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By Michael Arnold, Bob Faulhaber, Joe Nichols

"Center Hill Dam is a critical part of the infrastructure controlling floods at the Caney Fork River and reducing flood levels at the Cumberland, lower Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The Center Hill Dam Foundation Remediation Project was necessary to address Karst features in the foundation rocks and observed signs of distress of the dam. From 2011 to 2014 BAUER Foundation Corp. (BFC) performed deep foundation works for this project. The executed features of work include the installation of two walls. The first wall extends throughout the clay embankment into the underlying rock to provide encasement during the construction of the second wall. Its width of 7.4 feet makes it the widest diaphragm wall ever installed. The second wall is the actual seepage barrier and provides a continuous 2- feet wide wall. It extends through the first wall into the underlying rock and is up to 300 feet deep. The paper introduces the project, the requirements specified by United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for encasement and barrier wall and the approaches taken by BFC. It discusses the ground conditions and describes the excavation equipment as well as the excavation methods used. A special focus is put on the steering capabilities of the hydrocutter equipment and the verticality performance.PROJECTBeginning in 2011, BFC was tasked by the USACE with the installation of a seepage barrier/cutoff wall at the Center Hill Dam Foundation Remediation project under a partially performance based specification. The remediation was necessary due to karst features in the foundation rocks and observed signs of distress, which led USACE to rate the dam with the most critical dam safety action classification (DSAC I). The executed features of work include the installation of two walls. The first wall, an encasement wall, extends vertically through the clay embankment and is embedded minimally into the underlying bedrock to provide embankment stability during the construction of the second wall, the barrier wall. The encasement wall is constructed of overlapping panels 7.4 feet (2.25 m) wide, which is the widest diaphragm wall ever installed, and up to 210 feet (64 m) deep. The second wall is the seepage barrier and provides a continuous 2 feet (0.6 m) wide wall consisting of overlapping panels. It extends through the encasement wall into the underlying bedrock and is up to 307 feet (93 m) deep. BAUER BC40 and BC50 hydrocutters mounted on MC96 and MC128 foundation cranes were used to perform the majority of the works (Figure 1). Excavations were performed under bentonite slurry (encasement wall) and water (barrier wall) and concrete was poured with the tremie method. Adding to the challenges, the project had to be executed in an environmentally sensitive area. Based on the high risk, a special focus was put on monitoring, quality control and geometric accuracy. The WallTracker information management system was used to share all relevant data between BFC and USACE (Roff et al. 2014)."

Jan 1, 2017

By B King

Processing expansion options and mining fleet purchases are major cost items that receive due focus in most cost management analyses. If these items are not needed, they can significantly reduce a project’s short-term capital spend and improve profitability and value to shareholders. When conditions change prior to purchasing equipment, the purchase may no longer represent the best decision for the project.This paper outlines a structured approach for making major cost decisions to improve the value of a project, determining which items should be kept and which should be eliminated.CITATION:King, B, 2014. Cost management optimisation, in Proceedings Orebody Modelling and Strategic Mine Planning Symposium 2014 , pp 7–12 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 24, 2014

By G Britton, P Moynagh

As more than a few mines gradually sink under the weight of emails, whiteboards, notice boards and ever more complex spreadsheets, the holy grail of effective short-term interval planning and control in underground mines is as far away as ever. Despite the mining industry investing ever greater amounts in planning and Enterprise Resource Planning systems, short-term plans become ever more complex and rigid. What the industry desperately needs are not more ‘disembodied voices down the speaking tubes’, but flexible and effective planning systems that encourage people to make reasonable commitments to each other so that everyone can work as a coordinated team to complete the work required each shift.One solution to the challenge has emerged. This paper describes the ‘Fewzion’ shift planning and short interval control system which has been developed at Anglo American’s Moranbah North and Glencore’s Oaky Creek coalmines in Central Queensland. Fewzion has drawn on management theory embodied in Management Operating Systems, Lean and Theory of Constraints approaches to continuous improvement to play a key role in both mines achieving record breaking tonnages.In addition to explaining the Fewzion approach, a case study is presented describing how Anglo American’s Moranbah North improved production by 39 per cent in 2014/2015 and won ‘Coalmine of the Year’ two out of the last four years and how Glencore’s Oaky Creek sustainably improved monthly development meters by 34 per cent within two months of implementing Fewzion.CITATION:Moynagh, P and Britton, G, 2017. How a frontline planning and commitment system improves trust, commitment and results in operations, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 235–240 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By Xiaojie Yang, Gang Yang, Zhenli Hao, Manchao He, Ruifeng Huang, Zheng Wang, Chaowen Hu

