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By Longjiang Li, Song Mao, Zhengyang Qiao, Qin Zhang, Guizhou University, Ling Wang

"After a study on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, according to the limitation of ordinary flotation column only is used for a flotation of microgranular minerals, the paper designed a new kind of layered convection coarse particle flotation column.Using a bauxite to test the rationality of the flotation column.The test results show that the new layered convection coarse particle flotation column is feasible.It has certain advantages about coarse particles flotation.INTRODUCTIONFlotation column has many advantages, for example,a simple structure, high efficiency and energy saving, the obvious advantage of fine particles flotation , the index superior and so on. The advantages gradually getting people's recognition. Research of flotation column has been a breakthrough, however, due to it only is used for the flotation of microgranular minerals, and the microgranular mineral particles will lead to a series of problems, and makes the processing cost is increased. Due to increase grinding fineness can save the grinding time and reduce the cost of grinding, also can avoid the disadvantage of fairly granular mineral particles cause a deterioration in the flotation. So it is necessary to research a kind of coarse particle flotation column.After a research on the advantages and disadvantages of flotation column, the authors designed and manufactured a new layered convection coarse particle flotation column, the flotation column both in theory and operation is better than flotation machine.DESIGN OF THE LAYERED CONVECTION COARSE PARTICLE FLOTATION COLUMNAdvantages and Disadvantages of the Traditional Flotation ColumnIn the field of mineral processing, as the increasing proportion of ore that has low grade, fine dissemination size, complex mineral composition characteristics. The limitations of traditional flotation machine is increasing[1],for instance, the high energy consumption, severe wear, inconvenient configuration , large amount of maintenance and so on. Compared with flotation machine, the flotation column with high separation efficiency, low investment and production cost, covers a less area low installation cost, less reagent dosage, more suitable for separation of fine particles and can automatically control, etc[2]. At present, the ore is facing the world energy crisis situation, and becoming increasingly difficult to flotation. So it is important to invent a coarse particle flotation column."

Jan 1, 2016

By J B. Magee

Sheep Creek Mines Limited has developed several operating techniques that have greatly assisted in keeping unit costs at reasonable levels. Some of the techniques, as described in this paper, include organization, accounting, warehousing, bonus and contracts. INTRODUCTION THIS paper is a non-technical report on operating techniques developed by Sheep Creek Mines Limited at their Mineral King mine, located near lnvermere, B.C. Depressed metal prices and continually rising labour and materials costs have necessitated a continuous search for method to keep operating costs down. The newly developed techniques and practices have greatly assisted in maintaining unit costs. Sheep Creek Mines Limited is a mining company incorporated under the laws of the Province of British Columbia. The Company's share capital is 3,500,000 common shares, witl1 a par value of 50 cents each, of which there are 1,875 000 shares is-sued. The Company has eight di-rectors. The administration, exploration and accounting offices are located in Nelson, B.C. The Company's working capital is approximately $1,500,000.

Jan 1, 1963

By M. F. Goudge

THE present century has witnessed an amazing transformation in the uses of limestone. From being mainly a structural material, a role it has played since the beginning of civilization, it has become one of the in-dispensable raw materials for use in the great chemical and metallurgical industries that play such a vital part in the economic life of the nations today. Its uses have become so diversified and numerous that it enters, directly or indirectly, into nearly every phase of modern life. In this introductory paper it is proposed merely to outline the general usefulness of limestone and to point out some of its salient features, and to leave any detailed discussion of uses to the papers that follow. The term limestone as herein used embraces all kinds from the variety known as high-calcium limestone, which is composed almost entirely of calcite, to the dolomitic variety, composed largely or entirely of the mineral dolomite. Lime is simply calcined limestone and, in considering the uses of limestone, the uses of lime should also be included, particularly in view of the fact that, in many processes, it is possible to use limestone in either the raw or the calcined state.

Jan 1, 1939

"ALTHOUGH Canadian metallurgists have long been active in research, the scope of the work was somewhat limited until the be-ginning -of World War II. The rapid industrial development of Canada during the past ten years has been accompanied by .a similar upsurge in research. However, the wide geographical distribution of the research centres has made it difficult for the individual research workers to meet together and to exchange ideas or even to learn what projects .are being investigated or the nature and extent of the facilities available for work of this kind.The purpose of the present symposium is to assemble data relating to projects under investigation and the facilities employed at the various metallurgical research laboratories in Canada, thus providing some measure of correlation so that workers in different locations may learn what kind of work •is being .done at other points throughout the country.In reporting the symposium it has not been possible to reproduce the papers in full, but excerpts have been selected that give the essentia1 data."

