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By W. F. Scott, K. L. Somerville

"This paper outlines the development and inplementation of functional training at the Thompson Mine of Inco Metals Company, Manitoba Division. This training is an extension of similar methods implemented throughout the company to meet safety and health and productivity objectives. It consists of the orientation to the mine, induction in the basic mining skills, and specific training in drilling and other skills in the mine. Initial results indicated a positive effect on the safety performance and proficiency of the mine workforce.IntroductionThe primary mining method at the Thompson Mine is mechanized cut and fill, with secondary recovery of pillars by undercut and fill . These methods require a workforce of about 900 hourly operating employees to obtain capacity production of 6500 tons of ore per day.Historically, turnover of mine employees has been high and large numbers of new recruits are introduced to the mine every year. These men are recruited primarily in Manitoba, but also from distant areas of Canada; most of the se people have no previous mining experience.Training has always been an important component of mine operations. Mine supervisors and experienced miners have committed an appreciable amount of time and effort to training these new recruits. As well, training efforts have been directed toward upgrading the skills of experienced workers.Recently, a growing awareness of the significance of this training effort and its impact on accident frequency, productivity, turnover and other important parameters of the mine operation has led to a review of training methods. The training program described in this paper has resulted from this review."

Jan 1, 1981

By Gérald Riverin, Bernard Boily, Daniel Bernard

"The Donalda gold deposit is located in the southern part of the Noranda camp, approximately 2 /em east of the Horne deposit. Combined past production and current reserves total over 1.5 Mt grading 6.9 grams of gold per tonne.The deposit consists of two main veins which are both narrow but persistent structures. The No 1 Vein, hosting about 80% of the gold ore, consists of an EW-striking banded quartz vein dipping on average 25° to the south. Although variable in thickness, it averages lessthan1 metre. TheNo2 Vein, located 300 m below the No 1 Vein, is similar to it except that it dips 50° south. Gold occurs mostly as fine native gold disseminated in quartz, with 2-3% pyrite and trace amounts of various sulphides and tellurides. The wall rocks are only weakly altered and mineralized with pyrite, hematite and sericite.Structurally, the Donalda deposit is centered on the Horne Creek fault (HCF) where the HCF is intersected by the ENE-trending DonaldaandCentralfaults.NorthoftheHCF,theNo1Veinishosted by the Quemont Rhyolite, whereas south of the HCF the vein is hosted by magnetic basalts and diorites of the Wilco Andesite Formation. The No 1 Vein extends across the HCF with only minor displacement, whereas the No 2 Vein has not yet been traced south of the HCF.A preliminary structural analysis of the mine shows that the HCF, which strikes 275° and dips 70° north in the mine area, has a reverse movement a lid that the flat dipping No 1 Vein is a tension vein. Both probably developed in response to the same stress conditions. Although the absolute age of the Donalda veins is not known, structural relationships indicate that they formed during the latest movements of the HCF, but prior to the intrusion of the Proterozoic D' Eldona Diabase. The occurrence along the HCF of gold-rich synvolcanic massive sulphides and much younger vein-type gold deposits (such as Donalda) indicates that the HCF was a very long-lived, deep-seated (?)structure which has controlled the circulation of gold-rich fluids over a long period of time."

Jan 1, 1990

By Norman B. Davis

THE ceramic group of industries is comprised of those engaged in the manufacture of cement, glass, artificial abrasives, whiteware, including earthenware, stoneware, porcelain tableware, porcelain sanitary ware, electrical porcelain, floor and wall tile, porcelain enamel on metals, refractories of all kinds, sewer-pipe and structural clay products, such as terra cotta, brick, and hollow tile. The various sub-divisions of the industry produce a wide range of articles on which we depend for our creature comforts from day to day, perhaps to a greater extent than we generally realize. The industry, in turn, depends on a great number of minerals, and chemical products derived from minerals, and it is the object of this brief paper to present a list of these with notes indicating the particular applications. In order to bring home the importance of the industry to your daily life, stop and consider the many things around you accepted as a matter of course. Cement provides the smooth surfaces of many of our highways, city streets, and sidewalks. It enters into nearly all types of construction, alone or in combination with other clay products. Glass we hardly appreciate because we can see through it so easily, but it is there to serve us in windows, doors, and other light-transmitting structures. Glass is the universal means of transporting liquids and beverages, our beverages are usually served in it, and, with the recent development in fine spun glass textiles, there is a possibility of glass clothing in the future. Chinaware, a general term for table dishes, may be earthenware (not vitrified), semi-porcelain, or bone china, but it is before us three or more times a day ?and we seldom think of the minerals that have made these products possible. Floor tile, wall tile, and other ceramic specialties for interior and exterior use and decoration please the eye and provide sanitary surroundings.

