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By H. Tomlinson

The development of the Sevier Valley Coal Co.'s mine marks the opening of the Salina Canon coal district in Utah. The mine is favorably located with respect, to the existing markets of the West, and if the present estimates of the amount of workable coal in it are accurate it has many Important advantages in favor of its development. This mine is situated 18 miles east of the town of Salina, Sevier County, Utah, which at present is the nearest shipping point oh the Marysvale branch of the Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad, and is about 152 miles south of Salt Lake City, which is the distributing center for much of the coal from the Carbon - Emery coal field and is the place from which nearly all Utah coal shipped to San Francisco and points on the northern Pacific coast has a common haul.

Jan 1, 1930

By William D. Monaghan, Thomas H. Dubaniewicz, Kenneth L. Cashdollar

Emerging laser technologies are quickly gaining acceptance in the industrial workplace. Besides the risk of human exposure, one safety concern with the more intense lasers is the potential for ignition of flammable gases, vapors, dusts, fibers, or flyings often found in hazardous (classified) industrial settings. In underground coal mines, lasers are being considered for remote measurement of explosive methane gas. Current federal safety regulations for underground mines contain no specific guidance for evaluating the safety of optoelectronic components such as diode lasers. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is conducting research to help provide a scientific basis for developing appropriate safety guidelines for optical equipment in the presence of flammable methane gas and/or coal dust. One phase of the study is an experimental evaluation of methane-air ignition by laser heated small particles. Minimum observed igniting powers for laser energy delivered by 200-, 400-, and 800-um core diameter fiber optic cables and directed onto selected targets in methane-air atmospheres were 0.6, L l, and 2.2 W, respectively. Comparisons are made with other ignition phenomena, including heated wires.

By C. L. Karr

The U.S. Bureau of Mines is optimizing the design of an air-sparged hydrocyclone. This report summarizes the initial stage of the project-the prediction of collision efficiencies for use in a comprehensive air-sparged hydrocyclone model. The equations of motion are presented in nondimensional form and solved numerically for a small spherical particle passing around a larger bubble in an infinite fluid under the influence of a strong force field. Collision efficiencies are determined from the calculated particle trajectories for values of Stokes' number, K, between 0.01 and 100 and for values of the nondimensional force, W, between 0.0 and 100. These large values of K and Ware needed to model high-performance flotation devices like the air-sparged hydrocyclone; solutions for the required K and W values have not appeared in the literature prior to this study. Effects of changes in particle-to-bubble radius ratio are considered for both viscous and potential flows. The results help predict the improved recovery of fine particles when flotation is performed in a strong force field.

Jan 1, 1990

Develop personal computer (PC) based software for analyzing and/or filtering time- and frequency-domain attributes of seismic and electromagnetic signals from geophysical surveys for the enhanced interpretation of rock masses and subsurface geologic structure. The Problem Both mining and petroleum geophysicists utilize seismic signals to characterize rock masses for delineating subsurface stratigraphy and structural conditions. However, a vast amount of information available in seismic project evaluation data often is unavailable for interpretation unless these data are enhanced. New processing technology increases the quality of these signals for analysis and interpretation. Comprehensive signal processing software is mostly written for petroleum exploration companies. Commercially available signal processing programs are often limited to a single application or are restricted for use with specific hardware, e.g., a digital oscilloscope or a mainframe computer. The programs may use computer codes that are proprietary, restrict user modification to expand capabilities, or may be hard to interface. They may have insufficient documentation for easy use and be support dependent.

Jan 1, 1990

By Michael S. Wieland

Recognizing the dynamic nature and possible range of toxic concentrations in the impending fume cloud prior to undertaking explosive blasting can reduce potential hazards and mitigate related incidents. The scaled cloud model was formulated to predict the relevant (major) toxic components in fume clouds released by nonideal mining explosives used for surface blasting. Natural turbulence unceasingly disperses the toxic molecules, widening (inflating) the fume cloud while diluting the concentrations, ultimately rendering nonhazardous conditions. The threshold cloud size depends upon the type and quantity of total explosives used and the cloud's thermodynamic condition. Though the scaled theory works for fume clouds with irregular (odd) shape, an equivalent upright cylindrical form is useful for rendering simple riskhazard scenarios. The cylinder's projection downward on the underlying terrain yields a circular 'shadow' marking the region threatened, thereby permitting a rough estimation of the potential hazards, were the cloud to settle down there. Wind causes the cloud to drift while it expands, so the shadow travels while it grows, until the risk hazard process is truncated at the nonhazardous threshold. The overall relative fume toxicity (RFT) is taken from the traditional Russian RFT rule, which utilizes only the two fume components that tend to dominate the resultant toxicity: carbon monoxide (CO) and total nitrogen oxides (NOx). Tabulated constants that characterize the fume spectrum in the cloud model were resolved for ammonium nitrate (94%) with fuel oil (6%), ANFO-94/6, using a refined thermodynamic work-principle. Comparable results were found with the reduction factor technique, when test results from the underground fume chamber were readjusted to reflect nominal field shooting conditions.