Preventing the spontaneous combustion of remnant coal, which is indicated by carbon monoxide (CO), is a significant issue for coal mining safety. The N00 longwall mining method with Z-type ventilation is advantageous for the prevention and control of CO; however, research regarding this topic is limited. To investigate the distribution of CO in a goaf and working face, a sealing material and technique for blocking the goaf were introduced after proposing a forming method for a Z-type ventilation system; furthermore, a monitoring method was designed and applied in the field. The results demonstrated that the CO concentration during mining in the upper corner and return airway ranged between 4–6 ppm and 3–7 ppm, respectively. More importantly, no CO was generated in the goaf. The results indicate that the advantages and mechanisms regarding the prevention of spontaneous ignition using the N00 longwall mining method with Z-type ventilation are as follows: (1) The adoption of the downward ventilation technique is not only beneficial for reducing the air pressure difference between both ends of the working face, but also prevents CO accumulation in the upper corner. (2) The basis of a spontaneous combustion disaster is eliminated owing to the absence of coal pillars reserved in the goaf. This study proposes a superior method for mitigating spontaneous combustion disasters related to remnant coal in the goaf in a coal mining field and contributes to the better understanding of the N00 longwall mining method for coal mining safety.

Nov 28, 2022

By JOHN HOMER, Jacob L. Carr, Jonathan K. Hrica, Kathleen M. Stabryla, Iman Benbourenane, Jennica L. Bellanca

Given the recent focus on powered haulage incidents within the US mining sector, an appraisal of collision avoidance/warning systems (CXSs) through the lens of the available research literature is timely. This paper describes a rapid review that identifies, characterizes, and classifies the research literature to evaluate the maturity of CXS technology through the application of a Technology Readiness Assessment. Systematic search methods were applied to three electronic databases, and relevant articles were identified through the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Sixty-four articles from 2000 to 2020 met these criteria and were categorized into seven CXS technology categories. Review and assessment of the articles indicates that much of the literature-based evidence for CXS technology lies within lower levels of maturity (i.e., components and prototypes tested under laboratory conditions and in relevant environments). However, less evidence exists for CXS technology at higher levels of maturity (i.e., complete systems evaluated within operational environments) despite the existence of commercial products in the marketplace. This lack of evidence at higher maturity levels within the scientific literature highlights the need for systematic peer-reviewed research to evaluate the performance of CXS technologies and demonstrate the efficacy of prototypes or commercial products, which could be fostered by more collaboration between academia, research institutions, manufacturers, and mining companies. Additionally, results of the review reveal that most of the literature relevant to CXS technologies is focused on vehicle-to-vehicle interactions. However, this contrasts with haul truck fatal accident statistics that indicate that most haul truck fatal accidents are due to vehicle-to-environment interactions (e.g., traveling through a berm). Lastly, the relatively small amount of literature and segmented nature of the included studies suggests that there is a need for incremental progress or more stepwise research that would facilitate the improvement of CXS technologies over time. This progression over time could be achieved through continued long-term interest and support for CXS technology research.