Jan 1, 1938

By C. Zangerl, H. Lechner

"Large scale rock slides in deeply incised Alpine valleys are common hazards that can endanger human life, settlement areas and critical infrastructure such as highways, railways and reservoirs (Bonzanigo et al., 2007). In order to perform reliable forecasts of the behaviour of rock slides influenced by large dam reservoirs the geometry, the kinematics, the deformation behaviour and the hydrogeological situation need to be understood profoundly. Based on generic rock slide models the influence of the rock slide geometry on the stability as well as the impact of the buoyancy forces and water load of the reservoir at the toe of the slope are the main focus of this study. Various assumptions of hydraulic conductivity, groundwater conditions of the rock slide and impoundment depth of the reservoir are analysed using limit equilibrium approaches.Generally, deep seated rock slides are characterised by deformation along one or multiple shear zones where most of the measured total slope displacement localizes. Many large rock slides, especially those observed in foliated, mica-rich crystalline rock masses (e.g. paragneisses, mica schists, phyllites), do not fail suddenly or reach high velocities. Instead, many of them move slowly and reach velocities of centimetres per year or even less. Some show episodic accelerations, sometimes reaching alarming levels, but then subside to non-critical levels again. However, there is a potential that deep-seated rock slides fail rapidly, develop into far-reaching run-out rock flows, and cause catastrophic events. Whereas the role of triggers in promoting phases of acceleration is often understood, the same cannot be said regarding the kinematics and dynamic processes by which the rock slide mass decelerates, re-stabilises or accelerates to a catastrophic degree once the trigger impetus has been removed. Thus key questions of the presented work concern the geotechnical, geometrical and hydrogeological conditions under which a slowly moving rock slide is triggered to accelerate to irreversible, maybe dangerous velocities. The development of the sliding zone is generally influenced by pre-existing discontinuities such as brittle fault zones, shear and tensile fractures, foliation and bedding planes. These geological structures determine the geometry of the sliding zone which can either be rotational or translational. During the gravitationally induced failure process the geometry of the rock slide undergoes a change.Several observed post-failure geometries in metamorphic rocks show a concave topography in the middle to upper part of the rock slide and a typical convex or bulge-like topography at the toe of the slope (Zangerl et al., 2012). Whereas the sliding zone of the upper part of such a rock slide mass is rather steep and planar, the inclination of the sliding zone at the toe can be close to zero and act against the driving forces (Alonso et al., 2010). A shear zone that meets alluvial deposits at the foot of the slope encounters a stabilizing impact on the mechanical behaviour. This buttressing effect of alluvial sediments has a remarkable influence on the slope stability."

Jan 1, 2015

By M. J. Steffens

ESPLIM is a novel separation technique that combines the advantages of solvent extraction and electrostatic dispersion but its application in the extraction of nickel by the direct solvent extraction route and the effect of high electrostatic field on the stability of organics have not been explored. These were investigated in this study and it was found that the technique allows 97% extraction of the nickel in a single stage compared with 3 stages by the conventional solvent extraction. Also, three months of exposure to 5.0 kV under simulated operational conditions had no adverse effect on the stability of organics.

Jan 1, 2005

By L. Sun

In this work, strontium doped lanthanum ferrite (LSF) and their composite cathodes were fabricated by screen printing on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes. Their electrochemical properties were evaluated by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and steady-state polarization methods. All the cathodes were screened by comparing their total polarization resistances before and after activation processes at different temperatures. The improved LSF composite cathodes were also screen-printed on YSZ/NiO half cells to fabricate solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), which have reached the output power densities of 170 mW/cm2 at 650 °C, 230 mW/cm2 at 700 °C, 304 mW/cm2 at 750 °C and 388 mW/cm2 at 800 °C.

