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Robert W. Hunt, Chicago, Ill.:—It has been my good fortune to know of this development of Mr. York's for some time, and I think he will permit me to say that this is not the first demonstration that he has made of his method for rolling difficult shapes, and which, as he has stated, had in the past been regarded as practically impossible. I have good reason to know that Mr. York has been successful on other lines, because I myself went through a period of professional disrepute for having reported favorably on his methods, which received discredit up to the time that it was practically demonstrated that his claims were true ones. Years ago Mr. York built a mill at Duluth, Minn., for the production of structural shapes, and notably of what might be called balanced beams—beams that did not have flanges of restricted width. His scheme was to produce beams with flanges so wide that they could be used in place of built-up beams. The mill, of course, went through the difficulties that such a mill would have to encounter. I mas called upon to make an examination of the property and report. These beams were rolled on a universal mill—a mill which would admit of various-sized sections without change of rolls. I was convinced that Mr. York could do it, and I so reported. Having received condemnation and ridicule for having taken that position, later on I was glad to find that Mr. John Fritz had come to the same conclusion, and had so reported. I concluded we both could rest content, while awaiting developments. Later still, as we all know, there was another difficulty that Mr. York met with—namely, that the architects or structural engineers would not accept his proposed sections. That is still a great difficulty in America. Later, the Grey mill came into successful operation in Luxemburg, producing such sections, which are being used in England and on the Continent. In fact, the whole process, both from a commercial and a mechanical point of view, is a success. The Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa.,

Jan 1, 1907

By P. H. Mell

Can the auriferous slate deposits of the Southern mining region ever be successfully worked ? is a question that has been often asked me by persons seeking investments in Southern mines. As the subject is one that has given me much thought during the past few years, I have decided to present my conclusions to the members of the Institute for their consideration. Those who have had the opportunity of exploring the region mentioned above, will readily reall to mind numerous localities, to which their attention was directed by would-be miners, as "rich and desirable properties," in which there were but few quartz seams running in every direction through fine-grained talcose slate. Most of the gold in such formations was always found disseminated through the slate, and but a small percentage contained in the quartz. Such are the deposits I propose to discuss in this paper. Of course there are many excellent quartz mines in the South that are paying the owners good profits, and many more to my knowledge, that are not being worked for obvious reasons. But it is out of the question to suppose that these slate deposits can be practically

Jan 1, 1881

By A. K. Isaac

The effectiveness of coalface powered support depends upon its structural nature and the manner of application of the hydraulic system. A critical and largely unresolved feature of the system is the optimum setting pressure level at which a support should operate in its geological environment. This paper provides an argument for a generalised approach to the issue of setting pressure level quoting case study data for a high output British longwall installation.

Jan 1, 1984

One of the engineering proposals in the last Congress which was of interest to engineers was the soldiers' land settlement plan proposed by Secretary Lane, under which returned soldiers, sailors and marines would be employed on construction work in the reclamation of swamp and arid lands and would thereafter be given preference in the selection and settlement of those lands. This bill failed in the fillibuster at the end of the session. It is likely that some sort of a plan for soldiers' settlement will come before the next Congress. A new bill has been written up for introduction at the next session which proposes an "infiltration method" of buying improved farms in established communities for' the soldiers' settlement purpose, under the authority and direction of the Farm Loan Board. The contrast of this bill to the one recommended by Secretary Lane is of vital importance to engineers at this time; first, because of the broad engineering improvement program that the latter bill proposes as against no engineering improvement under the infiltration plan; secondly, the community settlement plan of Secretary Lane means improvement of waste lands requiring much engineering work.

Jan 7, 1919

By W. C. J. van Rensburg

Exploration of unconventional mineral resources is stimulated by uncertainties about the cost and security of conventional resource sup- plies. Costs of the latter are likely to increase as a result of inflation, higher energy costs declining productivity, a lack of sufficient investment in politically volatile areas, or through cartel-like action. Exploration of unconventional resources is likely to be delayed by these same factors, insufficient research and development facilities, and a decline in capital formation. World economic growth is likely to be slow, so there will be more emphasis on material conservation. Therefore, the incentive to explore for unconventional resources may be reduced.