Jun 17, 2022

By G. B. Abaka-Wood

"The versatility of froth flotation has made it vital in the beneficiation of rare earth elements (REE) minerals from either high or low grade ores of complex mineralogy. There has been a significant increase in the tonnage of rich iron oxide tailings obtained from extraction of primary commodities such as copper and gold in Australia, which have been identified to have very low grade rare earth oxides (REO) (= 1%). There is a vast knowledge gap in the upgrade of REO from such tailings. The aim of this research is to investigate the feasibility of the use of fatty acids for the upgrading of REO from selected iron-oxide rich tailings. Two forms of fatty acid collectors (oleic acid and sodium oleate) were employed in this investigation. Bench scale flotation tests were carried out using a Denver D-12 cell.The effects of pulp pH, fatty acid dosage, particle size distribution (-150 +75 µm, -75 +38 µm and -38 µm) and conventional depressants (sodium silicate and starch) dosage on flotation recovery of REO were investigated. A comparison of the flotation results indicated that sodium oleate was the more efficient fatty acid for REO flotation at all the pulp pH investigated. The flotation performance is demonstrated to be particle size-dependent. The results on the effect of depressants dosage indicated that both sodium silicate and starch were unselective in reducing the recovery of hematite (Fe2O3) and quartz (SiO2) with corresponding decrease in REO recovery. Generally, Fe2O3 and SiO2 formed substantial contents of the flotation concentrates obtained, both in the absence and presence of depressants, which indicates liberation is a major challenge in achieving selective REO upgrade and recovery.The flotation tests carried out on the iron-oxide rich tailings suggest the possibility of REO upgrade using fatty acids, although particle size distribution and minerals liberation are key limiting factors in achieving selective REO upgrade and recovery."

Jan 1, 2018

By Laxman S. Sundae

A Bureau of Mines investigation was conducted to determine the effect of specimen volume on the apparent tensile strength of disks of St. Cloud Gray Granodiorite, Lithonia granite, and Rockville granite. The investigation used a technique developed by the Bureau to determine apparent tensile strength. Because the test specimens were selected without macroscopic defects, that is, cracks, joints, and planes of weakness, the strength variations are solely due to microscopic features. Several replications of each test were performed. Data for each set of specimens were fitted to a power law of the form y = axb, where y = apparent tensile strength, x = specimen volume, and a and b are constants. This power law is essentially a form of Weibull's theory. The average coefficients of correlation for St. Cloud Gray Granodiorite, Lithonia granite, and Rockville granite were 0.85, 0.53, and 0.78, respecitvely. In all cases a decrease in strength with increasing volume was noted; in the extreme case, a decrease of 40 pct was noted with an elevenfold increase in volume. The decrease in strength with increasing specimen volume is explained in terms of Weibull's theory.

Jan 1, 1974

By AIME AIME

BY the end of 1943, the United States will be able to produce aluminum at a rate of 1,150,000 tons a year. How much aluminum is 1,150,000 tons? It is sufficient to replace every railroad passenger car in this country three times a year. Or, it would put a thirty-piece aluminum cooking utensil set in every one of America's 34,000,000 homes with enough metal left over to make 5,000,000 miles of aluminum transmission cable, such as was used in the electrification of much of rural America. Expansion of aluminum production capacity for the war program has occurred in three steps: (1) expansion by private industry; (2) the letting of contracts by the Defense Plant Corp. for the construction of additional aluminum plants which may remain after the war to compete with existing facilities; and (3) the more recently announced D.P.C. program for the building of emergency plants to make aluminum, using stand-by power available in large metropolitan centers power of relatively higher cost, making it questionable whether such plants, now gravely needed, will be able to compete in a peacetime economy.

Jan 1, 1943

By T. Lindstad, J. Kaczorowski

The Boudouard reactivity of single cokes produced from selected bituminous coals and commercial cokes has been investigated in a thermo gravimetric furnace. The effect of potassium as a catalyst for this reaction was studied, as it is known to accumulate in ferromanganese furnaces. A gaseous impregnation technique using K2CO3 as the potassium source was applied to impregnate the coke samples. The reactivity experiments were designed to simulate conditions occurring in an industrial furnace, as used for production of Mn-alloys. The coke particle size varied from 3.35 to 6.63 mm, while the temperature was maintained between 800- 1100oC with a gas composition from 50 to 75% CO2 in a CO/CO2 mixture. To determine the catalytic effect of potassium, the concentration varied from a fraction of a percent up to 15%wt. The results show that single chars vary significantly in reactivity, depending on the properties of the parent coal, while commercial cokes exhibit similar reaction rates. Temperature and partial pressure of CO2 have the strongest influence on the reactivity, while the influence of gas flow rate and coke particle size were found to be negligible. The catalytic studies revealed that the relative reactivity of non-impregnated samples are preserved after the impregnation, so the least reactive coke is still the least reactive after the impregnation for the whole range of potassium loads. Also, it has been confirmed that the Boudouard reactivity reaches a plateau at potassium concentration of 4%wt.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. W. Fahrenwald