Jan 1, 2005

By Karl J. C. Harries

"11.1. INTRODUCTIONA royalty is the most common form of interest retained by an owner who is disposing of his property or by a joint venturer who ceases, voluntarily or otherwise, to participate in the joint venture.1 Rarely does a non-participating party have a direct interest in the property and/or assets of a project, except during the period when a non-participating joint venturer may be having his interest diluted.2 In fact, it is most unwise to permit a non-participating party to have such an interest. It may give rise to significant problems that could prevent or substantially delay the development of an orebody and require a considerable amount of time, effort, and money to correct.3In negotiating a royalty, it is important to be aware that there is no law or convention that says, “You just don’t do that in a royalty agreement.” As with any agreement, inventiveness and flexibility on the part of the negotiator are not just assets, but virtual necessities. It is also for this reason that it is essential to read the royalty provisions, particularly the definitions, fully and carefully, especially if you are the recipient. On the other hand, if your inventiveness and flexibility cause your accountant to question the advisability of one of your ideas, pay close attention to him.4 He will, no doubt, have had experience with many royalties, and no competent professional adviser disparages a client’s ideas without good reason. Besides, he will probably be the person who will be determining the royalty or certifying the determination of it. At the very least, he will be auditing your general financial statements, which must, of course, reflect the royalty determination. Heeding his advice not only may make the determination easier but also will probably save you money in professional fees later on. Nevertheless, do not simply accept his comments or recommendations without understanding what they mean, why they have been made with respect to your royalty agreement (sometimes professionals have comments that they make as a matter of course and, even though they may be valid, you should require them to be justified to you), and how they will affect your royalty determination.It is surprising how many corporate payors insist that their standard royalty provisions5 be used as a matter of policy, thereby effectively tying the negotiator’s hands. It is even more surprising, and to professional advisers frightening, how many of the senior employees who insist that such a policy be adhered to, virtually without variation, do not know what is in the standard provisions and would be hard-pressed to explain them to a property owner. If standard provisions are appropriate, by all means use them, but do allow experienced and sensible negotiators some flexibility and make sure that everyone within the corporation who may have to use such provisions – negotiator and supervisor alike – knows what they contain and why they are as they are. For example, there are often good and convincing reasons to describe a deduction in a certain way or to include a certain specific type of deduction. On the other hand, quite often the answer to the question “why?” is that “it has always been there”; this is, or should be, an unacceptable answer. In any event, if you, as the negotiator, appear to know what you are talking about, are familiar and comfortable with your royalty provisions, and are backed up by your boss with the same words or reasoning, a property owner cannot help but be satisfied that you are knowledgeable, even if he still does not agree with your provisions. Finally, if you do use standard provisions, make sure that they are reviewed and updated regularly."

Jan 1, 2003

By K. C. Corin, M. S. Manono, J. G. Wiese

Depressants play a crucial role in the flotation of PGM bearing ores as they prevent naturally floatable gangue (NFG) from reporting to the concentrate. This action is regarded as critically important because less dilution of the concentrate means lower costs for downstream processes. However, abnormal water conditions (such as high concentrations of ions) in the flotation system can modify the selectivity of these depressants. It is well known that the existence of selected electrolytes in water can alter the behaviour of some polysaccharide depressants by enhancing their adsorption onto gangue minerals and thereby prevent naturally floatable gangue from moving into the froth phase. Concurrently these same electrolytes may enhance frothability, owing to their stabilising effect on the bubbles within the system. Plant water at various ionic strengths was investigated against depressant type and dosage in order to understand electrolyte-depressant interactive effects during the flotation of a Merensky ore, using entrainment, rate of NFG recovery, and total gangue recovery as proxies. The study showed that the rate of NFG recovery per unit mass of water decreased with increasing ionic strength at all dosages, however the total amount of gangue reporting to the concentrate increased with increasing ionic strength at all depressant dosages. Thus, this paper attempts to consider the effects of both ionic strength and depressant dosage as individual factors within flotation. It further looks to investigate whether any interactive effects exists between these two factors when considered simultaneously.

