Search Documents

Batterham and Algie began their paper on: `The role of technology in the minerals industry' (1995) by noting that while: it is often stated that innovation is central to the economic survival of mining and minerals processing in the face of global competition, .. . technology is often far from a core strategy in our industry. This point is correct. Throughout the world, as a broad generalisation, mining companies do not value technology development as a principal means of gaining competitive advantage. It is important to understand why this is the case. Batterham and Algie address this question by making distinctions between innovation, technology and research. They note that while: all successful (mining) companies are good at innovation . . . that innovation can proceed without any research and development and that it is innovation that generates the competitive advantage, not research and development per se. In this paper we accept these arguments. However, our focus is somewhat different. Whereas Batterham and Algie took a mining company's perspective on the technologies of mining and processing, we take a broader view of the opportunities for technology development for company Australia but, in order to focus the argument, we restrict our discussion to the area of mining (rather than processing); we focus particularly on mining systems and mining equipment. We begin by looking at the motivation of companies operating in any industrial sector to invest in research and development. Figure 1 recognises four levels of industrial maturity. For companies in the embryonic and growth stages R&D often is essential to initiating and developing the business. Mining, on the other hand, is a mature industry. In mature industries the conventional roles for R&D are to reduce costs, to extend product differentiation, or to develop new technology with the aim of rejuvenating the business. Next we ask whether these general-industry arguments apply to the mining industry. If they do then the mining industry should value R&D more highly; after all cost reductions and business rejuvenation are goals that are worth achieving. On the other hand if, for whatever reason, these general arguments do not apply to mining then this may lead the mining industry to invest only modestly, or not at all, in R&D. In this event, while this may be a rational decision for the mining industry, it may not be in the best interest of a nation like Australia where revenues from the sale of mineral products represent an important part of the country's economy.

Jan 1, 1997

Shear-flocculation is one of a munber of potential processes for upgrading deposits of finely-grained minerals and, more generally, for separating different types of particles suspended in a fluid.The smaller the particle the more likely it is to follow the fluid streamlines, or be entrained within turbulent eddies, and the less likely it is to deviate from the streamline and attach to bubbles (froth flotation), other particles (selective flocculation) or magnetic poles (wet magnetic separation). As shown in Figure I, a number of ingenious ideas have been proposed to overcome this effect. The suspended particles are assumed to be 1 - 10 µm.Thus, the efficiency of attaching ultrafme particles of the valuable component (solid circles) to air bubbles, as in process A, is poor. The efficiency may be improved by attaching the particles to oil droplets (Ralston, Kart and Newcombe, 1984) to form agglomerates that rise or sink (B), to magnetic particles (C) (Parsonage, 1988) to allow recovery in a magnetic separator (D), to other particles to form aggregates (E) that are then either attached to bubbles (F) or recovered by sedimentation (G) (Warren, 1992), and to pieces of polyethylene (Rubio and Baltar, 1991) that rise or sink (H).In A, C, E, F and H, the forces that are generally used to ensure collisions result in adhesion are hydrophobic forces, hydrodynamic forces and inertial forces (Warren, 1992). These drag particles from the streamlines to allow particle-particle adhesion. In B and E, soluble polymeric molecules have been added to bridge between particles as they approach closely during a collision.The second major consideration is selectivity. Selective adsorption of the hydrophobe or polymer onto the valuable particles is the key. Many subtle effects of surface chemistry are involved in obtaining adequate selectivity. A complication in real systems is that the initial suspension is often naturally coagulated and needs to be dispersed before being selectively flocculated.

Jan 1, 1993

By Isaev EN, Levin LE

New data on the geology of the Late Jurassic to Holocene sediments cover of the World and associated mineral resources (oil, gas, ferromanganese nodules, ores of massive sulphides and other metals) have been compilled in the Atlas at scale 1:25,000,000 and 1:10,000,000. The work was performed by scientists from four Institutes of Russia (VNllzarubezhgeologia, VNlloceangeologia, Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). The Atlas shows variation of thickness and formational composition of the large complexes (Upper Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous- Eocene, Oligocene-Neogene, Pliocene-Pleistocene), distribution of oil/gas and ore deposits in each complex, data of deep- sea drilling (leg 1-130), thermo-pressure condition in the sedimentary basins within Circum-Pacific Rim.

