the B-M table in association with other unit processes to improve overall results as well as to improve the economics of design and performance of plants are also mentioned.INTRODUCTIONA number of new gravity concentration devices have been developed in recent years for the recovery of fine heavy mineral and metal particles but for reasons which include low capacity, high capital or operating costs, competition from other and better processes, the absence of simplicity or reliability in operation etc., only a few which include the Bartles-Mozley table, have been proved to be of commercial application.The name of the machine is derived from the inventors name, Richard Mozley, who developed the B-M table at the University of Bristol in England. The table was subsequently taken up and patented, world-wide, by the National Research Development Corporation a British government agency. An exclusive license to manufacture the table was granted by NRDC to Bartles (Carn Brea) Ltd. in Cornwall, England."

Jan 1, 1973

By David M. R. Stone

Underground mining in the gold industry is gaining popularity in Nevada, and with it the use of cemented rockfill is becoming mainstream. Even with today?s high metal prices, however, mining companies are very sensitive to the margins they realize, and are constantly looking for ways to reduce costs or improve efficiencies. Given that the backfill is one of the largest cost centers in underground mining, mines are constantly under pressure to reduce backfill costs. This paper will present an overview of the factors that impact cemented rockfill quality in Nevada mines based on the authors many years of consulting experience. Cemented rockfill quality can be linked directly to binder consumption, hence programs aimed at improving quality generally result in lower binder costs, better performance in the fill (hence less dilution), and improved safety. The paper will conclude with the key elements of a comprehensive program of backfill quality assessments and backfill QA programs. Comparative laboratory and minesite data from a number of operating and proposed mines will be presented.

May 1, 2007

By H. Lundberg

Introduction The world has been suffering from an excessive production of all kinds of raw materials, and the metals and petroleum are no exception. As a consequence, at the moment, the urge to find new mineral deposits is almost non-existent and prospecting languishes. But from previous experience we know that sooner or later new supplies will be needed. Mineral deposits become exhausted, and to keep up the supplies of our metals and petroleum, new deposits must be found. Even now, a supply of petroleum of domestic production would not be unwelcome in Canada. It is not, therefore, so entirely malapropos to discuss means of finding ores and oil as it would seem. Almost any physical property connected in definite manner with minerals and rocks may be made the basis of geophysical exploration. This is particularly true of electrical resistivity, and its utilization in electrical prospecting has been the deciding factor in the discovery of such big ore-bodies as Buchans mine, Newfoundland, and the large copper ore-bodies in northern Sweden, etc., as well as in the solution of many foundation and structural problems. The importance of electrical prospecting has been growing steadily, and already there exists hardly any exploration project involving geological problems which may not profit by its application. Electrical prospecting is marching on, and neither temporary failures, nor incompetence, nor over-optimism, nor ill-will and pessimism, nor bad times and business depression, will be able to halt its progress.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. W. Meier

Introduction The great importance of air warfare during World War II and the introduction of large-scale air transportation and airborne operations created an immediate demand for large quantities of high quality light alloy products. Before this war, the use of magnesium, the lightest structural metal, was barely in the development stage, and considerable research work was needed to overcome difficulties in improving its properties and to attain uniform quality in mass production of magnesium alloy products. The Canadian Bureau of Mines was frequently called upon, by various agencies of the Armed Forces and of the newly established war industries, to examine magnesium alloys that had failed in fabrication or in actual service, and to advise on proper alloys and fabrication methods to be used. Failures in magnesium alloy castings were connected mainly with lack of knowledge of proper founding and surface-protecting techniques. Most of the defects were due to microporosity and faulty heat treatment. To aid the foundry industry, small-scale investigations were started on the effect of various factors in the casting technique in order to improve the quality of the products. These investigations were made in co-operation with representatives of the Armed Forces and the Canadian magnesium industry. This work was later co-ordinated into a broad research programme on magnesium alloys, comprising problems on melting, refining, various casting methods, heat treatment, and testing of properties of standard and special alloys. This research programme? is still in force, and the present paper contains some results of the first series of investigations on magnesium casting alloys carried out at the Experimental Foundry of the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1948

