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ASIDE from the John Fritz Medal, in which the Institute partici¬pates through its representation on the John Fritz Medal Board, the Institute itself has four awards it may make annually, as fol¬ lows the Robert W Hunt Medal and Prize, the J E. Johnson, Jr , Award, the James Douglas Medal, and the William Lawrence Saun¬ders Medal ROBERT W HUNT MEDAL AND PRIZE The partners of Robert W Hunt established a fund which was, presented to the Institute at a fitting ceremony on May 27, 1920, to establish an annual medal and a sum of money to be awarded tinder the following rules¬ 1 The award shall consist of two prizes first of a gold medal, second of a sum of money, a certificate to accompany each prize The money prize shall not be awarded to a member' over 40 years of age, but under unusual circumstances, both prizes may be allotted to one per son provided that he is not over 40 years of age In general it will be understood that the Committee shall award the money prize to the younger men, rather than the medal 2 The awards shall be made not oftener than once a year to that person or persons contributing to the Institute the best original paper or papers on non and steel The scope of the term "iron and steel" shall be determined by the sub-committee consideing the awards In general, papers dealing with the practical side of the subject have preference over those dealing with the theoretical side in recognition of the fact that Captain Hunt's main con¬ti ibutions to the industry have been in the improvement of production and quality of material

Jan 1, 1923

By Shosei Serata

Stress control methods of mining have been developed separately in at least four different parts of the world in entirely different types of mining -- coal, trona, salt and potash -- during the decade of the 1960s. They all utilized yield pillars as tools for ground control. Today, yield pillars are becoming widely used in under- ground mines in a variety of geological conditions. Stress control methods are effective in stabilizing openings in weak, complex grounds, especially at greater depths. Their advantage is that they utilize existing ground media to stabilize mine openings by altering the stress distribution patterns around the openings, by controlling design parameters such as room width, pillar geometry, and excavation sequence, rather than by using a conventional means of artificial ground support such as roof bolts, cribbing, or arches. Stress control methods, therefore, are suitable for both advance and retreat mining, including total extraction mining. Adaptation of these methods results in substantially greater safety, productivity, and ecnomy over conventional methods. These methods are based on scrutiny of the actual stress conditions in the ground, by both in-situ measurement and computer simulation. This paper provides a summary of stress control methods as developed over the last ten years. The field examples are limited largely to salt and potash mining applications, although the method has been used successfully in other mining applications. The examples illustrate that stress control methods actually address general ground weakness problems -- separation at discontinuity planes, swelling by shale expansion, deterioration by brittle fracture, and interference by ground water. That is, although the principle is developed mainly with reference to salt and potash applications, it is generally applicable to weak ground.

Jan 1, 1983

By David Donoghue

THE. years 1901, 1910, and 1924 may be considered as the beginning of new eras in the history of the oil industry of the Gulf Coast of Texas and Louisiana. Spindletop, in 1901, with its enormous cap-rock production revealed the possibilities of the salt domes. The lateral sand development at Vinton, in 1910, renewed interest in the then known domes which were non-producing, or were producing from the cap rock or from sands above the cap rock. The discovery of three domes, Nash, Orchard and Long Point, in the year 1924, by means of the torsion balance and the seismograph, is the beginning of intensive explorations of the Gulf coastal plain by geophysical methods. Domes other than those mentioned have no doubt been found during the last few months of the year but tests have not been drilled to confirm the evidence of the instruments. DISCOVERY OF DOMES BY GEOPHYSICAL METHODS The Rycade Oil Corpn. operated the first torsion balance on the Gulf Coast in October, 1922, and the Roxana Petroleum Corpn. brought in one of these instruments and began work in December, 1922. The U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey made some gravity observations at Damon Mound, in 1923, with a pendulum apparatus. In March, 1924, the Marland Oil Co. placed the first seismograph on the Gulf Coast and the Gulf Production Co. followed with one in May. In June, 1924, the Gulf Production Co. began operations with a torsion balance. The Atlantic Oil Producing Co., The Texas Co., and others have experimented with several types of instruments involving various principles. During the next few years, a great advance in geophysical methods may be expected, especially if one of the newly discovered domes should be productive. The first dome discovered was the Nash, in Fort Bend County, Tex., about 6 mi. east of Damon Mound. A slight elevation and two shallow wells containing sulfurous waters made the locality somewhat interesting from the standpoint of surface indications, and the torsion-balance measurements indicated the presence of a dome. On July 20, 1924, the Rycade Oil Corpn. No. 1 Wisdom encountered lime at a depth of 634 ft. and anhydrite at 639 ft. The hole was abandoned on Sept. 8, 1924, at 769 ft. in anhydrite. A cavity in the anhydrite caused much delay and the final abandonment of this test.