Jan 1, 1995

By P J. Sack, L V Danyushevsky

"An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation. Regional-scale exploration for sediment-hosted gold deposits is hampered by the challenge of evaluating the fertility of ancient sedimentary sequences that host these deposits. Recent developments in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry allow for the evaluation of the gold fertility of sedimentary sequences using chemistry of early-formed sedimentary pyrite. We present a case study from the Selwyn basin area of Yukon, Canada, where significant sediment-hosted gold exploration has been ongoing for the last five years. Data from sedimentary pyrite in some Neoproterozoic shales are anomalous in Au and As compared to a global data set of unmineralised sedimentary pyrite. If at least some of the gold and associated trace elements in sediment-hosted gold deposits are derived from recrystallisation of early sedimentary pyrite, it follows that strata containing anomalous sedimentary pyrite should be more prospective. Based on this premise, our data clearly show that Yusezyu Formation Neoproterozoic shales in the Selwyn basin area of Yukon are a fertile source rock for sediment-hosted gold deposits, while pyrite from Nadaleen formation shales are strongly anomalous in Hg and Tl, but not Au. We suggest that the area warrants continued exploration for sediment-hosted gold.CITATION:Sack, P J, Gregory, D D, Large, R R and Danyushevsky, L V, 2015. Using sedimentary pyrite chemistry to inform regional exploration for sediment-hosted gold deposits – a gold fertility case study from the Selwyn basin area, Yukon , in Proceedings PACRIM 2015 Congress, pp 69–76 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Mar 18, 2015

Current models for the origin of banded iron-formation (BIF) derived in situ iron ore deposits assume that the typical chert and iron oxide banded BIF is the primary rock from which enriched iron ore deposits arise by the selective leaching of quartz and the residual accumulation of the iron oxides. Weathering extends to the base of all the hematite deposits of the Hamersley Province, which lie within the saprolitic weathering zone, as shown by the preservation of the primary textures, and are overlain by a hydrated goethite zone representing the solum. Since groundwater typically contains dissolved silica, derived from the hydrolysis of silicate minerals, greatly in excess of the saturation solubility of quartz, it is incapable of removing quartz from below the watertable, and quartz is preserved in all saprolites derived from quartz bearing rocks. Quartz may be dissolved in the solum due to the influx of meteoric water having little or no dissolved silica, but soil-forming processes that dissolve quartz likewise alter the oxides by hydration and transposition with consequent destruction of primary textures, and there is no suggestion of soil-forming processes having produced the deposits, which typically extend to considerable depths below the water-table. A characteristic feature of the typical hematite orebodies is the unaltered nature of the iron oxides in the ore compared to those in the adjacent cherty BIF. Although the solubility of ferric iron at >10 ppb is much less than quartz, any process capable of dissolving the huge volume of quartz must also affect the iron oxides, but evidence of this is completely lacking in most ore deposits. Hydrothermal alteration at Koolyanobbing in the Southern Cross Province affects both cherty BIF and ore, and clearly shows equal mobilisation and recrystallisation of hematite within quartz/hematite veins and in the surrounding cherty BIF, which shows no evidence for the selective leaching of quartz. Similarly, any metamorphic process capable of removing all quartz from BIF would leave characteristic evidence in the remaining oxides. However, a hydrothermal process may account for at least portions of certain ore deposits, in which the chert bands have been replaced by carbonates at comparatively low temperatures, to produce a quartz-free magnetite/ carbonate rock that is readily upgraded to high-grade ore by supergene dissolution of the carbonates. This process is interpreted to have formed high grade ore at Mt Gibson, Koolyanobbing æAÆ Deposit and Mt Tom Price North Deposit. In addition to carbonate replaced cherty BIF at Mt Gibson in the Murchison Province, there are extensive sequences of magnetite BIF without chert bands, and this chert-free facies of BIF is interpreted as the precursor to the majority of in situ hematite ore deposits, through oxidation and weathering of magnetite and iron silicate and carbonate minerals. The world-class martite/microplaty-hematite deposits of the Hamersley Province are a special case of BIF-derived iron ore deposits that were initiated during the Proterozoic era. Evidence from overlying Wyloo Group conglomeratic horizons containing clasts of Hamersley Group BIF indicates that microplaty-hematite formed within the clasts before deposition, and that Proterozoic subaerial oxidation and weathering of uplifted Hamersley Group formations produced the microplaty-hematite in both chert-free and cherty BIF.

