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By Alan de Sousa

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo revisar o atual plano de lubrificação de um laminador a frio modelo Sendzimir, tendo como foco principal determinar por meios analíticos, a confiabilidade dos processos de relubrificação à graxa de mancais de rolamento. Para a determinação dos parâmetros de relubrificação do restante dos conjuntos, que não são mancais de rolamento, foi realizada a consulta dos catálogos dos fabricantes para a determinação dos intervalos e quantidades, conforme recomendação destes. Para a realização deste trabalho, foi necessária uma extensa revisão bibliográfica, de normas e literaturas referentes a este tema. No final deste, objetiva-se a obtenção de um aumento da confiabilidade dos equipamentos, além de uma redução de custo com mão de obra e lubrificante durante os períodos de relubrificação.

Oct 30, 2017

By Milene Muniz Eloy da Costa

Devido à grande aplicação de polímeros no nosso dia a dia sob condições de trabalho reais, ou seja, sob a influência de intempéries, surgiu a necessidade de estudos visando a avaliação de resistências estruturais e mecânicas desses polímeros. O envelhecimento é um processo que envolve mecanismos simultâneos que influenciam diretamente suas propriedades mecânicas, degradando os materiais. Com esse intuito, foi avaliado o envelhecimento por análise de espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) do PEMD de controle (tempo 0) e das amostras ensaiadas sob raios UV por 300, 600 e 900 horas. Os resultados obtidos mostraram o aparecimento e desaparecimento de bandas nos espectros de FTIR, que, relacionados aos resultados de emissão acústica (EA), indicaram a ocorrência de cisão de cadeias, ramificações e reticulações.

Aug 16, 2017

By Tiago Fernando de Abreu e Silva Tomanik

Massa plástica refratária e placas isolantes têm sido utilizadas por um longo período em Fornos de Reaquecimento de Placas e Tarugos na Indústria Siderúrgica. Novas tecnologias para o revestimento refratário tem ganhado crescente interesse nos últimos anos em função da redução no consumo de combustíveis, redução em tempo e custos de manutenção e, consequentemente aumento de produtividade. Esse trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um novo concreto isolante, de aplicação por projeção, para condições de alta temperatura, que permitiu a substituição do concreto denso na face de trabalho. Essa nova tecnologia permitiu uma redução no tempo de reparo e alta confiabilidade, pois suporta muito bem as agressivas condições da atmosfera do forno. Também será discutido o futuro desenvolvimento de projetos com significantes economias em energia.

Oct 30, 2017

By Vinícius de Souza Vilela

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o uso de filtros de alta pressão no tratamento de polpas decorrentes do beneficiamento mineral, em especial rejeitos e concentrados de mineração. Foram analisados os problemas da atual prática de deposição de finos em barragens de rejeitos e baias de decantação e os novos desafios encontrados pelo setor em relação a escassez de água e eficiência energética. São elencados os diferenciais tecnológicos implementados nos filtros prensa Matec e analisados os benefícios na aplicação desta tecnologia, tais como maior recuperação de água, redução dos impactos ambientais e redução dos custos operacionais para manuseio e disposição dos rejeitos. Por fim são analisados os testes de filtragem realizados com rejeitos e concentrados de minério de ferro.

Aug 16, 2017

By André Luiz Monteiro Martins

O objetivo do projeto foi otimizar a disponibilidade e o tempo de utilização do equipamento responsável pelo refino secundário de aço líquido da CSN, o Desgaseificador a vácuo RH. Esta otimização ocorreu através da monitoração de eventos gerados por sensores instalados no equipamento para verificar quando o mesmo iniciou a operação e qual foi o tempo necessário para completar o processo. O Disponibilidade do Desgaseificador a Vácuo RH se trata de uma ferramenta gerencial que realiza o mapeamento completo da produção no Desgaseificador durante vinte e quatro horas por dia, capaz de mapear o tempo do processo com base no tempo padrão do grau de aço e tempo de parada do equipamento, apontando todos os problemas que afetam a produção.