Flotation practice in Idaho is now about 13 years old. The advance has been steady during these 113 years. The operators have been alert to take advantage of the newest developments and they have themselves made a constant effort to improve their work. The metallurgical improvements are due to the development of (1) better equipment, (2) better reagents, and (3) better understanding and control of the process. During the eight years the writer has been in this district, there has been continuous experimentation by several companies to improve the ore dressing by flotation methods. Gravity concentration has fought hard to hold its place, and although it is true that gravity processes have been improved during this period, nevertheless, in several of the important mills of the district the few tables that managed to hang on have finally given way. On the straight-lead ores, tables and jigs are still used; and, due to better classification, their hold on this job has been strengthened. Ores of the District The ores of the district are of two general classes: (1) clean lead ores, such as those from the Bunker Hill and Hecla mines, and (2) complex lead-zinc ores. The general impression prevails that the clean lead ores, class 1, are simple and that it is easy to obtain high recoveries and good grade products. This, in a way, is a false impression; there is quite a high percentage of locked middling in these ores at 100 and' 150-mesh sizes. Improved classification preparatory to table treatment of this type of ore has made it possible to segregate effectively a high-grade middling which is further comminuted and floated. The complex lead-zinc ores of the district, of which the ore from the Morning mine of the Federal Mining & Smelting Co. is a typical example, always have presented a difficult problem. It always has been comparatively easy to make a clean lead concentrate, but it never has been possible to concentrate sphalerite with a specific gravity of 4.10 from siderite of gravity 3.88. Also, a large percentage of the galena and sphalerite of this class of ore refuses to separate out until the crushing has been carried

Jan 1, 1928

By J. Wright

Since the 1960’s toroidal conductivity has been used to determine the Alumina to Caustic ratio of the digester discharge liquor stream. In recent years the application of ceramic materials have allowed the sensors to moved upstream to provide tighter control of the process. In the Bayer process, dissolving the aluminum contained in bauxite ore in caustic soda and converting it to aluminum oxide produces alumina. An important parameter of the process is measuring the alumina to caustic ratio in the digester discharge stream. The A/C ratio at a given caustic concentration is a measure of the degree of saturation of the alumina in the plant liquor. The aim in the process is to achieve a high A/C ratio. There is however a limit where precipitation will occur if the A/C ratio is too high. For many years conductivity has been used to determine the A/C ratio. Conductivity of discharge liquor is related to the caustic concentration. The change in the caustic concentration is in the same direction of the change of solubility of the alumina. Controlling the conductivity through adding additional bauxite ore and varying the dilution flow can increase plant yield.

Jan 1, 2001

By Rimas Pakalnis

This paper describes a focus of work presently being conducted at the Rock Mechanics Research Group at the University of British Columbia. The underhand method under consolidated fill ensures a high recovery under an engineered back that is comprised of cemented rock fill and/or cemented paste fill. This method of mining is generally necessary either due to a weak rock mass comprising the immediate back and/or high induced back stresses. A major concern in the design of sill mats is the loading and strengths associated with the overlying sill mat. This paper reviews past practice coupled with present observations and measurements from over ten(10) mines throughout North America. It outlines areas of concern in terms of design requirements.

Apr 1, 2005

By J. Pesl, R. Hurman Eric

Metal-slag phase compositions of molten iron and ilmenite smelting slags or solid titanate phases were determined between 1500° and 1700°C. The influence of oxygen partial pressure and impurity oxide additions including Al2O3, Cr2O3, MgO and SiO2 were investigated along with amount of reductant-carbon. The XRD revealed that the quenched slag crystallized as pseudobrookite (M3O5) solid solution in equilibrium with iron. Silica additions formed separate silicate phases because of its immiscibility in the titanate phase. Under strong reducing conditions iron oxide was almost completely reduced and the slag phase solidified as a consequence thereof. Cr2O3. SiO2 and MnO were also reduced to a high degree. Under weak reducing conditions the slag was fully molten and non of the impurity oxides were reduced. A significant portion of manganese, some magnesia and silicon, in the form of SiO gas, were removed via the gas phase due to their considerable vapour pressures. Alumina was not reduced under the applied conditions. A comparison of the experimental results with industrial data clearly suggested that industrial ilmenite smelting process operated under non-equilibrium conditions.