Jan 1, 1952

By Jacek Paraszczak, Stefan Planeta

"RésuméDans la première partie de cet article on discute Ie contexte technico-économique de l'usage des foreuses à l'eau sur béquille dans des mines sud-africaines. Par la suite on présente les résultats d'une étude comparative du forage avec les foreuses à l'huile et à l'eau par rapport aux foreuses pneumatiques. La performance des foreuses est discutée sous les deux aspects: l'aspect technique concernant Ie taux de pénetration et la quantité d'eau rejetee dans les galeries et l'aspect de fa santé et sécurité au travail, et plus particuliérement, les niveaux de bruit et de vibrations ainsi que Ie brouillard de l'huile. On conclut par l'évaluation du potentiel de forage à I'aide des foreuses hydrauliques dans Ie contexte canadien.AbstractIn the first part of this paper the technical and economical aspects of water-powered drilling are discussed. This technology, originally employed in South Africa, received some interest from Canadian mine operators. In this context a comparative experimental study of pneumatic and hydraulic (oil- and water-powered) jackleg drills has been realized. The performance of the drills is compared and the results reviewed with regards to technical aspects (penetration rate, amount of water spilled) as well as health and safety considerations (noise and vibration level, presence of oil mist). The potential for application of hydraulic jackleg drill is discussed."

Jan 1, 1995

By A. Glover

As the demand for natural gas as a prime global energy source continues to grow, the search for new sources of the fuel spreads into geographical areas that are more remote from the marketplace. Along with this comes the need for longer and ever more efficient pipelines. This requirement for higher value in natural gas transportation is satisfied to a large extent through the application of high strength technology and innovative design approaches that support increased design and operating pressures. This paper reviews the latest accomplishments and successes in these technologies for use in gas transmission. It also explores some of the technologies which are targeted for the future to allow the industry to achieve even higher benchmarks in reliability and cost-effectiveness. The central element in the theme of high strength technology for gas pipelines is that of high strength steel. From tensile strengths of Grade 359 a few decades ago, more and more operators are now specifying Grade 550 linepipe for their large diameter projects. As well, Grade 690 steel is operating successfully in limited transmission applications and Grade 825 has recently been installed. With the introduction of the latest high strength pipe comes the need for high strength fittings. The industry's first Grade 550 fittings were recently specified and installed on a project with Grade 825 line pipe. High strength materials can only be implemented successfully if compatible design and construction processes are in place. The latest developments in strain- and reliability based design will be described as well as the corresponding advancements in welding and inspection technology.

Jan 1, 2005

By Gary Watters

PORTS AND ARCTIC CONDITIONS ?Large ice forces ?Standard designs fail in the arctic ?Specialized construction methods for ice PRESENTATION OUTLINE 4 Example Projects ? 2 Alternative Construction Methods ? Advantages & Disadvantages ?Controlling costs

Oct 1, 2010

By L G. White

During 1958, prospecting parties working for the Mackenzie Syndicate in the Flat River area of the Mackenzie mountains, Northwest Territories, identified tungsten mineralization and located the property now being developed by the Canada Tungsten Mining Corporation Ltd. Scheelite mineralization, associated with pyrrhotite and minor chalcopyrite, occurs in lime silicate skarn replacement zones within a limestone-chert-argillite series intruded by granitic dykes originating from the ? main batholithic mass underlying the sedimentary beds. The results of surface outcrop sampling and 15,000 feet of grid-pattern diamond drilling have been combined to outline an orebody estimated to contain 1.32 million tons, grading 2.51 per cent WO after applying a 10 per cent dilution factor for mining purposes. T HE property of Canada Tungsten Mining Corporation Ltd. is located in the upper Flat River area of the Mackenzie mountains, Northwest Territories. Skarn-type replacement deposits containing scheelite mineralization are .situated between elevations of 4,500 and 5,500 feet above sea level along the east flank of the mountain range forming the boundary between the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories. The nearest supply center for the area is Watson Lake, Yukon Territory, located at Milepost 635 on the Alaska Highway.