Jan 1, 2016

By R. E. Evans

This paper contains an analysis of the geography and geology of the Black Lake area, Eastern Townships of Quebec, an outline of the work to be performed, an explanation of the design concept and how it was developed, and a discussion of the actual stripping operation, including details of the machinery being used, etc.

Jan 1, 1967

By Gordon L. Draeseke

"Before getting into more specific aspects of my talk today I should put in one disclaimer - one week in Mainland China and one day with Premier Kosygin does not make me an expert on Sino-Soviet affairs nor on Canadian-Chinese relations. Perhaps though there is a message in the fact that one meeting took place in relative openness in China and the other was at least partly in a bullet-proof limousine in Canada. I thought it might be interesting and appropriate to explain something of the forest industry to you who are engaged in the mining industry. Our industry, like yours, is based on a natural resource and the basic activity that we engage in is the extraction and conversion of that resource into saleable materials. However, the fundamental difference between our industries is that our resource is on top of the ground - easily visible and easily measurable, whereas yours is under the ground - difficult to find and, having been found, expensive to measure. A second difference is that ours is renewable while yours is extractive, and you must keep finding more to keep up reserves."

Jan 1, 1971

By Laura Kelsey

Contaminant Robust In Situ Water Extractor CRIWE Nafion-based water clean-up Extract purified water from natural extraterrestrial sources In situ water processing for downstream electrolysis Chemically resistant to process contaminants such as acid

May 1, 2013

By M. J. Nicol

The leaching of gold with thiosulfate solutions in the absence of ammonia and copper ions was investigated using electrochemical and kinetic methods. In sodium thiosulfate solutions, the electrochemical oxidation of gold was hindered and the leaching rate using pure oxygen as the oxidant was very slow. It was found that the addition of a small amount of thiourea or formamidine disulfide to the thiosulfate solution greatly enhanced the oxidation of gold. However, the enhancement to the overall dissolution of gold using dissolved oxygen as the oxidant was limited. This was attributed to the fact that the oxygen reduction process was unaffected by the additives and remained slow, which limited further improvement to the overall kinetics. An alternative oxidant, the ferric EDTA complex having a reduction potential of approximately 0.12 V, was found to be promising. The cathodic reduction of ferric EDTA was fast and reversible at neutral pH. While the ferric EDTA complex was effective in oxidizing gold, it did not appear to significantly oxidize thiosulfate. A thiosulfate solution containing thiourea and ferric EDTA has been shown to quickly dissolve gold in the form of a powder as well as from gold ores. In the leaching with the ores high gold recoveries of above 90% was achieved with the best performance obtained in neutral solutions (pH 6-7).

Jan 1, 2005

By H. Nouranian, M. Askari

GOLGOHAR Mining & Industrial Co., with annual production of 16 million tons, is one of the largest pelletizing and iron ore supplier in Iran that recently this year, because of using mineral processing techniques and extraction of ore body positioning between the metamorphic rocks, about 150 million tons of dry tailings has been created as a result of concentrate production. On the other hand, many environmental issues such as groundwater pollution have been developed by sulfide and silicate gangue minerals, which containing heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic. In this study, a new product with high added value has been introduced for the company by identification and extraction of industrial minerals in dry tailings. Also, by removing large masses of dry tailings, environmental pollution sources were gradually eliminated. This method can be used as a modern waste management approach in the world.

Jan 1, 2017

By S. J. Cook

Copper, a world commodity, and the first metal used by man, played a great part in the beginnings of modern civilization, which rests so dependently on the utilization of metals. Then, long after the close of the so-called 'bronze age,' when iron and steel had attained great prominence as the world's most important metals, the practical application of electricity to industry and commerce, for the improvement of every phase of man's multitudinous activities, gave a new impetus to the production of copper. Improved metallurgical practice made it possible to work low-grade properties at a profit. Research disclosed many new uses for copper. The metal, now produced from the mines of the world in the proportion of about one pound to every 50 tons of pig iron, has attained an importance which rivals that of iron and steel in the commerce and daily life of every nation. New fields of copper-bearing ore have been discovered in Canada in recent years. Established mines in the United States and Chile are producing on a great scale. Africa looms up as one of the great question marks in the future of copper. Whereas, a few years ago, the end of the world?s resources was predicted as being in sight, the evidence now available seems to show that the copper production of the world is likely not only to continue, but to increase for a long time yet to come. Canada's future in copper is a great subject; in the present paper only a few of the most outstanding factors affecting Canada's destiny in this large field may be noted, but if consideration of the points raised herein serves to focus attention on the magnificent possibilities of Canada as a producer of copper, the preparation of the paper will be more than justified.