Jan 1, 2005

By Cathy Aimone-Martin, Caitlin Woznick, Brent Meins

This study is a continuation of previous work in which the responses of tall structures to close-in construction blasting at two rock excavation sites are evaluated. A total of eight buildings were instrumented to calculate blast-induced wall strains. Of these structures, five high-rise buildings measuring 166 ft (51 m) to 294 ft (90 m) in height (15 to 24 stories), were included for this study and compared with the results of previous studies that included one to three story residential structures and mid-rise structures (four to six stories). All five structures were built between 1908 and 1940 with interior walls comprising aged plaster. Three of the structures are designated Landmark, subject to a 0.5 in/s (12.7 mm/s) regulated peak particle velocity (PPV) limit. The regulated PPV limit for the two other structures was 2.0 in/s (50.8 mm/s). To date, a total of 450 close-in construction blasts have taken place over six months at the two adjacent projects, blasting three to six times per day at each site. Seismograph instrumentation included tri-axial geophones in the ground and bi-axial geophones (horizontal components only) mounted on structure exteriors at the corners closest to blasting. Peak global wall tensile strains were calculated from time-correlated differential structure displacements in two horizontal directions as measured by upper and lower geophones mounted near the roof and at street levels. Wall strains were correlated with ground excitations to establish a stiffness factor for each structure defined as the upper bound linear regression slope for strain as a function of ground displacement. In addition, a structure-specific regression best-fit function was established to relate horizontal components of displacement to velocity. These two functions were used to determine the maximum ground motion velocity for a desired limit placed on wall strain. A 25 ?-strain limit was suggested for both projects to protect interior plaster walls. To date, global wall strains have not exceeded 0.53 ?-strains (or 47 times the project limit) for peak particle velocities up to 3.49 in/s (88.6 mm/s). This demonstrates the low strain response of tall structures to ground velocities well above regulated limits. The stiffness factor computed for the most flexible high-rise building was 688 in-1 (17475 mm-1). In comparison, stiffness factors for the most flexible residential and mid-rise structures previously studied were 8651 in-1 (219735 mm-1) and 4387 in-1 (111430 mm-1), respectively. Based on a large number of measurements made at these study structures, the maximum horizontal ground velocity needed to achieve 25 ?-strains in walls ranged from 36 in/s (914 mm/s) to 192 in/s (4877 mm/s) because of the high stiffness of these buildings. Such high amplitudes of ground vibrations can never be safely achieved during close-in blasting in urban environments. These excessive values stand to show how unfounded the current limits of 0.5 in/s (12.7 mm/s) and 2.0 in/s (50.8 mm/s) are when applied to massive, tall structures. This study demonstrated that upper structure motions are highly attenuated from the lower (street-level) motions because of the long travel distances up the buildings. High-rise structures are far stiffer than mid-rise and residential structures and can withstand ground vibration amplitudes far greater than the currently enforced blasting limits in New York City.

Jan 1, 2015

By Terry A. Lee

The grade of mineral resource estimates underpin all major economic considerations of mining prospects. While there are reporting requirements to satisfy when stating a mineral resource estimate, an examination of NI 43-101 style reports suggests that authors believe that there are a number of ways of addressing these requirements. As a reader of these reports, some processes are helpful and others are not so in getting a real appreciation of how realistic is the mineral resource estimate. Critical to the quality of the mineral resource estimate is how realistic is the economic mineral concentration component. In many cases, this parameter is called grade. The industry experiences increased difficulty in achieving realistic grade estimates as the sample grade variability increases. The level of transparency in a mineral resource estimate is very much a function of the competence of the author. An objective presentation of the critical data, such as grade sampling variability can assist a reader in determining if the geology of the mineral concentration is adequately understood and how realistic is mineral resource grade estimate. This paper has considered 75 NI 43-101 style reports released in the past 2 years. The review demonstrates features that were helpful in determining how realistic the mineral resource grade estimate is. If there is insufficient transparency in a report, there is a high probability that the mineral resource grade estimate will not be realistic.