Jan 1, 1983

By John B. Miles

The present period of depression in the iron industry, with the resultant close approximation of the cost of production to the selling-price of pig-iron, should make the discussion of this subject at this time not only interesting but profitable. It is possible that it may result in the collection of data, which when added to those set forth in this paper will clearly indicate the influence of the rate of driving a blast-furnace upon its fuel-economy. The question is not whether an excessive rate of driving (meaning a rate definitely in excess of the average rate in the United States) results in an increase in the fuel-consumption, but rather whether a rate considerably less than the average does not result in a marked decrease in the fuel-consumption. The commercial and metallurgical sides of this problem must be kept separate. With a large margin between the cost of production and the selling-price of pig-iron, and a plant already in operation, it is frequently profitable to sacrifice a couple of hundred pounds of fuel per ton of pig-iron in order to secure the greater gross profits resulting from a larger tonnage. When this margin decreases with a plant in operation, or when the determination of the size of a new furnace intended for a certain production confronts the management, a clear understanding of the effect of the rate of driving upon fuel-economy becomes necessary. If it be granted that slow driving leads to low fuel-consumption, it should be borne in mind in the design of a new plant for the production of a certain tonnage that the adoption of an economical rate of driving increases only the size of the furnace proper, whereas, due to the decrease in quantity of blast required on account of the decrease in fuel burned, the stoves, the blowing-engines, the boilers and the piping may be de-

Jan 1, 1909

[NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES ALABAMA Birmingham Cord, Richard H. Dlsmukes, Edward B. Hunter, Robert A. Citronelle Perrin, Huey P. Fairfield Pagel, Herbert Ervin Fairhope Ruffles, William R. Huntsville Eng, Harvard Kelley, Dean W. Waggoner, J. B. Weber, Thomas C. Mobile Hankins, James D. Horner, William L. Petroutson, Peter C. University Cudworth, James R. Jones, Walter B. Mason, William L.]

Jan 1, 1961

By Wilbur A. Nelson

All of our accounts say that the discovery of copper ore at Duck-town, Tenn., was made in August, 1843, yet it would appear that samples of copper from this district were found by DeSoto, when he wandered into southern Tennessee, in 1539, in his four years of exploration through the Southern States. The following quotation is taken from his diary: "Towards the north there was a province named Chisca; and that there was a melting of copper, and of another metall of the same colour, save that it was finer, and of a farre more perfect colour, and farre better to the sight, and that they used it not so much, because it was softer. And the selfe same thing was told the governor in Cutifa-Chiqui, where we saw some little hatchets of copper, which were said to have a mixture of gold. But in that part of the country it was not well peopled; and they said there were mountains, which the horses could not passe; and for that cause, the governor would not goe from Cutifa-Chiqui directly quicker." DeSoto sent two of his company to try to find these mines, but after five days' wandering through the mountains they returned, stating that their guides had become lost. Although the Ducktown area may have been known to the ancient Indians, the copper deposits were actually discovered in August, 1843, when a Mr. Lemmons, while panning for gold on Potato Creek, in the Ducktown basin, found some reddish-brown decomposed rock. His disgust on finding that this yellow metal was not gold was so great that he did not try to develop his find. In March, 1847, B. C. Dugger erected an iron forge at this same place, but was unable to work the iron as it contained so much copper that on cooling it would break to pieces. The finding of copper in the iron ore by Mr. Dugger led to further explorations; and in April, of the same year, A. J. Weaver, who was passing through that country, told the people that the black rocks they had dug out were rich copper ore. Mr. Weaver began the