Jan 1, 2002

By Stewart R

Potential acid rock drainage from the destruction of metalliferous sulph-ides is recognised as a critical factor in the design and economics of any mining venture. While this realisation is relatively new, mining companies have embraced the issue with the aim of scientifically quantifying the magnit-ude of the problem, specific to indiv-idual properties.Coinciding with the development of the open pit mine at Porgera, a comprehensive assessment of the potent-ial for the formation of acid rock drainage was initiated in 1991. Detail-ed study of the mineralogical charact-eristics of all rock types, along with extensive test work to determine the maximum potential of rocks to generate and consume acid (known as acid base accounting or ABA), has been conducted. Correlating this with the known and interpreted geology of the open pit has indicated a strong relationship between rock type, sulphur content and the acid base character. This relationship is used daily as a simple, cost effective means for classification and management of the variety of material types produced from the minincx operation.

Jan 1, 1994

By Carrucan M. J

Costain Resources Limited operates two open cut coal mines in the Hunter Valley coalfields of New South Wales, Ravensworth Mine and Warkworth Mine. The location of the Ravensworth operation is shown in Figure 1. In the case of the Ravensworth Mine, Costain Australia is essentially a contract miner and is contracted to supply coal to Pacific Power (previously The Electricity Commission of New South Wales), on contracts won through a tender system. Due to the existing infrastructure and the lease area that associated with the contract, the mining strips at Ravensworth South have a maximum strike length of 1500 metres. This paper deals with the methods of scheduling used to overcome the challenge of mining the short strike length, multi-seam deposit at Ravensworth South.

Jan 1, 1992

Multiple regression analysis applied to ventilation records of stopes on the Witwatersrand showed that it was possible to estimate the temperature increase per 100 ft for a new stope with a standard deviation of 0' 5°F. The analysis also threw light on the relative effect on this estimate of five different factors.Application of the analysis of variance technique to a factorialexperiment on the production of dust during rock drilling showed that the effects of air and water pressure were quite small but also showed that the between-machine variation was unexpectedly large.Analysis of variance also proved a valuable means for assessing the bias and random error variation of aneroid barometers used in pressure surveys.INTRODUCTIONThree examples are discussed to illustrate the use of the techniques of "analysis of variance" and "multiple regression" in research on the ventilation of gold mines. Although the techniques are basically similar their application to each example has a slightly different emphasis and the examples were chosen for this reason. The variation ofemphasis is as follows.1. Temperature increases in stapes. This work was undertaken as a preliminary to possible extensive controlled experimentation (Lambrechts, 1959). Data collected in routine work by the mine ventilation personnel were used for analysis and no specific experiments were carried out. The main object was to see whether such data could provide any strong pointers to factors which might be worthy ofmore careful study and to factors which could initially be ignored. Of course, there was hope that the study might provide an empirical formula for rough forecasts.

Jan 1, 1962

By O Ostrovski

Iron ore reduction and iron cementation by CH4-H2-Ar gas was investigated in a laboratory isothermal fixed bed reactor. Iron ore was first reduced to metallic iron by hydrogen, then carburised to cementite by methane. Increasing temperature and hydrogen content accelerated the reduction process. Methane had almost no effect on the reduction process. Meanwhile, higher temperatures increased the rate of cementation and also the rate of free carbon deposition. The optimal temperature for cementite formation was found to be 750¦C. At this temperature, reduction of iron ore to cementite by gas containing 55 vol per cent hydrogen, 35 vol per cent methane and 10 vol per cent argon was completed in about 15 minutes. Addition of sulphur into the reducing/carburising gas strongly retarded the process of cementite formation and free carbon deposition. Cementite is an unstable phase which decomposes to iron and carbon. The rate of cementite decomposition increased with temperature up to 600¦C and above 750¦C . In the temperature range from 600¦C to 750¦C the rate of cementite decomposition decreased with temperature. Cementite was the most stable at 750¦C and least stable at 600¦C. The two-interface grain model was used to describe the process of iron ore reduction and the volume reaction model was employed to model the iron cementation process. The simulated results for both reduction and cementation are consistent with the experimental data.