Apr 1, 2005

By F. D. DeVaney

The low-grade deposits of manganese ores along the Missouri River near Chamberlain, S. Dak., are known to contain one of the largest reserves of manganese in the United States. Manganese occurs as concretionary nodules ranging in size from 13 inches in their longest dimension to particles finer than 65-mesh. The nodules are embedded in soft, wet shale, which contains little manganese. The removal of nodules from the low-grade shale is a simple mechanical problem; the question is primarily to determine the lowest-cost method of separation. This report purposes to present data acquired by experimenting with samples of the ore, which form a basis for suggesting methods of concentrating manganese nodules.

Jan 1, 1942

By F. D. DeVaney

The low-grade deposits of manganese ores along the Missouri River near Chamberlain, S. Dak., are known to contain one of the largest reserves of manganese in the United States. Manganese occurs as concretionary nodules ranging in size from 13 inches in their longest dimension to particles finer than 65-mesh. The nodules are embedded in soft, wet shale, which contains little manganese. The removal of nodules from the low-grade shale is a simple mechanical -problem; the question is primarily to determine the lowest-cost method of separation. This report purposes to present data acquired by experimenting with samples of the ore, which form a basis for suggesting methods of concentrating manganese nodules.

Jan 1, 1942

By Jair Koppe

The unsatisfactory blasting effect is mainly related to the improper selection of design parameters of drilling and blasting scheme. In order to evaluate the rationality of drilling and blasting scheme, scientifically, this paper brings forward a method for scientific evaluation of blasting scheme. This method evaluates the blasting scheme by observing the accuracy of drilling, explosive density, charge, lumpiness analysis, filling length, slope surface design, floor level, vibration monitoring and flyrock. The evaluation involves different stages of blasting construction and implementation, such as terrain survey, drilling, charging, environmental impact and safety evaluation. Through this method, several key problems for improving blasting scheme design can be determined by analyzing each parameter. This method improves the key parameters of blasting design by analyzing blasting results and establishes the relationship between blasting effect and technical design.

Feb 6, 2023

By D Craw, R Norris

The Golden Bar pit is part of the Macraes mine, the largest gold mine in New Zealand. The Macraes mine is mainly developed in the late metamorphic Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone. However, the Golden Bar pit was developed in a mineralised zone about 200 m structurally above the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone. The host rocks are dominated by massive quartzofeldspathic schist (5 - 10 m layers) with minor intercalations (1 - 5 m scale) of micaceous schist. All the host schist has disseminated pyrite (micron to mm scale) from pervasive late metamorphic hydrothermal alteration.   In addition, there has been more localised (metre scale) relatively intense hydrothermal alteration controlled by shears subparallel to foliation. Gold occurs in three types of mineralised rock: silicified schist, which dominates, fissile black sheared rock, and cross-cutting quartz veins. There are three principal structural zones in the deposit: 1.   a strongly sheared micaceous and graphitic zone at the base of the structural sequence; 2.   a weakly deformed schist zone cut by relatively flat-lying (= 20¦ dipping) quartz veins; and 3.   a stack of imbricated schist pods and deformed silicified schist confined between two sub-parallel low-angle (ca. 30¦) shears.   These structural zones were juxtaposed during thrust deformation. The lower black shear zone has m-scale folding and over-thrusting packages, kink folding and foliation stacking with associated striations that imply west-directed thrusting. Striations and imbrication geometry between the upper two shears imply oblique thrusting that was directed towards the west. Post-mineralisation normal faults locally disrupt the mineralised zone. The Golden Bar pit mineralised zone has some of the structural and mineralogical characteristics of the main Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone, and may be genetically related.

Jan 1, 2006

By E. A. Gyawu, L. L. Eng, M. Fikru, K. Awuah-Offei

Investors and other stakeholders are increasingly concerned about the quality and quantity of sustainability disclosures as well as the extent to which such disclosures correlate with sustainability practices of mining firms. This is because disclosure policies vary widely across firms in terms of extensiveness, materiality, and disclosed topic. In this paper, we conduct a preliminary examination of the relationship between sustainability performance and disclosure. We use sustainability performance indicators such as water and energy use and the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board’s (SASB’s) standards to evaluate disclosures. Our preliminary results show that some measures of sustainability performance (energy use) are negatively correlated to the amount and quality of disclosures while others (water use) are not. Thus, investors should not judge sustainability performance based solely on the amount and quality of sustainability disclosures. In addition, our results suggest that firm size and ownership as well as institutional membership could impact the strength of correlations between disclosure policy and sustainability performance

Mar 2, 2022