By W. M. Dressel

A simple field test for detecting the presence of germanium in rocks, coals, and flue dust has been developed by the Bureau of Mines. The method consists of dissolving germanium from the samples by either acid or fusion treatment methods, adding a few drops of hematein or phenylfluorone dye, and extracting the resulting colored complex with carbon tetrachloride. INTRODUCTION Germanium is obtained commercially as a byproduct of zinc production, as a coproduct of base-metal refining from germanium-bearing mineral, and as a recovered product from the ash of some coals. The growing use of germanium in the electronics industry has increased demand for this semiconducting metal to the extent that an intensive search for new sources of supply is necessary.

Jan 1, 1962

By John Millhiser, Margaret Bonarek, Dennis McLaughlin

This report contains a description of the contract activities performed by ENSCO, Inc. under contract No. H0178069. The purpose of this project was to enhance the Bureau of Mine's Cableless Electronic Survey System use to aid in the drilling of long (approx. 2000 feet) boreholes in coal. This drilling is performed as part of the methane drainage program. The system that was ultimately developed was field tested and demonstrated in actual in-mine drilling activities. The significance of this system as compared to previous drill survey systems is the fact that it surveys without having to be inserted and removed for each survey point. It is so designed that it can withstand the shock and vibration experience by the drill string during drilling. This means an increased productivity is now possible in that drill operators can determine drill bit positioning in a near real-time environment.

To devise an economical, environmentally acceptable method for recycling scrap lead-acid batteries. Approach A combination electrorefining-electrowinning method for recycling lead metal and sludge from scrap batteries was devised which produces a 99.99 + percent pure lead product and eliminates the lead and sulfur oxide emissions that are the normal by-products of high-temperature smelting processes. How the Method Works Lead metal grids and lugs are separated from the battery sludge by washing and screening, and are melted and cast into anodes for electrorefining by the Betts process. The electrolyte used is fluosilicic acid, a large volume waste product generated during the production of phosphate fertilizer. During the electrorefining process, impurities in the anode are trapped and held in an adherent slime blanket on the surface as the anode dissolves while pure metallic lead is deposited on a lead cathode. The major problem in the past has been to recover the lead from the battery sludge which consists of approximately 60 percent lead sulfate, 21 percent lead, and 19 per-cent lead dioxide. In the flow sheet developed by the Bureau

Jan 1, 1983

Allow miners to communicate via the pagerphone system when they are not near one of the phones. Approach A small lightweight pagerphone, having crocodile clips which pierce the phone line insulation, was developed. How It Works The Portable Telephone/Intercom is temporarily clipped onto an existing pagerphone line at any location, and operated like an intercom. It is riot necessary to strip the insulation from the pagerphone line to make the connection. In addition to the clips for connecting to pagerphone line, the Portable Telephone/Intercom consists of a small belt-carried control box, an ear-phone, and a bone-conduction microphone which is attached to the webbing in a miner's helmet. All together, these components weigh only 20 ounces including the batteries

Jan 1, 1977

By R. H. Grau, S. B. Robertson, R. B. Krog, T. P. Mucho

Stone mines represent the highest percentage of operating underground nonmetal mines in the United States. With the introduction of stricter Diesel Particular Matter (DPM) regulations, large-opening underground room-and-pillar stone mine operators are faced with implementing one or more alternative methods to reduce concentration levels including: install and maintain an effective ventilation system; install lower DPM emission diesel engines; the adding of DPM filters. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is actively researching various aspects of fan and stopping designs in an effort to improve the ventilation of these mines. NIOSH has identified and further developed three alternative ventilation methods for use in large-opening underground mines: split-mine, perimeter, and unit-ventilation. This paper describes the implementation of the three methods with respect to their use in mines of various levels of development.