Jan 1, 1928

By R. Browner, J. Collard, D. Ibana

The extraction of cobalt from synthetic pressure acid leach solutions of nickel laterite ores by the direct solvent extraction route using ESPLIM is reported. It first explored the use of gaseous ammonia as pH modifier and then the variables that affect the dispersion of the aqueous phase in the organic phase such as ionic strength, viscosity of the phases, initial droplet size, etc. were explored so that phase hold-up and thus extraction can be effectively controlled. The results show that the technique allows better control of phase dispersion circumventing one of the main weaknesses of conventional solvent extraction.

Jan 1, 2005

By C. Matthews, A. Vo

Australia is one of the world’s leading exporters of bulk commodities and the extensive use of sampling equipment is key to the successful management of each mining operation. At the process plant, without a full understanding of the feed, product and tails, it is impossible to fully optimise the performance of the plant, such that the metallurgical balance is often open to error. At the port, a statistically correct, bias free and compliant sampling system is crucial to ensuring exported minerals are reflective of their true value and to avoid penalties. Over the last decade, as a result of the iron ore boom, there has been high demand for reliable, representative and standard compliant solids sample systems in Australia. This paper reviews several solids sampling applications at Australian mine sites, the challenges and experience gained and how the implementation of reliable representative sampling systems has provided better understanding of plant process performance, improved plant control and overall benefits to the operations. INTRODUCTION Mining is the primary contributor to the Australian economy with Australia ranking in the top 4 in economic resources for 21 primary industrial minerals in 2016 (Britt, et al., 2017). Australia is one of the world leaders in the export of the majority of its commodities including gold, copper and iron ore (Britt, et al., 2017). Therefore, a suitable and standard compliant sampling system is essential for evaluating plant performance and content verification. At the mine and at the port, the larger iron ore miners in Australia have developed stockpile models to predict the grade of their ore down to individual blocks of the stockpile. This allows the miner to create the right blend of material for sale to their customers and ensures they are not underselling their product or at risk of penalties for impurities or low grade. As an example, the average difference between the benchmark 62% Fe and low grade 58% Fe fines at the time of this report averaged US $20/tonne according to the Metal Bulletin Iron Ore Index (Fastmarkets MB, 2019). At a shipload of 180kt this would be a variation of US $3.6M. Whilst this is an extreme example, it highlights the economic importance of producing the correct grade product and a recognised representative sample of said product.

Jan 1, 2019

The recovery of fine hydrophilic gangue in flotation is related to the recovery of water. Water is carried by bubbles as a film and wake into the froth. The amount carried (entrained) depends on bubble size, gas rate and the subject of this paper, frother type. To isolate the effect of frother type from that of bubble size and gas rate, gas holdup is used as the correlating variable. Measurements were made using a bubble column (no solids) operated continuously with the overflow recycled. Continuous operation meant some foam depth was required to ensure only entrained water is recovered. Using an automatically controlled 7cm foam depth the overflow rate of water is used as a measure of 'water carrying rate'. It is shown that the common frothers can be grouped into four families based on the water carrying rate-gas holdup relationship.

Jan 1, 2006

By Jeff Smith

Agenda About NORTHPARKES The NEED The INITIATIVE The SEARCH The PRODUCTS The SOLUTION The RESULTS The Northparkes copper-gold mine in Central Western NSW commenced operations in 1994. Copper concentrate is produced and shipped to smelters in Japan, China & India under long term contracts with spot sales to other Asian countries.