Jan 1, 1963

By A. K. Chetin, W. W. Fitkin

"The reservoirs of Mississippian Mi-dale beds and Frobisher beds found in the Weyburn field lie at the north-western termination of a broad productive belt extending 120 miles along the northeastern rim of the Williston basin. These carbonates, and inter-bedded evaporites, originated during cycles of marine transgression and regression, and were deposited as rock types characteristic of shoal, lagoon, and basinward shelf environments. The Frobisher-Alida Beds, which form a secondary reservoir to the main Midale Beds of producing zone are composed of oolit1c, fragmental-bioclastic, vugular limestone capped by an impervious dolomitic mudstone. Production is controlled by localized structural features resulting from de-positional build-up. Excellent reservoir conditions are accompanied by an active water drive. The Frobisher Evaporite, consisting of massive primary anhydrite with dolomitic veinlets, forms the floor seal for the Midale beds oil accumulation. A significant facies transition into an oolitic, bioclastic, vugular limestone characterizes this unit. Beyond the depositional margin of the evaporitic facies, marked increases in porosity and permeability of the en-tire reservoir are noted. Carbonate units overlying the areal extent of the Frobisher Evaporite exhibit a greater degree of metasomatism, dolomitization, and more abundant secondary anhydrite.Porous carbonates comprising the producing zone of the Midale beds are divided into an oolitic, fragmental bioclastic, vugular limestone, and an overlying granular marly lime-stone unit, capped, by the Midale Evaporite. Oil is accumulated in a stratigraphic trap bounded above and be-low by primary anhydrite and truncated by the post-Mississippian erosional surface. Mississippian strata dip basinward from this erosional surface in a broad homocline exhibiting only minor irregularities. Rapid lateral and vertical porosity and permeability variations are common. Localized, separated, porous lenticles contain interstitial water in areas where the Midale beds are underlain by the Frobisher Evaporite. The major portion of the field, however, is capable of water-free production. Bottom and edge waters are found in certain portions of the field. Productive limits are tentatively defined around most of the present field perimeter. A large area along foe southern edge of the field remains open to future development. Probable ultimate remaining recoverable crude oil reserves, as of September 30th, 1958, were estimated by Mc-Daniel Consultants Ltd. to be in excess of 330 million barrels."

Jan 1, 1959

By J. B. De Hart

In the September issue of the Bulletin, 1923, there is a paper by J. A. H. Church on "The Spontaneous Combustion of Coal in Mines", which is more or less a general discussion of the subject. Mr. Church gives a list of mine fires which have occurred in Alberta. Of the total of thirteen fires, six are attributed to spontaneous combustion. Of these six fires, it will be noted that five are in thick pitching seams. These fires occurred in the following mines during the years shown, at Frank in 1909; at Lovett in 1916; at Cadomin in 1920; at Yellowhead in 1922, and at Cadomin in 1923. Every one of these fires has occurred, as Mr. Church points out, in a seam of over 12 feet in thickness, and furthermore not one of these fires has been extinguished, although in every case large sums of money were expended and considerable risks . taken in fire fighting. Now it is quite evident from these facts that mines working seams of this nature are faced with a very grave danger and it behooves us to study the matter and endeavor to arrive at some practical method of preventing the loss of our coal mines from this cause.

Jan 1, 1924

By R. A. King, B. G. Hunt, C. E. T. White

"This paper reviews the history, occurrence, properties, and uses of indium, and describes the commercial production and fabrication of that metal by The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited (Cominco), at Trail, B.C'. Indium is produced commercially at Trail from dross retreatment furnace D.R.F.) slag, a complex by-product of the lead smelting operations. Furnace feed prepared from this slag is smelted with coke and limerock in an electric furnace. The e1ectric furnace bullion is parted electrolytically, producing a market-able lead-tin alloy containing about 8 per cent tin, and leaving the indium in the anode slime. Recovery of indium from the anode slime involves roasting the slime with sulphuric acid, followed by leaching with water, purifying the leach solution, recovering the indium by sponging with zinc or aluminum, and re-fining electrolytically. This process yields standard grade (99.97+ per cent) indium which is either sold or refined •to high purity ( 99.999 per cent) indium for special uses requiring higher purity metal."