Jan 1, 2000

By Bisshop J. P W

Maximum recovery of sulphide minerals by flotation is achieved over a limited size range. Valuable particles above and below this range have a smaller probability of being recovered. In the normal grinding-flotation operation, not all valuables are reduced to the optimum size range, and therefore sub- stantial losses occur. A significant improve- ment in the size distribution is not usually possible within the conventional circuit, and a more complex arrangement may be necessary to obtain optimum recovery of the valuable mineral. This problem is considered with refer- ence to the Mt. LyeZl concentrator. The performance of the existing circuit is dis- cussed, and it is shown that losses in recovery occur in both coarse and fine sizes. Laboratory tests indicate that regrinding the coarse particles results in an increase in recovery of up to 4%. Redistribution of plant grinding capacity to reduce initial grinding power by 6% and use this capacity to regrind coarse particles was considered. It is con- cluded that overall plant efficiency would be increased by 2% provided that overloading of the regrind mill could be avoided.

Jan 1, 1977

BHP BillitonÆs Yandi channel iron deposit has a large resource of approximately 1.3 billion tonnes. This is a bulk mining operation with a high degree of selectivity not being practical. In contrast the deposit geology is a complex interrelationship of primary channel facies, secondary enrichment of iron and a secondary redistribution of the major contaminants. These variations in geology and alteration can occur over ranges of hundreds of metres down to knife edge contacts. In addition, differences in primary facies and mobility during alteration often result in the iron and contaminants having different patterns of enrichment and depletion. Despite the scale of these operations, if the geological domaining is not optimal, significant errors in the resource estimate of grades and tonnage will occur. Getting the geology right has become a common clichT among mining professionals. However, in many situations, obtaining optimal geological domains for resource modelling is best achieved when there is input from geology, statistics and geostatistics. In this paper, moving window statistics are utilised to see through locally high variability to identify trends that assist in locating difficult to identify geological boundaries. After the creation of geological domains, univariate and multivariate statistics and principal component analysis assist in validating and characterising geological domains. Finally, variography and domain contact analysis are used to analyse the nature of the boundaries between geological domains. At the Yandi channel iron deposit, the inter-relationship between geological and geostatistical analysis has resulted in significant improvements to geological domaining and the treatment of domain boundaries during estimation of iron and contaminates.

Jan 1, 2005

In November 1992, the Internal Revenue Commission (IRC) was formed from the rperggr of the Papua New Guinea Taxation Of- fice (PNGTO) and the Bureau of Customs, and now has the re- sponsibility for the administration of direct and indirect taxes on a national basis in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Since that date we have undertaken many initiatives to make the new organisation more efficient and responsive to clients' needs. Income Tax The mining industry is catered for, in respect of income tax, un- der a separate taxation regime within the Income Tax Act (ITA), Division 10, as well as some general provisions within that Act as may be applicable. Division 10 is itself broken up into subdi- visions to cover the different types of mining leases, namely Spe- cial Mining Leases (SMLs) and Mining Leases (MLs), and peri- ods of time during which those sub-divisions apply. Ring Fencing Income tax assessed on the mining industry, with the exception of Mining Leases (these will be explained later), has a project basis of assessment, that is, each project is assessed separately as if the taxable income of the taxpayer from operations attributable to the project was the only assessable income derived by that taxpayer. This is often referred to as "ring fencing". This is an important point to consider because losses from unsuccessful projects cannot be set off against income from those that are suc- cessful, except in very limited specific circumstances, such as where an unsuccessful exploration licence is cancelled or surren- dered. The project basis of assessment applies to both resident and non-resident companies. A relaxation in the 'ring fence' provisions was applied from 1st January 1995, where ten percent of exploration expenditure, in- curred in areas outside of Special Mining Leases and Petroleum Development Licences in a particular year of income, can be claimed as an outright deduction which is limited to ten percent of the tax otherwise payable in that year. This was introduced to encourage exploration in PNG.