Jan 1, 1925

By Gilbert H. Cady

HE application of geology to problems arising A in coal mining engineering and coal preparation has, in general, been somewhat remote, or the geological problems have involved such simple forms of geological knowledge that the attention of specialists in this field has not been commonly thought necessary. Furthermore, the geology of coal beds and coal mining has received but scant attention in our educational system, even in mining education; so that coal mining engineers have become somewhat conditioned against geological thinking. Geologists, on the other hand, have commonly failed to realize that there are geological aspects to coal mining and coal preparation problems. A further reason why geology receives so little consideration in coal mining undertakings in this country lies in the fact that our coal supplies are, or have been thought to be, almost unlimited, have been easily accessible, and very cheaply mined. Conditions have been changing within recent years. Failures can be less easily endured. Great inroads have been made on our bonanza deposits of easily mined coal and the increasing cost of coal and the increasing difficulty of finding it in easily accessible and large quantities places greater and greater importance on accurate information and good technique in exploration. It seems probable, therefore, that the opinions and aid of geologists will be more commonly sought than in the past in the exploration for coal and in the development and operation of coal mines, and analyses of mining conditions, preparation, and utilization.

Jan 1, 1951

By Gilbert H. Cady

HE application of geology to problems arising A in coal mining engineering and coal preparation has, in general, been somewhat remote, or the geological problems have involved such simple forms of geological knowledge that the attention of specialists in this field has not been commonly thought necessary. Furthermore, the geology of coal beds and coal mining has received but scant attention in our educational system, even in mining education; so that coal mining engineers have become somewhat conditioned against geological thinking. Geologists, on the other hand, have commonly failed to realize that there are geological aspects to coal mining and coal preparation problems. A further reason why geology receives so little consideration in coal mining undertakings in this country lies in the fact that our coal supplies are, or have been thought to be, almost unlimited, have been easily accessible, and very cheaply mined. Conditions have been changing within recent years. Failures can be less easily endured. Great inroads have been made on our bonanza deposits of easily mined coal and the increasing cost of coal and the increasing difficulty of finding it in easily accessible and large quantities places greater and greater importance on accurate information and good technique in exploration. It seems probable, therefore, that the opinions and aid of geologists will be more commonly sought than in the past in the exploration for coal and in the development and operation of coal mines, and analyses of mining conditions, preparation, and utilization.

Jan 1, 1951

By Arthur B. Emmons

HAVING been in the management of a company which has been exploring with a diamond drill during the past year in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, with a view to finding workable anthracite coal of a better quality than has been hitherto found, I have collected a certain amount of material which seems to have some scientific interest (though in this respect it is unfortunately incomplete), as well as a possible value to any one who may be tempted to follow ant a similar line of investigation. The following are the analyses of the coal from the Portsmouth

Jan 1, 1885

By G. W. P. Rengstorff, L. E. Olds

PREVIOUS research has shown that cast molyb-denum has good ductility at room temperature if the metal is sufficiently pure. In practice, however, it is very difficult to reduce the impurity content of molybdenum to a few parts per million—the maximum content of impurities allowable to obtain reasonable ductility in coarse-grained molybdenum. Also, subsequent fabrication may reintroduce enough impurity to damage ductility greatly, unless extreme precautions are taken to protect the metal during working. The major impurities which embrittle molybdenum are oxygen, nitrogen and, to a lesser degree, carbon. It is reasonable to assume that the harmful effects of such impurities might be neutralized by small amounts of alloying additions. The desired alloying elements would be those which might fonn stable metal oxides or nitrides that would not be harmful to ductility, or thosewhich might increase the tolerance of molybdenum for oxygen and nitro-