Aug 16, 2017

By Antonio Esposito

Saving energy and reducing pollution by minimizing emissions are today great challenges in the coking industry worldwide. In order to achieve satisfying results, equipment as well as technology should be continuously improved and updated. The most modern design tools should be adopted to maximize the coke production rate also ensuring the best coke quality. In this scenario, Paul Wurth is realizing the new coke making plant of CSPecem, Ceara - Brazil. These batteries are based on Paul Wurth “jumbo oven concept”. This solution incorporates all most modern features and design upgrading, in the aim of an easy and long-lasting operation putting a particular attention to environmental performances: the reduced number of ovens and the low number of pushing per day have the main effect of reducing pollution sources. Finally the paper will highlight Paul Wurth SOPRECO® System, which is foreseen to be installed in CSPecem batteries. SOPRECO®, which is capable of controlling the pressure for each individual oven in a coke oven battery, is thus able to reduce volatile emissions through doors, roofs and stand pipes up to 90%. The coke oven gas (COG) produced during the carbonization process is cleaned in a coke oven gas treatment plant to the level stipulated by applying the Best Available Technology (BAT).

Aug 1, 2018

By Willian Facundes

Foram estudados os aspectos termoquímicos e operacionais dos aços ultrabaixo carbono com alto teor de silício e alumínio, visando eliminar a obstrução da válvula gaveta (clogging) que gera transtornos operacionais como: redução da velocidade de lingotamento, retorno de aço remanescente na panela para o convertedor e interrupções de sequenciais. Realizou-se também a caracterização do material solidificado no interior da válvula gaveta utilizando técnicas de microscopia óptica e eletrônica. Os estudos mostraram que as inclusões eram formadas principalmente por alumínio, contendo também oxigênio e cálcio. Visando reduzir a quantidade de alumina no aço, substituiu-se o alumínio pelo ferro silício como agente desoxidante e exotérmico. Após essa alteração conseguiu-se eliminar a obstrução de válvula gaveta e consequentemente, os transtornos operacionais.

Aug 16, 2017

By Dyego Irineu Silva de Almeida

O presente trabalho foi proposto em sala de aula, na disciplina de tratamento térmico de ligas metálicas, do curso de Engenharia Metalúrgica da Universidade Federal do Ceará e teve como objetivo comparar as diferenças entre microestruturas e propriedades de um aço SAE 1016 após os tratamentos térmicos de normalização, têmpera e têmpera intercrítica. Três amostras do mesmo material foram tratadas termicamente. Uma amostra foi normalizada, outra temperada e outra temperada na zona intercrítica e após as análises metalográficas e ensaios de dureza foi possível concluir que a amostra normalizada apresentou uma microestrutura ferrítica com ilhas de perlita, a amostra temperada a 930ºC apresentou microestrutura martensítica e a amostra temperada na zona intercrítica formou microestrutura bainítica em uma matriz ferrítica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Antonio Adel dos Santos, Carmos Antonio Gandra, Fabricio Mazola da Silva Paiva, Vicente Tadeu Lopes Buono

Abstract Usiminas Steel Plant in Ipatinga installed an accelerated cooling device named CLC (Continuous On-Line Control) in 2010, enabling it to supply steels produced by TMCP (Thermo Mechanical Control Process) technology. This technology complements the TMCR (Thermo Mechanical Control Rolling), with the inclusion of the accelerated cooling process after controlled rolling. There are various gains in terms of quality and productivity associated to the application of such technology. However, the flatness control for API steel becomes crucial because large thermal stresses may be generated due to thermal heterogeneity during the fast cooling when the austenite phase decomposes mostly into ferrite and bainite. In literature, there is lack of knowledge regarding a full understanding of the relation among cooling conditions and plate flatness. Therefore, this work has focused on the effect of the cooling strategy for API steels, aiming at optimizing flatness and keeping the mechanical properties within the specified ranges. The starting point was dilatometer simulation, where cooling conditions such as start cooling temperature, SCT, finish rolling temperature, FRT, and cooling rate, CR, were changed in order to evaluate their effect on microstructure. Those laboratory conditions supposed to give the best results were transposed to industrial scale, so as to produce experimental lots of plates with five different cooling strategies. It was shown the possibility to find a cooling profile that guarantees the balance between mechanical properties and flatness requirements. The influence of cooling strategy on flatness was explained by the varied heat transfer regimes occurring from hot steel surface to the ambient

Oct 1, 2019

By Rene Guilherme Lopes

A refrigeração necessária a separação e liquefação dos gases do ar em uma planta de separação de ar do tipo PL de fabricação Praxair, é produzida em um equipamento denominado “Bridge Machine”. Foi identificada a oportunidade de operar este equipamento acima da capacidade nominal, porém havia algumas restrições para atingir a pressão necessária, tais como: a linha de descarga, a calibração da PSV, a MAWP (pressão máxima te trabalho admissível) do aftercooler e PHX (trocador de calor principal da Planta) e de outras linhas no processo. Para aumentar a produção na Bridge Machine, fez-se necessário requalificar a MAWP do aftercooler e do PHX, além de substituir as linhas de descarga e recalibrar a PSV, assim podendo trabalhar com a pressão máxima possível.