Jan 1, 1959

By Damien Gaboury

"Two practical methods for correlating two or more diamond-drill core intersections, using a stereographic projection software are presented. The first may be used to establish if two or more vein intersections are correlative, based on their core angles and diamond-drillhole attitudes. The second method allows prediction of main vein attitudes from numerous intersections, based on a spherical density contouring projection. The methods are suitable for: (1) correlating veins in complex orebodies; (2) ascertaining lateral continuity of ore for reserve estimations; (3) demonstrating the hidden complexity of an orebody; and (4) correlating and interpreting various planar elements.IntroductionModern mineral exploration relies on diamond- drill core data and on the ability of geologists to interpret them. Drill core generally yields unoriented information, unless an expensive orientation device is used. As a consequence, strike and dip of planar elements such as lithological contacts or mineralized veins cannot be determined easily. This is particularly true for blind deposits (covered by thick overburden) and complex orebodies, where field data cannot support drilling interpretations. Such a problem has been addressed previously using two and three diamond drillholes and several solutions were proposed based on trigonometry, and geometric and stereographic projections (Mead, 1921; Wisser, 1932; Fischer, 1941; Stein, 1941; Bucher, 1943; Gilluly, 1944; Addie, 1962; Mills, 1963; Lyons, 1964). However, these solutions are time consuming and not relevant to present day computerized data plots."

Jan 1, 1997

By Stefan Boshkov

THE ADVENT of mining at great depth has brought to the fore the question of stresses around mine openings. The many-pronged attack on this problem is certified by the accelerated appearance, in the mining literature, of articles on various topics related to this subject (1). Whereas it may be agreed that we, of the mining profession, have fallen woefully behind in research and the development of an understanding of this important facet of the general problem of mining, it must also be accepted that the analysis of the stresses in a mine structure is usually more complex than is the case in the majority of structures encountered and dealt with in civil engineering. Whereas homogeneity and isotropy are readily acceptable for most metals, such properties are but crudely approximated in rocks. Whereas the external loads on a structure in civil engineering may be readily determined, those on a mining structure are subject to ?conjecture. Whereas the limits of the structure may readily be defined in civil engineering, the boundaries of the mining structure are, in most cases, indeterminate, and subject to intelligent guesswork, at best.

Jan 1, 1956

By H. W. Wevers

Fatigue failure and accompanying brittle failure occurs frequently in heavy mining equipment. This paper discusses how fracture mechanics can be applied as a tool for crack control and crack management. Information is provided to determine if particular components are prone to brittle failure. By using existing fracture mechanics formulae, an estimation of the critical crack size can then be made. It is explained that for a successful application of fracture mechanics, both the actual engineering stress in the component and the mechanical properties of the applied material must be known. The importance of toughness at low temperatures is quantitatively illustrated by calculating critical crack sizes at room temperature and at below-zero temperatures. Understanding the possibilities of fracture mechanics will also produce a climate in which the purchaser of equipment can more precisely analyze the relative quality of components with respect to crack tolerance and failure prevention. In this manner, communication between the user and manufacturer of equipment may also become more precise and effective, leading to improved design.

Jan 1, 1977

By Ivan Malinsky, Gérard Castonguay

"On a développé un procédé qui donne une fonte (2,3% C, 0,07% V) du V2O5 (99%) et un rutile synthétique (94% TiO2) à partir d'un minerai, dont les réserves au Québec sont importantes. Le procédé comprend les opérations suivantes: 1) la concentration magnétique du minerai (30% Fe, 9% TiO2 et 0,65% V2O5) pour produire un concentré (65% Fe, 7% TiO2 et 1,6% V2O5); 2) le smeltage du concentré aggloméré dans un four à arc, sans fondant, pour produire une fonte et une scorie (30% FeO, 40% TiO2 et 8,0% V2O5) qui contient plus de 95% du vanadium et du titane présents dans le concentré; 3) le grillage alcalin (37% Na2CO3) de la scorie suivi d'une lixiviation à l'eau et de la précipitation de l'hexavanadate d'ammonium à partir du filtrat; 4) la lixiviation du résidu par l'acide sulfurique pur ou usagé pour produire un rutile synthétique. Un estimé préliminaire de la valeur économique du projet laisse croire à sa rentabilité à la condition que l'investissement pour le smeltage soit inférieur à environ 400$/tonne de fer.IntroductionLes gisements de magnétites titanifères sont nombreux dans le monde. Ils consistent en une magnétite étroitement liée a l'ilménite, La teneur trop élevée en TiO2 empêche l'exploitation de ces gisements pour la production de fer. Cependant, dans certains cas, la magnétite a une teneur intéressante en vanadium qui peut rendre l'exploitation de ces gisements rentable. Aujourd'hui, les magnétites titanifères constituent la plus importante source de production de vanadium. On estime qu'environ 70% du vanadium produit provient de ces sources."