To develop a reliable, remotely-controlled, mobile roof support to eliminate the need to set posts, cribs, or props while extracting coal pillars. Approach The primary danger during pillar extraction is premature caving of the mine roof. The roof must cave predictably and dependably to ensure the safety of miners. Support during retreat mining is usually obtained by setting posts, cribs, props, roof bolts, or a combination of these devices. These are set manually by miners in the working area. To help minimize the danger to mine workers and to equipment posed by premature falls, the Bureau of Mines developed the mobile roof support (MRS) system to secure the roof during pillar extraction. How It Works The Mobile Roof Support (MRS) is eight-feet-wide, ten-feet-long and five-feet-high, with twelve inches of ground clearance. It is ruggedly built and exerts less than 20 psi ground pressure. The MRS is powered by a 40-hp, 460-v AC permissible motor. The reversible, variable tram speed is 80 ft/min on a 20-percent grade. It is tire-mounted, has a trailing cable, and is remotely controlled either by a radio or a tether communication cable. The machine carries four 50-ton jacks which serve as props for working heights from seven to fifteen feet. Two jacks are chassis-mounted and two are on swing arms. Each jack has a cap which distributes the roof load to three paints. The swing jacks form a breaker row to stop falling roof and prevent caving Into the work area. One jack has a visual load indicator and a second is wired to the machine lighting system. Blinking lights indicate when the preset loading is being exceeded. In the case of excessive loads, an ability to remotely jettison either or both swing jacks has been incorporated into the system to permit removal of the MRS while the roof is still supported.

Jan 1, 1985

By Carlton E. Brown

In 1935 , Brown and Yant / described a microprojector ( microscopic arrangement for projecting images on a screen ) for use in counting and measuring the size of dust particles in Owens - jet dust - counter and simila dry samples of dust collected from the air . In 1938 Brown and others , described a modification of this microprojector that could be used also in counting dust in impinger samples . Microprojectors of this second type have been set up by many mining companies and others and have been made commercially available . Hamly and Pullen5/ described a modification of this microprojector for use in making rapid comparative estimates on konimeter samples and other determinations . This report contains information on still another modification named the "midget microprojector " because of its small size .

Sep 1, 1944

Reduce the number of accidents caused by slips and falls from large mining equipment. Approach A powered lift was developed that provides operators with a safer way of getting on and off large machines. How It Works The powered step is designed to lift personnel and materials to working levels on large machines. It eliminates hazardous blind steps and makes it unnecessary to climb on irregular surfaces made slippery by mud, ice, snow, and accumulations of grease. The step is powered by a self-contained electric/hydraulic unit which is connected to a vehicle's auxiliary power supply. When in the "down" position, the step rests about 15 inches above ground level. When the power unit is activated with an electrical switch located on the step, a Single cylinder attached between two lifting arms smoothly lifts the step. In conjunction with the lifting motion, a linkage and bearing arrangement on the mounting end of the lift arms causes the step to rotate towards the machine, so that the step moves in an arc from ground to platform level. When the machine Is operating, the step is automatically locked in the "up" position, protecting it against any damaging contact with obstructions. The step is lowered by activating a pressure release solenoid. An in-line orifice controls downward speed and prevents free fall. On most machines, additional control switches are conveniently located at ground level and in the operator's cab. Visual alarms and machine interlocks are provided where necessary to prevent machine operation when the step is In the "down" position. The powered step can be easily adapted to any type or model of large machinery.

Jan 1, 1981

To provide a means for rapidly evaluating proposed mine layouts in order to avoid potential hazards while minimizing loss of coal. The Approach: Development of a computer program that will compute many possible mine layouts by changing the mine plan until the arrangement giving minimal hazards with optimum extraction is found. How It Works: The Hazard Evasion Program for Mine Planning, developed by the Bureau's Denver (Colo.) Mining Research Center, tests hundreds of possible solutions to a mining layout, and by sorting out the 10 best (based on the criteria of maximum safety for workers with minimum abandoned coal), limits the number of choices that need to be considered and appraised for applicability to a given mine scheme. The program is applicable for room and pillar or longwall mining, for oil and gas well hazards, and for other hazards that can be described mathematically such as channel sands, potential bad roof areas, faulting, voids, or water pockets.