Jan 3, 1925

The Maas patent drill-hole compass, for determining the direction and dip of drill holes, is successfully used to a depth of 3,000 ft. APPARATUS FOR SURVEYING DEEP DRILL HOLES. The compass is placed in a thermos bottle or glass tube with hot liquid gelatine and lowered in a water-tight phosphor-bronze case, with a tube containing hydrofluoric acid. When the gelatine is cold the rods are pulled, the direction of the needle is marked on the tube which contained the acid, and the direction and inclination of the hole determined from this tube in a goniometer. There is nothing to get out of order and the compass can be used by any drill foreman, the mark and etching on the tube making a permanent record of direction and inclination. (See Fig. 1.)

Jan 1, 1916

By James R. Evans

Forecasting demand is an art as well as a science, and much personal judgment is required. National forecasts made for sand and gravel, crushed stone, and/or aggregate may be misleading or unhelpful locally. This is because of significant variation in demand within different geographic and/or political areas in the US, and/or the use of an inadequate data base and forecasting methodology. The best forecasts may be made for local or regional market areas, irrespective of geographic or political boundaries, provided a proper data base is available.1 The Bureau of Mines compiles detailed statistics on commodities sold or used in the construction industries and, therefore, is in an advantageous position to make national aggregate demand forecasts. Definitions of some terms used in this presentation are necessary before proceeding.

Jan 1, 1980

By E. E. Duncan, G. Derce

REVIEW of the literature on hydrogen in steels indicates that inadequate consideration has been given to the influence of temperature gradients on segregation of this element. Even when segregation has been taken into account, the interpretation of the data has been seriously handicapped by incomplete understanding of the mechanism by which it occurred. Recognition of a mechanism which will be described as "thermal segregation" appears to rationalize many of the observed effects so well that it will be reported here with some preliminary experimental evidence. The complete quantitative evaluation of the factors controlling the mechanism will require extensive experimentation. The operation of the mechanism can be described in relation to fig. 1, which shows the temperature dependence of the solubility of hydrogen in iron at

Jan 1, 1951

By B. A. Rogers

THE etching effect which is produced on a piece of polished iron or steel when it is heated in hydrogen or in a vacuum seems to have been observed first by Osmond,1 who believed that he could distinguish four systems of grain boundaries on a piece of steel which had been heated in hydrogen. In a number of other investigations, samples of pure iron were found, after heating, to have complex networks in which two or three systems of grain boundaries could be detected. It was further noticed that samples that had been polished plane before being placed in the furnace were, after treatment, roughened and undulating over their entire surfaces. From a comparison of the temperature of heat treatment with that of the A 3 transformation, it was concluded that the changed appearance of the samples was definitely related to the latter phenomenon. Certain other deductions were made but these are not of importance here and only observations on the appearance of the samples will be reviewed. Ewen2 heated a strip of polished iron in a vacuum in such a way that one end was maintained at a temperature of 1000° C. and the other at 580° C. On the cooler end there was outlined a simple polyhedral network, and at the hotter there appeared the complex system of lines and the undulating surface characteristic of iron which has passed through the A3 transformation. He found that in going from the cooler toward the hotter end the sample maintained much the same character of surface up to the beginning of the transformed area, but that near this region double grain boundaries were of frequent occurrence. Rawdon and Scott' concluded that the simple type of network brought out by heating a sample of pure iron in a vacuum was of the same type as that developed by ordinary etching methods. They also confirmed the observations of