May 1, 2006

By C. Diaz, S. W. Marcuson, K. I. Burgess

Deep roasting in fluid bed roasters is the first unit operation in Inco&apos;s "roast-reduction smelting" process for the treatment of nickel sulphide concentrates. The roaster product, a low sulphur calcine, is reduction smelted with coke in an electric furnace to yield a sulphur-deficient matte which is then converted to low (<1%) iron matte in Peirce-Smith converters. Due to the deep roasting, a minimal amount of sulphur dioxide is evolved in the smelting and converting stages. Sulphur is eliminated from the concentrate almost exclusively in the roasters in a single, continuous, strong, gas stream suitable for treatment in an acid plant. This paper discusses the commercial scale testing of deep fluid bed roasting of nickel concentrate at Inco&apos;s Thompson Smelter as part of two commercial scale campaigns on roast reduction smelting conducted in 1981-1982. Slurry feeding, practised during the second campaign, permitted excellent control of the air/concentrate ratio in the roaster and, in turn, good control of sulphur elimination (about 80% of input). Smooth autogenous operation with high oxygen efficiencies (about 95%) was promoted by operating at bed temperatures of830°C to 850°C with calcine recycle. High throughputs and the desired metallurgy were achieved. The extensive testwork conducted during the two experimental RRS campaigns demonstrated thot deep fluid bed roasting of nickel concentrate at high oxygen efficiency is a technically viable operation.

Jan 1, 1994

By Hökmark. H., M. Lönnqvist

"The Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company are planning to construct a permanent storage facility for high-level nuclear waste at about 500 m depth in fractured crystalline rock. One potential concern for the long-term performance of the repository relates to large fracture shear displacements, since these may damage intersected waste containers. Although details in fracture surface geometries are known to influence slip magnitudes and distributions, fractures are commonly approximated as planar features with lab-scale properties due to lack of relevant field-scale data and to limitations in available modelling tools. The purpose of the work described in this paper is to explore the possibilities to use the distinct element code 3DEC to generate and analyze models with isolated, non-planar fractures and, based on the results of such models, get perspectives on the influence of basic disturbances such as ridges, steps and waves. Given the model set-up, fracture segments with orientations deviating from the critical one will contribute to stabilize the fracture. As a result, all analyzed non-planar fractures slip less than the critically oriented planar fracture. We demonstrate that the angle of deviation is the most influential parameter determining the slip magnitude for comparable surface geometries. Similarly inclined steps and ridges have almost equal slip reductions despite differences in surface area restricting the movement. Although it may be possible to translate the influence of such irregularities to an effective coefficient of friction that could be used as input to models with idealized planar fractures, additional analyses with randomly shaped and distributed asperities, different fracture sizes and with alternative stress loads, need to be carried out to devise a defensible strategy for this type of parameter variation. INTRODUCTIONThe Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company’s (SKB) concept for deep geological storage of high-level nuclear waste is the KBS-3 method according to which the waste will be encapsulated in copper canisters and deposited, surrounded by compacted bentonite clay, in vertical deposition holes at about 500 m depth in fractured crystalline rock (SKB 2011). A site has been selected in the Forsmark area, which is located some 120 km north of the Swedish capital Stockholm. One potential concern for the long-term performance of the repository that has been identified by SKB (SKB 2011) is related to large shear displacements along repository host rock fractures induced by a nearby earthquake, since these may cause mechanical damage to intersected waste containers. Due to lack of relevant data at the appropriate field scale and to limitations in available modelling tools, fractures are commonly approximated as planar features with lab-scale properties. The standard numerical tool, 3DEC (Itasca 2013), used in SKB’s rock mechanics analyses, for example, generates planar fractures by default. Results from dynamic 3DEC earthquake-models (Fälth et al. 2010) currently provide input to layout decisions, i.e., the diameter of the smallest planar fractures that must be avoided when deciding on waste container positions at different distances from potential earthquake faults. It is, however, well known that fracture surfaces are rough or undulating on a wide range of scales (e.g., Candela et al. 2012) and that such deviations from planarity influence the mechanical behaviour of the fractures (e.g., Dieterich and Smith 2009, Marshall and Morris 2012, Ritz and Pollard 2012). It will probably never be a realistic option to attempt to represent the geometrical complexity of a population of fractures of different size, shape and surface structure in any large-scale rock mechanical analysis relevant for the performance assessments of the nuclear waste repository. It may however be possible to find approximate ways to represent different styles and degrees of non-planarity by assigning mod"

Jan 1, 2015