Jan 1, 1997

By A Jha, R Merz

The substantial growth in world demand for Queensland coking coal has seen a number of new coal mine developments in the Bowen Basin in recent times. The Bowen-Broken Water Supply Scheme (BBWSS) is presently based on water supplied from Eungella Dam and storages at Collinsville to two major pipelines. In early 2004, three successive years of well-below average rainfall had left Eungella Dam at critical levels, threatening the regionÆs mines, which rely on it for their essential water supply. SunWater noted that without significant inflows into Eungella Dam, or the development of a new water supply to the region, existing mines would be severely restricted in water supply, and downstream economic impacts to the region would follow. SunWater investigated the opportunities for additional supply capabilities, including combinations of off-stream storages, additional pipelines, and raising Eungella Dam. An off-stream storage (OSS) was selected as being the preferred option to improve the reliability of the system and head off impending falls in announced allocation for the system. The integrated quantity quality model (IQQM) is the Queensland GovernmentÆs preferred model to define and assess total catchment performance against water security and environmental objectives. Modelling of the performance of the water supply system, with and without the proposed OSS, was required to provide justification to the customers of the system that the OSS was in fact required, and also to optimise the configuration of the OSS within time and budgetary constraints. In the case of the BBWSS, no environmental base flows are dictated by the Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Water (NRM&W) at present and the primary reason for applying IQQM was therefore to investigate the trade-offs between supply options and reliability. SunWater produced IQQM outputs for a range of scenarios for the proposed off-stream storage, and these IQQM outputs were then used as input to a decision-support tool based on the GoldSim modelling package. The GoldSim model was then applied to investigate the water supply reliability for high priority users resulting from various existing and/or proposed water supply infrastructure configurations coupled to the hydrologic system. The GoldSim model included the ability to assess the long-term water supply reliability impacts for each of the water supply end-users for a wide range of user-defined scenarios. Non-technical model users were able to change the size of the off-stream storage, pipeline capacities and assumed climatic conditions and test for themselves the relative benefits (in terms of water supply reliability) of different infrastructure configurations under consideration. The decision tool was of significant benefit in assisting the decision process to SunWaterÆs mining customers. These customers needed to decide if they felt that the increased reliability in their water supplies from the system that would be created warranted the estimated increased charges that would require to be levied to recover costs of the new infrastructure with appropriate profit margins. The conjunctive use of IQQM and GoldSim was successful in demonstrating the impact of both hydrological and non-hydrological issues on the future water supply reliability in the BBWSS and resulted in a decision to proceed with the construction of a new OSS.

Jan 1, 2006

By Munro DL

The Mary Kathleen uranium deposit is in north-west Queensland, approximately halfway between the townships of Mount Isa and Cloncurry, at long. 1400 009 E and lat. 200 44' S. The deposit Iwas discovered by prospectors of the Walton McConachy Syndicate early in July, 1954, and climaxed a very intensive ground search by hundreds of part-time prospectors. during the uranium boom from March to July 1954ò Numerous small deposits, mostly in the vicinity of Mount Isa, were discovered in various rock environments, but Mary Kathleen is the only large deposit and, apart from a few tons of hand sorted material from the Milo lease, is the only deposit that has been worked. Exploration of the surrounding area, and proving of the economic worth of the deposit, were conducted from the time of discovery until February 1956 by a geological team camped near the deposit. Proving was carried out by drilling a pattern of vertical and inclined diamond drillholes at fifty-foot centres over the outcrop. An adit was driven eastwards through the deposit. Metallurgical research and design work in the South Australian Department of Mines Adelaide Laboratories were based on core samples and bulk samples from the deposit. The signing of a contract in March 1956 with the British Atomic Energy Authority to supply 4500 short tons of uranium oxide allowed mining to commence, and enabled the planned construction of water supply, township and treatment plant to proceed. The open out mine and plant are now serviced by a modern township, four miles away, which is connected to Cloncurry and Mount Isa by road. Although little field work has been done since the exploration phase, this paper differs in interpretation from a previous paper (Matheson and Searl, 1956) in that it is based on a revised structural inter- pretation (Compana, 1958), detailed mapping of progressive exposures in the open out, and a re-examination of diamond drill cores.\