By G. W. MacLeod

The iron ore question in this country has been widely discussed for many years, but only recently has its real significance becoming generally understood. The exhaustion of the old Helen mine, in 1918, marked the last phase of hematite production in Ontario, and with the closing of the Magpie mine in 1921 , Canada ceased to be a producer of iron ore. For the past three years every ton of ore used in Canadian blast furnaces has been imported. In a recent issue of the Engineering and Mining Journal-Press, Arthur B. Pearsons, Assistant Editor, makes the following statement : Iron dominates the world. Some contend that coal is more vital. be-cause heat is needed to make iron and steel. But there are other sources of energy, more convenient and less costly and it is only a question of time when progress in hydro-electric development will have reached the point where coal will be but an incidental source of power and heat. Even more direct means than the generation of electricity by hydro-power eventu-ally will be developed by making available the latent energy of the sun. But iron; Science gives not the vaguest suggestion that anything will dis-place iron and steel as the most essential material tool of modem civiliza-tion. ? Hardness, tenacity, malleability-it possesses all these in unique de-gree. These are some of the qualities that make steel and iron indispensable in modern industry. The domestic consumption per inhabitant of the United States has climbed uniformly from 0.18 tons in 1900, to 0.36 tons in 1922. New kinds of machines and new types of structures are being devised every year; and steel or iron is the basis of most of them." It is unlikely that the Ontario Government were actuated by this motive when they appointed the Iron Ore Committee to investigate and report on the iron ore situation, nevertheless, these facts must have influenced them in some degree.

Jan 1, 1924

By S. Kelebek, B. Nanthakumar

ABSTRACT The sensitivity of sulphide minerals towards oxidation depends on the mineralogical makeup and nature of sulphide ores. This paper focuses on chalcopyrite behaviour in a nickel-copper sulphide- ore matrix that was aged in the mine-site stockpiles. Results of collectorless, collector-induced flotation and recovery by size are presented following a discussion of XPS analysis that was used to gain insight into oxidative alteration of chalcopyrite’s surface chemistry. Chalcopyrite maintains its high flotation activity despite exposure to weeks of oxidative conditions. It is concluded that chalcopyrite is quite tolerant to stockpile oxidation due to various factors related to alteration of its surface chemistry.

Jan 1, 2012

"Under the term ""paleogeomorphology"" are grouped together all geo-morphological phenomena which are recognizable in subsurface geology. Since geomorphology is the science of the earth's relief features, paleogeomorphology is the science of buried relief features. Such features are of importance to the petroleum geologist whenever they lead to the trapping of hydrocarbons. In areas where these features abound -and western Canada certainly is such an area -pale-ogeomorphology ranks in importance with stratigraphy and structural geology as a hydrocarbon-finding tool. Hydrocarbons may be trapped either directly or indirectly due to paleogeomorphological processes. Both types of traps may occur either below the morphological surface or above (against) it. Several examples of types of paleogeomorphological traps are given. A new classification of geomorphological .features is proposed, with a subdivision into two main groups: constructive and destructive geomorphic processes. Of the many geomorphic classifications, some are of greater interest to the petroleum geologist in western -Canada than others. In the present paper the morphology of reefs and of buried erosional land forms are discussed in greater detail. In dealing with the reefs of the Devonian Leduc formation in Alberta, it is found that several groups of reefs can be distinguished and that each group presents a separate set of morphological characteristics. The effects of erosion and weathering are exemplified mostly in the Devonian, Mississippian and Jurassic of Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Hydrocarbon traps occur below the highs on the erosional surface as well as in sands laid down in the lows of that surface. The rules which govern the formation of ancient landscape forms are worked out, using an area in southeastern Saskatchewan as an example."

Jan 1, 1960

By G. McIsaac

"This paper discusses the formulation of a linear program with the objective of maximizing the cash flow of the long-term plan of an underground operation. A mine is split into eleven independent ore zones, each characterized by its reserves, required development, and mining method. Based on practical considerations, maximum rates are set for each zone’s development and production capacity. For the total mine plan, a minimum daily production rate is set along with a minimum feed grade to the mill. A maximum daily development capacity is set based on the equipment and labour available. Proven and probable ore is mined preferentially over possible ore in the early years of the plan. Also, the fixed cost of operating the mine is taken into consideration whenever mining activities take place.Once the linear program is solved, it can be critically reviewed, and unrealistic results can be identified. Some resource allocations constraints can then be changed in certain sectors, and new results can be analyzed. “Whatif” scenarios can also be examined, such as determining the impact of hiring a contractor to develop a given sector, or dropping an ore zone completely from the plan."

Jan 1, 2005

By G. McIsaac

This paper discusses the formulation of a linear program with the objective of maximizing the cash flow of the long-term plan of an underground operation. A mine is split into eleven independent ore zones, each characterized by its reserves, required development, and mining method. Based on practical considerations, maximum rates are set for each zone?s development and production capacity. For the total mine plan, a minimum daily production rate is set along with a minimum feed grade to the mill. A maximum daily development capacity is set based on the equipment and labour available. Proven and probable ore is mined preferentially over possible ore in the early years of the plan. Also, the fixed cost of operating the mine is taken into consideration whenever mining activities take place. Once the linear program is solved, it can be critically reviewed, and unrealistic results can be identified. Some resource allocations constraints can then be changed in certain sectors, and new results can be analyzed. ?Whatif? scenarios can also be examined, such as determining the impact of hiring a contractor to develop a given sector, or dropping an ore zone completely from the plan.