Jan 1, 1983

By S. W. Stogran

"Chemical and limited biological monitoring of mine and mill effluents are being used by regulatory agencies to monitor and control discharges to the environment. Amendments to the Federal Fisheries Act may make it mandatory for mines to conduct Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM) which will change the emphasis from monitoring effluents to monitoring impacts on receiving waters. The EEM amendments may expand the scope of present environmental studies to include: effluent mixing zone delineation; inventory and classification of resource, habitat, and historical receiving environment; effluent quality determination; chronic and acute bioassay testing; tissue analysis; benthic invertebrate monitoring; fish population surveying; fish tainting evaluation; and the evaluation of impacts on fish habitat, invertebrate communities and fisheries resources. The requirements for EEM have not yet been worked out by the mining industry and the government committee. Experience at Lakefield Research in conducting biological monitoring studies for the mining industry has shown that biological monitoring may be useful for assessing environmental impacts only if programs are planned and executed to collect relevant data, thus minimizing costs and maximizing effectiveness.IntroductionThe chemical monitoring of effluents and water bodies receiving effluents is common practice in the Canadian mining industry and has been used routinely by regulatory agencies to control discharges to the environment. Biological monitoring has also been used on a limited basis, primarily to augment chemical data collected. A number of regulatory bodies, primarily in Canada and the United States, have been incorporating biological monitoring into environmental regulations.Various forms of biological monitoring techniques have been used in Canada and the United States to help assess the impact of mining operations and effluents on the environment. Biological monitoring includes a wide range of activities, from monitoring metal uptake in individual organisms to examining the population dynamics in ecosystems. The most commonly employed biological monitoring techniques are the chronic lethality toxicity tests. Also becoming widely used are in situ and chronic toxicity tests."

Jan 1, 1994

By Ralph Harris, Xia Qi, Frank Komsic

"Gold cyanidation kinetics which are often limited in commercial operations by the rate of oxygen dissolution from gas bubbles into the slurry, are discussed. Emerging technologies for improving the rate of oxygen dissolution are compared and the gas efficiency, energy use and operating performance of inverted cones and a device based on a jet diffuser are examined. The effect of solids loading is also reviewed and a relationship between operating parameters and the kilograms oxygen dissolved per kilowatt-hour is presented.Inverted cones are shown to create slurry settling problems at high gas flow rates and surface tension lowering agents are shown not to greatly improve the overall rates of oxygen dissolution.The novel jet diffuser technology operates at a range of gas to liquid ratios that improves its energy use over conventional technology and the performance of a number of designs are discussed.Gas efficiencies as high as 35% were observed with the novel diffusers at 40 cm diffuser immersion and are expected to increase at greater immersions. Energy use of 1.8 kg 02 I kWh were estimated for prototype full size diffusers operating at 100 cm immersion. Energy use of 3.S kg 02 /kWh is conservatively expected at 600 cm immersion.IntroductionGold ExtractionGold that can not be recovered by gravity separation can be recovered by either the Merrill-Crow process or the newer carbon in pulp (CIP) or carbon in leach (CIL) processes 1. Reductions in operating costs and improvements in gold recovery are central mill operating strategies. The present paper examines the potential for improvement that can be achieved in the gold cyanidation step of gold recovery. This paper introduces a number of emerging technologies and provides a basis for comparison of the performance. It shows that the basis for comparison of a particular technology depends on the type of gold extraction circuit employed and the type of reactants employed."