Jan 1, 1929

By R. F. Nielsen, D. E. Menzie

The object of this study was to determine if crude oil could be produced successfully by a process of crude oil vaporization using carbon dioxide repressuring. This process appears to have application to highly fractured formations where the major oil content of the reservoir is contained in the non-fractured porosity with little associated permeability. Crude oil was introduced into the windowed cell and carbon dioxide was charged to the cell at the desired pressure. A vapor space was formed above the oil, and the crude oil-carbon dioxide mixture was allowed to come to equilibrium. The vapor phase was removed and the vaporized oil collected as condensate. Samples of all produced and unproduced fluids were analyzed. Tests were also performed to evaluate the amount of vaporized oil that can he produced by rocking from a high to a lower pressure. The carbon dioxide repressuring process was applied to a sand-filled cell to investigate the performance in a porous medium. A test was performed to evaluate how the condensate recovery changes as the size of the gas cap in contact with the oil changes. INTRODUCTION This study has been directed toward a relatively new process of vaporization of crude oil designed to increase ultimate production of hydrocarbons through the application of carbon dioxide to an oil reservoir. Suggested advantages of carbon dioxide repressuring of a petroleum reservoir are: (1) reduction in viscosity of liquid hydrocarbons due to the solubility of carbon dioxide in crude oil, (2) swelling of the reservoir oil into a larger liquid-oil volume with a resulting increase in production and decrease in residual oil saturation due to an increase in the relative permeability to oil, (3) displacement of more stock-tank oil from the reservoir since the residual liquid is a swelled crude oil, and (4) gasification of some of the hydrocarbons into a carbon dioxide-hydrocarbon vapor mixture. Balanced against these advantages are several detrimental factors which must be evaluated; i.e., high compression costs and corrosion of well equipment and flow lines. Some of the more outstanding contributions to the study of carbon dioxide injection have been reviewed in order to furnish a basis for a continuation of research pertaining to this method. The literature reviewed1-8 has been limited to that dealing with carbon dioxide repressuring processes or with carbon dioxide-crude oil-natural gas phase behavior. Articles relating to carbonated water injection and literature published on the use of low pressure carbon dioxide gas injection in water flooding have not been included in this study. In 1941 Pirson5 suggested the high pressure injection of carbon dioxide into a partially depleted reservoir for the purpose of causing the reservoir oil to vaporize and thus produce the oil as a vapor along with the carbon dioxide gas. By reducing the pressure on this produced mixture of hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide at the surface, it was proposed to separate the hydrocarbons from the carrier gas. He theorized that essentially all the oil in a reservoir could be produced by simply injecting enough carbon dioxide to vaporize the residual oil. This present investigation deals with the vaporization of a crude oil by carbon dioxide, the molecular weight and gravity of the vaporized oil product and the characteristics of the residual oil after several repressuring cycles with carbon dioxide. An attempt is made to evaluate the merits of a vaporization process for the crude oil rather than a flow process where the oil recovery is determined by relative permeability considerations. Such a vaporization of crude oil by carbon dioxide repressuring appears to have possible use in a highly fractured formation where the major oil content of the reservoir is contained in the non-fractured porosity with little permeability. The carbon dioxide flows into the fractures, contacts the crude oil in the matrix and vaporizes part of the crude oil; this vaporized oil is produced and recovered and the carbon dioxide is reinjected again. The specific problem of this study is to attempt to answer this question; Can crude oil be produced successfully (technically, but without economic considerations) from a petroleum reservoir by a process of vaporization of the crude oil by carbon dioxide repressuring? DEFINITION OF TERMS AS APPLIED IN THIS STUDY Carbon Dioxide Contact: One cycle in which carbon dioxide was injected and bled off. Condensate: The hydrocarbon liquid which was condensed out of the mixture of hydrocarbon-carbon dioxide vapor upon reduction of the pressure of the vapor. Hydrocarbons Produced (HCP): All the hydrocarbon!, which were vaporized by the carbon dioxide repressuring process and were removed from the cell during any specific cycle or carbon dioxide contact. Hydrocarbons Unproduced (HCU): All the hydrocarbons which were not vaporized by the carbon dioxide

By S. R. Krom

IN Mr. Hoffman's papers, and in the discussions attending them, the claim is apparently made for the Sturtevant mill that it produces