Sep 1, 2005

By R. Melley, P. Wissner

The paper looks at the basic theory of tri-bological wear and the role played by the lubricant and its additives. It presents the argument that the “real cost of lubrication” is not the purchase price of the oil or grease, but rather the costs associated with not using the correct lubricant. A number of examples are presented, covering oils, greases and additives, in which a detailed evaluation of the application has shown that when all of the benefits of using the best lubricant/additive are evaluated, the savings achievable greatly surpass the incremental cost of the superior lubricant. One of the emerging classifications of costs in industry today are those associated with environmental protection. Two of the examples used describe the replacement of more conventional lubricants with environmentally acceptable products, compounded to compete in all aspects of serviceability, but which have the added bonus of being not only biodegradable but also of being of low toxicity.

Jan 1, 1997

"The QEMSCAN system is the third generation of automated mineral analysis systems that began with the QEM*SEM at CSIRO 30 years ago (Butcher et al. 2000). It is now a successful commercial instrument with 39 instruments in operation around the world. Back Scattered Electrons (BSE) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) X-Ray spectra are used to create digital mineral images with mineral identification occurring online. Low-count EDS spectra are used preferentially to BSE brightness, allowing minerals to be accurately identified by chemical composition. Individual minerals or groups of similar compositions are identified by comparison to a comprehensive mineral database incorporated into the QEMSCAN software. Optical mineralogy and Scanning Electron Microscopy is a metallurgists’ tool for determining the ore process mineralogy and delivering a better flowsheet. These techniques have limitations, provide limited information and sometimes fail to provide representative information. In contrast, QEMSCAN provides information on the nature and occurrence of all mineral species present plus the liberation characteristics, looking at thousands of particles in the sample presented. Some of the data presented includes:• Particle and grain sizes• Dominant mineral species• Particle shape• Calculated metal content• Density• Deportment of elements of interest between the mineral phases• Quantitative mineralogy• Mineral associations, locking and liberation• Textural relationships (particle images)It can also be used on concentrates, polished sections or drill core. This is a significant improvement in ore characterisation providing lithology, mineralogy, liberation, ore grade and porosity from a sample. Theoretical grade-recovery curves can be created to be mineralogically limited from QEMSCAN analysis which, when compared with metallurgical results, are valuable in evaluating whether liberation or chemical selectivity is driving flotation performance. A number of case study examples are given where the QEMSCAN had a significant bearing on future project development at an early stage of exploration and mine development."

Jan 1, 2012

By H. C. Boydell

Introduction Situated in the district of South Lorrain, some 16 miles southeast of Cobalt, Ontario, and reached from that centre either by branch line of the T. & N. O. railway or by what, for a mining camp, is a reasonably good road, the Keeley mine, owned by the Keeley Silver Mines,' Ltd., has had its history recorded by C. W. Knight (1). Silver was first discovered in South Lorrain, in Woods' vein, on Keeley property, in 1907, and the Keeley mine has been described by Knight (2) and Bell (3). The total production to February 28th, 1930, has been 10,760,107 ounces of silver and 1,285. 434 pounds (weight) of cobalt.

Jan 1, 1931

By J. M. Whiting

"North America has entered a period when greatly increased attention must be given to energy .supply and demand by government, industry and individuals. Such increasing concern about energy will be a long-term phenomenon, accompanied by continuing examination of future resource development and utilization. Those engaged in or associated with mining, a major energy consumer, are likely to experience a variety of problems which are associated with the end of an era of low-cost, virtually unlimited energy supply. Their efforts, furthermore, may be subjected to escalating public and government scrutiny, involvement and control. However, ever-growing recognition of the real and urgent necessity to systematically develop new energy supplies within Canada and the United States will provide unusual challenges and opportunities for those companies and individuals with mining expertise. The vast deposits of coal, tar sands and oil shale provide a relative certainty of supply which only stands to gain in attractive ness with time. In order to benefit from this aspect of certain supply, nevertheless, synthetic fuels will have to be produced at a tolerable cost. This will always require excellent process design and engineering. As synfuels development expands to any significant production level, however, and Jess than ideal reserves are scheduled, the usual geologic-productivity complexities encountered in making ore out of low-value rock will tend to become of prime concern. It is for this reason that the services of experienced mining personnel will be in growing demand in energy production."

Jan 1, 1973