Jan 1, 1974

By Amanda Azman, Richard Hi Danie/son

Ultimately, the most important product of a hearing conservation program is the prevention of hearing loss, not the amount of hearing protection that has been purchased or whether employees are attending their annual training sessions. Audiometric testing directly reveals whether hearing losses are actually occurring in a plant. With audiometric data, we can assess overall program effectiveness, alert workers of impending hearing loss, and reveal potential employer liabilities for compensable hearing loss. Without the ability to efficiently analyze audiometric data or produce effective reports, our programs become fruitless and unproductive. Consequently, ifaudiometric data are such vital end-products, then effective audiometric technologies serve as the prime architect and generator of these fundamental data. These technologies, consisting ofaudiometers, associated peripheral hardware, and database/reporting software, deserve our consideration.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that occupational exposures to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica* be controlled by complying with the provisions presented in this document. These recommendations are designed to protect the health and provide for the safety of workers exposed to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica for up to 10 hr/day during a 40-hr workweek over a working lifetime. The information presented in this document demonstrates that underground and surface coal miners are at risk of developing simple coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), progressive massive fibrosis (PMF), silicosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Adherence to the recommendations in this document should prevent or greatly reduce the risk of adverse health effects in workers exposed to respirable coal mine dust and respirable crystalline silica. NIOSH recommends that preventive efforts be focused primarily on reducing worker exposures. Effective health and hazard surveillance and medical screening are also useful components of a comprehensive prevention effort.

Jan 1, 1997

By James R. Means, George Bowser

A new phone system was developed that provides eight full duplex communications channels over a single twisted shielded phone line, with no central switching station or line amplifiers. This system greatly simplifies installation and maintenance over that required with conventional switching systems. The system is based on microprocessor technology and digital frequency synthesis. Frequency division multiplexing is used over a bandwidth of approximately 300 kHz, and a baseband voice channel (compatible with conventional pager phones) is provided as a backup to assure communication if the multiplex features fail. Multiplex operations are controlled over a 30-kHz digital channel. The system is designed to operate with up to 16 km (10 miles) of cable plant and a maximum phone separation of 8 km (5 miles). The digital techniques permit a limited amount of monitoring and control capability to each phone. This consists of two pair of contact inputs or outputs, to be used as desired. These "flags" may be read or controlled by a dispatcher's phone.

By Fred Biggs, Walter Utt, Richard Miller

Powered haulage has been, and continues to be, a major source of severe accidents and fatalities at metal/nonmetal surface mines. Between 1986 and 1997, truck drivers accounted for63% of the lost-time injuries in surface haulage. This project was undertaken to reduce the number and severity of lost-time injuries among operators of these trucks. Work involved measuring shock acceleration at a western surface mine during representative work cycles on two types of trucks and collecting data from cab floors using a triaxial accelerometer and from operator seats using a seat pad accelerometer. NIOSH researchers also used the mine’s GPS systems to locate shock events on a mine map in real time. Shock tests were also run at Caterpillar, Inc.’s, proving grounds in Green Valley, AZ, to determine the magnitude of shocks resulting from controlled rock drops onto the bed of a haulage truck.

Provide a means to (1) rapidly disconnect a multifunctioning signal channel from a multichannel data collection system, (2) protect electronic devices from damage while causing the minimum amount of data collection disruption, and (3) operate electronic devices under gassy mine conditions. Background Data collection system instrumentation and cables are often located in hazardous areas of underground coal mines. As a result, frequent damage to the instrumentation cables occurs from roof falls, heavy equipment, and the relocation of air, water, and power lines. A similar problem exists in surface areas where cables and instrumentation can be damaged by animals and by vehicle traffic. Without a circuit-breaking feature, the damaged cables could cause instrumentation to be ruined, cause power supply failure, and otherwise disrupt data collection in some situations the lack of a circuit-breaking feature might cause an ignition in a methane atmosphere.

Jan 1, 1990

By H. Kenneth Sacks

The Bureau of Mines has developed hardware for electromagnetic (EM) detection and location of miners trapped in underground coal mines. This report describes a technique for using the developed equipment for locating uncased boreholes underground. Results of several field and laboratory experiments are described.

Jan 1, 1978