Jan 1, 1893

By J. E. Pogue, F. G. Coqueron

This paper describes the sources of funds required by the petroleum industry to finance capital expenditures and also presents a discussion of the effect of rising construction costs on these expenditures. The petroleum industry obtains its capital funds from several sources: (I) internal, from retained cash earnings; and (2) external, from borrowings and the sale of securities to the public. The upward trend of capital expenditures of the petroleum industry is caused in the main by the influence of two powerful factors: (I) the physical growth in the demand for oils; and (2) the rising cost of drilling wells and constructing refineries, pipe lines, and other facilities. The segregation of these factors is accomplished by deflating the actual capital expenditures so that they are shown in terms of 1939 costs and then subtracting the adjusted series from the actual figures to yield a set of data representing the expenditures made on account of higher costs. Rising costs affect prices and the portion attributable to this factor had to be generated from the cash earnings of the industry, which called for higher oil prices. Introduction Capital may be defined as "wealth employed in or available for production." All production requires capital. Expanding industries require more capital than static ones, and technological industries employ more capital than. those in which little equipment is needed. The petroleum industry is both rapidly growing and highly technological, and, being a large industry, its capital requirements are prodigious, amounting to about one-seventh of the total of all American business, excluding agriculture.* Capital formation may be defined as the method by which the wealth or capital needed in the productive processes is created. There are various ways in which capital funds may be obtained but there is only one way in which capital can be created—out of production in excess of consumption, that is, savings. The physical realities are simple, but the monetary concepts are complicated because the mechanism of credit can draw upon future savings. Source of Capital Funds An industry, such as the petroleum industry, can obtain its capital funds from

Jan 1, 1949

By J. Federico Price, Joseph E. Aparicio

This paper describes the production of a specific iron oxide pellet that has given very good and consistent results as feedstock for HYC-Process Direct Reduction Plants. The sponge iron originated from these pellets has been used for the economic production of almost 15 Mt of low carbon steel via electric arc furnace meltshops. An overview of mining, beneficiation, pelletizing, direct reduction and steelmaking for this case is given with emphasis on the charactertitics of the self-fluxing oxide pellets.

Jan 1, 1982

[OH. O'C. Acker '86 Jinzoc Adachi '88 *Truman H. Aldrich '78 Walter H. Aldridge '89 *Anson W. Allen '87 *John H. Allen '84 *Thomas Andrews '94 *William R. Appleby'90 *W. Lawrence Austin '82 . S. Ayres'73]

Jan 1, 1946

By J. E. Lawver, B. J. Clingan, R. E. Snow

Response surface methodology is a well-known and powerful technique for determining optimum conditions in flotation systems. One disadvantage is the onerous task of the numerical calculations and curve plotting. This paper describes a system in which the investigator simply selects the range of several flotation variables after which the design of the experiment, data analysis, generation of response surface equations, and response surface plots are automatically carried out using a digital computer and a computer-driven curve plotter. Several typical response surfaces of important variables in phosphate flotation are presented as examples.

Jan 8, 1979

By R. G. Ward, John Henderson

It has been shown1 that the observed density1-' of liquid iron silicates in contact with solid iron depends upon whether nitrogen or argon is used to protect the experimental system from oxidation. These densities have been measured by the maximum bubble-pressure method, in five different labora-

Jan 1, 1965

By Walter C. Labys

INTRODUCTION Interest in multicommodity stabilization schemes has increased recently for several reasons, a most important one being the experienced wide swings in primary commodity prices. These prices rose sharply between mid - 1972 and end - 1974 giving commodity exporting countries an opportunity to gain sizeable increases in export earnings. But since then, prices have tumbled and these countries are searching for a means to stabilize if not to increase their earnings. While this problem is particularly serious for developing countries, the developed countries are concerned about the impending upward price swing, which would increase inflation before recovery from the world recession is assured. As a direct consequence of the emergency meeting of the U.N. General Assembly devoted to commodity problems in April of 1974, interest has been renewed in the Keynesian (4) plan for an international multicommodity buffer stock program. In particular, UNCTAD (8) is designing an integrated commodity scheme to be discussed within that body. In terms of approaches that have appeared in designing such a program, none exist which relate to the interpretation of the independence and interdependence of prices of the commodities of interest. Typical criteria for selecting commodities for the scheme have included their importance in world trade, their particular origin from developing countries, and their feasibility for storage. But the financial management of a multicommodity buffer stock requires a consideration of commodity prices, yields, and risks as does as any portfolio of assets. The approach which we take in this study is that of application