Jul 31, 2018

By Jianping Li, Fei Peng, Yunbo Xu, Jiayu Li

In this study, in order to achieve ultra-high strength without reducing plasticity, a novel heat treatment involving a pre-quenching process prior to conventional intercritical annealing (P-IDP) was proposed in a low carbon low alloy DP steel. It revealed that abundant fraction of banded structure was observed after conventional intercritical heat treatment (IDP) due to the inheritance of cold rolling deformation. However, the banded structure in novel heat treatment was eliminated significantly, whilst the refined microstructure was relatively more homogeneous with ultrafine ferrite grains. Moreover, obvious chain-networked martensite grains along the ferrite grain boundaries were obtained. The optimum mechanical properties with ultimate strength of 1238 MPa, total elongation of 17%, product of strength and elongation (PSE) of 21GPa% were obtained by P-IDP treatment, which was much higher than the values reported with similar composition. As to pre-quenching treatment, all of grain refinement, homogeneous distribution of martensite islands and precipitated strengthening of microalloyed carbides were beneficial to improve the final strength and ductility.

Oct 1, 2019

By Maurilio Pereira Gomes

The aim of this work was to heat treat and characterize sintered valve seat inserts (VSI). The powder metallurgy route was the only way found to substitute cobalt and lead, used in the VSI original alloy, due to their high cost and toxicological effect, respectively. The studied VSI was obtained with AISI M2 high-speed steel powder mixed with iron powder and other additives such as manganese sulphide, graphite, zinc stearate, carbides and copper, which was added by metallic infiltration. All the VSI were air quenched and double tempered, for one hour each, at seven different equidistantly temperatures, ranging from 100 °C up to 700 °C. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by means of the VSI apparent density, apparent hardness and crush radial strength. The chemical composition was determined through gas analysis, for the light elements such as carbon and sulfur, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for other elements. Microstructural characterization was performed with the support of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Regarding the VSI final application, the best results were achieved with the inserts air quenched and double tempered at 600 °C.

Oct 30, 2017

By Nicola Santangelo

The current economic crisis and growing environmental issues have led the steel industry to face the simultaneous effects of low demand and production overcapacity in a globalized steel market, whilst confronting high energy prices and the need to comply with the green economy. Heat Recovery from waste gas of the Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) represents one of the greatest opportunities to reduce the consumption of primary energy and reduce the CO2 emissions in steel industry. The heat of the off-gas, if recovered and converted into electrical power, can make the whole Fumes Treatment Plant autonomous from the electric point of view, thus making it a “Zero-Energy FTP”. The concept is to substitute the Cooling Components (Water Cooled Panels and Air Cooler) are substituted with Heat Recovery Components (Hot Water Cooled Panels and Heat Exchanger). The recovered heat can be converted into power by using an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) turbine. The heat recovered by the HWCP and the Heat Exchanger is characterized by a variable thermal power, which affects the efficiency of the downstream ORC System. Danieli, in collaboration with the University of Udine, has developed the Thermal Stabilizer Unit (TSU). Danieli has realized the first step towards Zero Energy FTP at ABS steelmaking plant (Italy) by installing a CHR® - Clean Heat Recovery. This plant has been started up on 17th October 2014. The HMI of the CHR® is integrated in the HMI of the furnace, so all the process could be kept under control by the furnace operator. At ABS recovered thermal power reaches 5.5 MW. The max power production reached with CHR plant in ABS (over 1MW of electric power) consents an annual saving of approx. 500,000 EUR.

Aug 16, 2017

By Uazir Bezerra de Oliveira, Günther Staudinger, Michael Skorianz, Edo Engel

Oct 1, 2019

By Helênio Resende Silva Júnior

Arcelor Mittal Asturias coking plant at Gijon works, Spain, is undergoing a complete modernization of the whole coke making complex. In this context, Gijon has to be considered a brownfield project, where Paul Wurth has been awarded with the engineering, supply of key equipment as well as erection and commissioning supervision services for the rebuild of two coke oven batteries the modernization of the adjacent by-product and relevant waste water treatment plants. Main objective of this paper is to present the technological improvements introduced by Paul Wurth in the rebuild of a modern plant focusing on fulfilling all the recent environmental regulations.