Jan 1, 1968

Disastrous earthquakes are a reality on the Australiancontinent. Unfortunately it has taken the fatal 1989 New-castle earthquake to demonstrate to all Australians that we do not reside on a "stable continent". While the world accepts the potential of plate tectonics and its associated plate margin earthquakes, particularly around the active Pacific Rim, the realisation of devastating intra-plate, or continental, earthquakes is only now beginning to take effect. The 1989 Newcastle earthquake provides many lessons on which to further fundamental earthquake research and the applications to the future welfare of human civilisation. To mitigate the earthquake hazard in relation to the devastation to life, property and industry, research must be undertaken with the resulting informa-tion to be included in the nation's disaster management programs. The earthquake hazard is everpresent in east-ern Australia and the major step in its quantification is a more realistic determination of earthquake risk estimates through an integrated study of seismology, engineering, insurance and sociology.

Jan 1, 1990

By Fulton E, Ring RJ, Waters DJ

Laboratory leach tests of Nabarlek uranium ore carried out by the Australian Atomic Energy Commission to compare the effectiveness of Caro's Acid1 (permonosulphuric acid) as an alternative oxident to pyrolusite indicated reduced acid consumption in leaching and lime savings in neutralisation of tailings liquors when using Caro's Acid. Interox Chemicals Pty. Ltd. arranged a plant trial for Caro's Acid at Queensland Mines Nabarlek Plant. The trial confirmed that significant savings in acid and lime can be achieved under plant conditions. Plant operations also demonstrated improved redox potential control was possible using Caro's Acid.

Jan 1, 1978

By Fredley D. C

Georgius Agricola wrote in De Re Metallica in 1556 that a prudent a miner should not work in a region ruled by a tyrant-a person inimical to mining. In 1926, Associate Chief Sherman of the United States Forest Service in a speech stated, "It is the policy of the Forest Service to encourage the development of the mineral resources within the boundaries of the National Forests ... a man who fails to cultivate a friendly, helpful, cooperative spirit in his relations with those who are endeavoring to develop the mineral wealth of our mountains has no place in the Forest Service." Both statements are as true today as they were in 1556 and 1926. The challenge to the Forest Service and the mineral industry today is to maintain that cooperation in a world that has changed significantly since Agricola and Sherman. The United States Forest Service manages 77,000,000 hectares of land-mostly in the Western United States-an area equal in size to New South Wales. The vast majority-75 million hectares are National Forests, and 1.6 million hectares are National Grasslands. National Wilderness Areas account for 13 million hectares or rough- ly 17 per cent of the National Forest System. National Forest System lands (NFS) are some of the most visible, scenic and controversial lands in the country. They are also some of the most valuable for their mineral potential and production. The value of mineral produced exceeds US$4 billion per year. There are over 1200 producing mines, 15,000 oil and gas leases, and some of the largest lead, copper, silver, gold, platinum, molyb- denum, and coal deposits in the hemisphere. Every year the Forest Service approves nearly 5,000 mineral operations on the NFS. Much of the NFS (75 per cent) is open to location of mining claims pursuant to the 1872 Mining Law. And an equal amount of land is legally available for oil and gas leasing.

Jan 1, 1991

The paper describes a simulating method.for ground water contamination originating from industrial and mining activrty. The finite difference model simulates heat, mass and solute transport. The applied stochastical method for dispersion provides more accurate solution of mass transport modelling. This method gives a more realistic approach of chemical processes in an aquifer depending on temperature.

Jan 1, 1988

By Hall T. P, Taylor R. N

Fluid flow in a 1:14 scale water model of the shaft and settler of the Kalgoorlie Nickel flash smelter has been investigated by flow visualisation and numerical modelling. Detailed flow fields through the reaction shaft, settling chamber and uptake are presented for flow rates up to 800 Vm and a number of burner configurations. The predicted flow fields were compared with experimental data obtained from streak photographs and video recordings. The effects of cessation of flow through individual burners and changes in shaft dimensions were also Investigated.

Jan 1, 1992

In 1976, The Zinc Corporation Limited Broken Hill set up a plant to re-process a hill of tailing (Mt. Keast) from the original treatment operations. With the likely disappearance of this source of feed in 1985, an investigation was initiated to determine what other feed sources might be available. This involved searching through old records and photographs as well as a subsequent drilling campaign. The paper briefly covers the history of treatment operations and describes, as a result of the information obtained, the likely future sources of feed.

Jan 1, 1983