Jan 1, 1977

By J. S. Wakeman

The techniques of testing the physical properties of green pellets produced in a batch balling test are described. It has been found that these physical properties, i.e. drop resistance, wet compressive strength, and plastic deformation under load, are generally related to the moisture content of the wet balls. A "criterion" method of analyzing data from a series of batch tests is discussed. This method facilitates the comparison of results of various test series. A time-sharing computer program, which correlates the test data from a batch series, generates the "criterion" values for subsequent comparison and analysis, and produces X, Y plots of the various moisture-strength relationships, is presented. Examples of computer output and use of the "criterion" evaluation method are given.

Jan 1, 1973

By Arthur Knapp

The practical application of mud-laden fluids in wells has been the subject of many papers.' However, there seems to have been little investigation of what actually happens when mud-laden fluids are applied to a loose porous sand. The assumption is that the fluids penetrate the sands and that there is some plastering action. The degree of penetration and the relation of plastering action to wall stability is not generally known. This paper describes a series of experiments made in an attempt to observe, in laboratory apparatus, the action of mud-laden fluids under conditions simulating those to be found in a well. For the purposes of this discussion all fluids containing solid matter in suspension are mud-laden fluids. Series I: Penetration of the Pores of Uncemented Sands The subject of the penetration of porous formations by water is discussed in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 67 of the U. S. Geological Survey. No attempt was made to repeat the experiments described therein. The results of the first experiment of this series are given simply to show the capacity of the apparatus used. The conditions in this first experiment were maintained throughout the remainder of this and the second series, except where noted. The experiments of Mills, McCoy, and others on subsurface flows, adjustments, migrations, etc., deal with the oil, water or gas within the porous beds.V he experiments described herein deal with the conditions immediately surrounding the bore hole.

Jan 1, 1923

By Arthur Knapp

The practical application of mud-laden fluids in wells has been the subject of many papers.' However, there seems to have been little investigation of what actually happens when mud-laden fluids are applied to a loose porous sand. The assumption is that the fluids penetrate the sands and that there is some plastering action. The degree of penetration and the relation of plastering action to wall stability is not generally known. This paper describes a series of experiments made in an attempt to observe, in laboratory apparatus, the action of mud-laden fluids under conditions simulating those to be found in a well. For the purposes of this discussion all fluids containing solid matter in suspension are mud-laden fluids. Series I: Penetration of the Pores of Uncemented Sands The subject of the penetration of porous formations by water is discussed in detail in Water-Supply Paper No. 67 of the U. S. Geological Survey. No attempt was made to repeat the experiments described therein. The results of the first experiment of this series are given simply to show the capacity of the apparatus used. The conditions in this first experiment were maintained throughout the remainder of this and the second series, except where noted. The experiments of Mills, McCoy, and others on subsurface flows, adjustments, migrations, etc., deal with the oil, water or gas within the porous beds.V he experiments described herein deal with the conditions immediately surrounding the bore hole.

Jan 1, 1923

By F. E. Rizzo, L. R. Bidwell, D. F. Frank

THE use of galvanic cells for the determination of oxygen activities has spread rapidly since the suitability of calcia-stabilized zirconia as a solid electrolyte material was first demonstrated by Kiukkola and Wagner.' In many of these investigations:-7 including several at ARL, the free-energy changes for various oxidation-reduction reactions involving the oxides FexO, NiO, and Cu2O have been measured as a means of assuring that a cell apparatus is functioning properly. As a result, a large quantity of data pertinent to the calculation of the high-temperature standard free energy of formation (?GO) of these oxides has been accumulated. AGFexo has been carefully measured in many independent investigations, using a variety of techniques, and consequently is accurately known. chipmans has used this informa-

Jan 1, 1968

Freeport's Floating Mine Begins Sulphur Operation Eight years of research were culminated when Freeport Sulphur Co.'s floating mine plant went into operation on Bay Ste. Elaine in the remote Louisiana bayou country 60 miles southwest of New Orleans.

Jan 1, 1953