Oct 30, 2017

By Bernardo Siqueira

This paper presents a unique stirred milling technology, Outotec HIGmill™, a modern, flexible and energy efficient grinding solution for fine and ultra fine grinding being tested in an industrial scale level. The test was performed at an iron ore pellet producing plant in Sweden (for confidentiality reasons, it will be referred to only as “the client”) where a pilot HIGmill™ unit (HIG25) was installed parallel to a conventional regrind circuit to compare its performance to the existing ball mill. By using a continuous test run procedure and evaluating the parameters of F80, P80, mill shaft rotation speed and power drawn it was determined its grinding capabilities, operational flexibility and energy efficiency. Outotec HIGmill™ outperformed the existing ball mill in the plant proving its capabilities to grinding finer, with steeper particle size distribution (PSD) and much higher energy efficiency. The tests performed showed that, with further refining of its operation, it is capable of consistently deliver the required PSD with up to 30% higher grinding efficiency.

Aug 16, 2017

By Stephanie L. Kaster, John G. Speer, Blake M. Whitley

Niobium-microalloying technology has been increasingly applied in a wide range of steel applications over the past half-century, to increase strength, control microstructure, enhance properties and enable a variety of applications. To achieve desired performance levels, thermomechanically processed microalloyed steels are widely supplied by the steel industry for high volume applications in hot-rolled plate, sheet and structural steels. However, in steel long products and forgings, the final properties are often generated by downstream users, after heat-treatment, surface hardening, forging or wire drawing. Two examples are presented highlighting advancements associated with Nb-microalloying, to enhance microstructures and properties developed during thermomechanical and/or downstream processing. In the first example, a 0.02 wt. pct. Nb addition was made to a medium-carbon bar steel intended for induction-hardening applications requiring fatigue and fracture resistance in bending and torsion. The Nb addition as well as thermomechanical bar processing led to beneficial refinement of both the pre-induction and post-induction microstructures. In the second example, a 0.01 wt. pct. Nb addition to a high-carbon wire rod was found to refine the pearlite colony size and interlamellar spacing, and increase the hardness.

Oct 1, 2019

By Roman Vaynshteyn

In places where Blast Furnaces are usually located, climatic factors may be unfavorable. Raw materials may be exposed to e.g. rain during transport/storage, bringing moisture into the process with consequences for stability and hot metal cost. This paper describes a technology for drying and pre-heating pellets and coke in the stockhouse. It does not require additional handling or logistical equipment and does not introduce extra transfer steps and degradation. Not only can moisture content be reduced, it can be controlled to a stable level by the operator.

Aug 16, 2017

By Andrea Zanon

Slitting processes have been used for many years to increase the productivity of smaller diameter deformed bars, without making major investments in the rolling mill. This technology is used mainly for the production of reinforcing bars (7-20 mm diameter), but successful applications exist also for round bar production. The multi-slitting process enables to produce up to 5 bars starting from one billet, thus increasing the productivity of the smaller products. Danieli Morgårdshammar, world leader in the supply of rolling mills for long products, has been a front-runner in slitting technology since its first applications and has recently developed, first in the world, the technology to produce 5X8mm rebar. This process has been recently applied in BRSM steel, a company based in Bangladesh which is a worldwide benchmark for slitting technology performances. This paper presents the necessary modifications which need to be considered when developing a 5-strand slitting project (and multi-strand slitting projects in general), as well as the results obtained at BSRM Steel when the process was implemented in 2016, the first rolling mill in the world rolling 5X8 mm slit rebars.

Oct 30, 2017

By Vitor Guarnier Domiciano

The need to adjust the monolithic refractories to increasingly severe and unstable Blast Furnace casthouse operating conditions has been a major challenge for refractory suppliers in order to guarantee the runner’s safety and its availability for operation. This paper presents the properties of a new robust single line Al2O3-SiC-C refractory castable developed to endure the severe operating conditions that main runners are facing in today's Blast Furnace casthouse scenario. Practical results during almost one year of testing revealed a significant lower wear speed of the new refractory lining when compared to a standard product.

Aug 1, 2018