Jan 1, 1996

By J. Kazakoff

"The success of gold recovery at the Jolu gold mill depends on many variables. The most important ones are the people, the ore body, plant design parameters, equipment selection and cost control. This paper will briefly hiqhlight the above, the main focus, however will be on the gravity gold circuit.The gravity circuit requires judicious operator attention in order to operate properly. In return the circuit gives immediate visual results for mill peopleIntroductionThe development of the Jolu property to the production stage was carried out quickly, efficiently and economically. The property became a gold producer ahead of schedule and under budget.The Jolu property is a joint venture between International Mahogany Corp., a 70% partner, and Corona Corporation, a 30% partner. Corona Corporation operates the Jolu Gold Mine, located 140 kilometers north of LaRonge and 520 kilometers north of Saskatoon."

Jan 1, 1990

By G. Graves, J. A. Walker

"Abstract - The Mount Fronsac North volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit is the most recently discovered massive sulfide body in the Bathurst Mining Camp. The deposit occurs within a sequence of intercalated fine-grained felsic tuff and sedimentary rocks (Little Falls member), at the top of the Nepisiguit Falls Formation. Aphyric to sparsely feldspar-phyric rhyolite and related volcanic rocks of the Flat Landing Brook Formation overlie the host sequence. The massive and semimassive parts of the deposit have a north-south strike length of 525 m and a dip of ~45°E; the deposit is continuous downdip for 600 m, and thickness varies from 2 to 20 m. The deposit contains an estimated geologic resource of 14 Mt of low-grade, semimassive (>60%) to locally massive sulfides, and includes a high-grade zone of 1.26 Mt grading 7.65% Zn, 2.18% Pb, 0.14% Cu, 40.3 g/t Ag, and 0.40 g/t Au. The semimassive to massive sulfide intersections occur in an envelope of quartz-sericite±chlorite schist, which is interpreted to be intensely deformed felsic tuff. This sequence has a maximum thickness of 140 m and contains significant (up to 50%) fine- to coarse-grained disseminated pyrite. The pyritic envelope has a strike length of 900 m and extends over 1000 m downdip. Massive sulfides are found throughout this alteration envelope, but more commonly occur at or near the upper contact. The significance of the discovery of this deposit is that it represents a near surface discovery of a large tonnage sulfide body in a mature mining camp, one in which the possibility of discovery of a new shallow deposit had been all but discounted. This opens the possibility for future discoveries in this part of the Bathurst Mining Camp. Sommaire - Le gîte de sulfures massifs volcanogènes du Mont Fronsac Nord est la découverte de sulfures massifs la plus récente dans le Camp Minier de Bathurst. Le gisement est situé dans une séquence de tufs felsiques à grains fins interlités de roches sédimentaires (membre de Little Falls, au sommet de la Formation de Nepisiguit Falls. La partie massive et la semimassive s’étendent du nord au sud sur 525 m et ont un pendage de ~45°E; le gisement est continu sur 600 m en angle de chute et son épaisseur varie de 2 à 20 m. Le gisement contient une ressource géologique évaluée à 14 Mt de sulfures semimassifs (>60%) localement massifs à basse teneur, incluant une zone à haute teneur de 1.26 Mt titrant 7.65% Zn, 2.18% Pb, 0.14% Cu, 40.3 g/t Ag, et 0.40 g/t Au. Les intersections de sulfures semimassifs à massifs se situent dans une enveloppe de schiste à quartz-sericite ± chlorite interprétée comme un tuf felsique intensément déformé. Cette séquence contient une quantité importante (jusqu’à 50%) de pyrite disséminée dont le grain varie de fin à grossier et son épaisseur maximale est de 140 m. L’enveloppe pyriteuse s’étend latéralement sur 900 m et a été tracée jusqu’à 1000 m en angle de chute. Des sulfures massifs sont trouvés partout à l’intérieur de cette enveloppe d’altération, mais ils sont plus fréquents près du contact supérieur. L’importance de cette découverte tient à ce qu’elle est un exemple d’un gisement à fort tonnage nouvellement découvert à une faible profondeur dans un camp minier mature, i.e., un camp ou l’on ne croyait plus qu’il était possible de trouver un gisement près de la surface. Ceci ouvre la porte à la possibilité d’autres découvertes dans cette partie du Camp Minier de Bathurst."

Jan 1, 2006

By G. Chi

Outline 1.Regional geologic setting 2.Host rocks and structures 3.Mineralization, alteration and paragenesis 4.Geochronology 5.Major and trace elements 6.Fluid inclusions 7.Carbon and oxygen isotopes 8.Conclusions

Apr 1, 2005