Jan 1, 1958

This brief resume of events, transpiring in Mexico, culled from the daily New York newspapers, since the last Bulletin went to press, does not indicate any degree of improvement in the situation. MEXICAN MINISTER TO FRANCE RECOGNIZED A dispatch from Paris quotes Alberto J. Pani, Mexican Minister to France, as saying lie lead received notification that lie might present his credentials at the French Foreign Office on May 13. This notice came at the moment the Mexican press was announcing his departure for Spain because of inability to present his credentials. MORE REVOLUTIONARY TROUBLES SOUTH AND NORTH Revolutionary outbreaks hulked large in advices from Mexico City at the end of May, says the New York Tribune. General Eznesto Danny, a major, four other officers and forty men, composing a train guard on the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Railroad, were killed recently in an attack by rebels under Felix Diaz's command. The troubles in the south, coupled with the fact that Villa's activities in the north have necessitated sending troops to campaign against him, have reacted in the capital seriously, it is reported. Military guards hi Mexico City have been doubled and machine guns have been placed on the roofs of the National Palace and the Cathedral. STRIKE AND MARTIAL LAW IN MEXICO CITY Advices from Mexico City, according to the Evening Sun, said that virtually every school teacher in the city was out on strike and that recurrent rioting was being put clown by armed trucks manned by Federal soldiers. The strike of the school teachers was clue to the fact that they had not been paid for months, but the direct incitement is said to have been the contrast between their impoverished position and that of Carranza's generals, who are described as rolling in wealth, and who flaunted their opulence on the streets of Mexico, riding about in high powered automobiles with women bedecked with diamonds and other jewelry. The city is said to be virtually under martial law with no immediate prospect. of a subsidence of the bitter feeling against the military caste.

Jan 7, 1919

By H. A. Doerner

METALLURGICAL problems relating to manganese and chromium ores have striking similarities. Ferroalloys, essential to the steel industry, are produced from both ores. Most of these alloys are obtained from imported ores, as domestic deposits have not yielded enough ore of metallurgical grade to meet more than a small fraction of vital needs. A survey of domestic manganese and chrome de- posits reveals numerous small, dispersed bodies of fairly good ore, none of which appears to be capable of yielding significant amounts of marketable products. To stimulate development of such deposits and to increase Government stockpiles, General Services Administration is offering $115 per long ton for limited amounts of chrome ores and $110 per long ton for 48 pct manganese ores that meet metallurgical specifications, with bonuses or penalties for grades above and below specifications.

Jan 4, 1953

Jan 1, 1926

By Arthur Knapp

THE law of supply and demand is, in general terms, that law which governs the price of any commodity in an unrestricted competitive market. There are several variables which, for the purpose of this discussion, will be defined only as they apply to the petroleum industry: Production: The volume of petroleum that is moved from leases. Stocks: The volume of petroleum that is in the hands of the tank farm and pipeline companies. Inventory: The value of the stocks at the market. Consumption: The indicated delivery of oil to others than those who hold stocks. Demand: The potential absorbing power of the consuming market. Demand is the expression of the needs of the consumer and may depend on the economic value of the oil to the consumer. In times of low prices, the demand is the same as the consumption but during periods of high, prices or deficiency in supply, the demand may be greater than consumption. A general expression of the law is, as follows: Production or consumption Some relation between stocks and or controls price or demand inventory

Jan 3, 1924

[United States PAGE Alabama 181 Alaska 181 Arizona 181 Arkansas 182 California 182 Colorado 185 Connecticut 186 Delaware 186 District of Columbia 187 Florida 187 Georgia 187 Idaho 187 Illinois 188 Indiana 189 Iowa 189 Kansas 189]

Jan 1, 1928

By G. S. Rice

The subject of dust explosions in coad mines first appears in the Transactions of this Institute following the first great mine disaster that happened in…

Jan 1, 1915

Jan 1, 1904

C. W. WASHBURNE; New York; N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).-It has long been known that sulphur and oxygen react upon crude oils, removing hydrogen and thereby creating unsaturated hydrocarbons which unite with each other, producing heavier forms. Dr. Rogers now finds that the percentage of sulphur in the oils of several fields in California is roughly proportional to the specific gravity of the oil. This additional proof is most welcome. It is rather surprising, , in that the impression had prevailed that practically all the reacting sulphur escaped from the oil as hydrogen sulphide, and did not remain in combination with the oil. It would be interesting to know what part of the sulphur-plotted by Dr. Rogers is in solution as free sulphur and hydrogen sulphide, and what part is, in more complex compounds, such as thiophanes, etc.

Jan 10, 1917