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By Lloyd A. Morley

To reduce safety and production problems, it is essential that the electrical operating characteristics of coal mining equipment and their electrical subsystems be clearly understood. The Bureau of Mines and the Pennsylvania State University have developed techniques to monitor and analyze several of the critical parameters. A unique system for measuring traction locomotive consumption at the machine has been assembled and utilized. Conclusions from 27 continuous miners show that voltage levels are directly tied to machine efficiency. The Bureau of Mines and Pennsylvania State University, along with West Virginia University, are currently monitoring and accessing mine power transients. Results exhibit that voltage transients of three to five times the line -to-line value are common on underground distribution systems.

Jan 1, 1975

By Jack C. White

The Bureau of Mines, in its efforts to insure the continued viability of the domestic minerals economy, has been engaged for several years in research on the extraction of alumina from domestic, nonbauxitic resources. Hydrochloric acid leaching of kaolin is one of the more promising technologies being studied for recovering alumina for feedstock to existing aluminum smelting capacity; 93 pct of this feedstock is currently imported either as bauxite or alumina. Organics contamination of pregnant leach liquor, originating during solvent extraction for removal of iron from aluminum chloride solution formed during hydrochloric acid leaching, causes rapid deterioration of the semihard rubber lining of process equipment. These organics were removed by a skimming tank-coalescer-activated carbon adsorption system. Organic levels of less than 10 ppm from the coalescer and less than 0.5 ppm from carbon adsorption were achieved. Analytical methods employing CC14 extraction and infrared spectrophotometry were developed to determine the organic content of both the liquor and the carbon. Mass transfer zones delineated in the carbon columns provide adsorption data for the design of larger systems.

Jan 1, 1981

Reduce permanent hearing losses to bulldozer operators. Approach Two types of noise control packages have been developed, that can be readily fabricated and installed into bulldozers by mine personnel. How It Works Both of the noise control packages reduce the noise exposure of the operator by two techniques, blocking the noise paths or absorbing the sound before it reaches the operator. Both airborne noise paths and noise paths through the machine are blocked. One noise control package is designed for bulldozers having ROPS (Roll Over Protection System), but no cab. The other package is designed for bulldozers having ROPS

Jan 1, 1981

By John Durkin, Harry Dobroski

This paper presents a general overview of the Bureau of Mines' programs in the areas of operational and post-disaster communications. These programs encompass both hardware developments and system evaluations. Topics discussed include a new visual paging system compatible with existing pager phone lines, a means of modifying commercially avail able pager phones to permit selective paging and message leaving, a multiplexed telephone system that uses twisted shielded pair and requires no central control, medium frequency hardware developments, and a manual for mine communications. Research has continued in the area of post-disaster location and communications. This research is based on seismic and electro- magnetic techniques. Each has been extensively studied and field tested to better understand its ability to perform effectively. A brief description is given of the post-disaster program. Results are promising and provide insight into future areas of research.

By C. H. Schwartz

A thermal radiation probe was constructed and tested in pulverized-coal-fired furnaces. A rotatable sensing head on the side of a water-cooled probe permitted measurement of radiant flux within a 7.20 cone from any desired direction to a point within a furnace. A response curve for a corner-fired furnace showed radiant flux of 130,000 Btu per sq ft per hr, when viewing flame, and 60,000 Btu per sq ft per hr, when sensing wall reflection. Detailed drawings and fabrication procedure are given.

Jan 1, 1970

By R. W. Freedman

The Bureau of Mines has developed a gas chromatographic method for the rapid and accurate determination of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and, if present, carbon monoxide in mine air. This method replaces such presently used gas-reaction types as the Haldane or Orsat analysis, offering advantages in terms of precision, accuracy, speed, and convenience.

Jan 1, 1968

Reduce methane levels around the shearer machine during longwall mining by directing more of the available airflow along the face and over the shearer body. Approach To address the entire mining cycle, two techniques were combined to dilute and clear the methane liberated from the face by the shearer during cutting. The first is the modified shearer clearer system, which is used during the entire face pass. This is combined with the walkway curtain which is used only during the headgate cutout. How It Works Methane ignitions are one of the most potentially serious hazards facing longwall mine operators. The high rate of coal extraction on longwall sections can liberate a significant quantity of methane during a pass. The modified shearer clearer is used to dilute methane concentrations along the entire face for both cut directions. The shearer clearer system, originally designed as a dust control technique, uses a series of water sprays located on the shearer body to direct more airflow along the face and over the shearer. (See Technology News issues, #112, #118, and #221). The only change from the original shearer clearer design is the addition of three sprays to the return-side splitter-arm/ shearer interface. The additional sprays help to ventilate the area behind the shearer body.

Jan 1, 1985

By Sabri Ergun

The method of constant compositions involves the determination of the time required for the attainment of a given conversion at various temperatures. Heretofore, it has been used in evaluating the energy of activation only. A development of the method, made in the present study, makes possible the evaluation of the functional dependence upon composition and the frequency factor in addition to the energy of activation. INTRODUCTION Kinetics of reactions are best analyzed in the light of the mechanism, energy requirements, and forces involved in the reaction. Such physico-chemical information is not often available in solid state phase transformations. The reaction rates are followed by changes in a physical property during the course of the reaction, and repeating the experiment at different temperatures permits the determination of activation energy only. The possibility of a complete kinetic analysis by such a purely "phenomenological" approach has been questioned.4/ In this report a method is developed making possible the evaluation of the functional dependence upon composition and frequency factor in addition to the energy of activation. The application of the method to a study of solid state order-disorder changes is demonstrated.

Jan 1, 1960

By R. V. Ramani, C. B. Manula, A. Owili-Eger

This report was prepared by The Pennsylvania State University under USBM Contract No. G0111808. The contract was initiated under the Coal Mine Health and Safety Program. It was administered under the technical direction of DMRC, with Mr. G. R. Schottler acting as the technical project officer. Mr. J. A. Herickes was the contract administrator for the Bureau of Mines. These applications were developed initially as a part of the instructional material for the course Mng 422, "Mine Ventilation and Air Conditioning" at the Department of Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University. This ventilation simulator was developed under contract from the Department of Environmental Resources, formerly the Department of Mines and Mineral Industries, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Jan 1, 1975

By S. J. Hussey

A jig tailing with gold content ranging from 0.33 to 0.43 oz/ton was leached in weak cyanide solution with extractions of up to 97 pct in 24 hours. By countercurrent batch leaching studies and laboratory pilot plant operation, minus 10- plus 20-mesh and minus 6- plus 16-mesh coconut carbon were loaded to 700 oz/ton of Au. Minor silver in the ore reported in the carbon in amounts of up to 100 oz/ton. Gold adsorption rate data and an equilibrium adsorption curve for minus 10- plus 20-mesh carbon at ambient temperatures were developed and used in the successful application of a cascade design theory. The work was performed as a part of the overall Bureau of Mines research effort to help maintain an adequate domestic supply of metals by making improvements in mineral-processing technology.

Jan 1, 1979

Reduce or prevent acid mine drainage from coal refuse piles and surface mines by inhibiting the growth of acid-causing bacteria. Approach A dilute surfactant or deter? gent solution is applied directly to coal refuse piles or overburden using a hydro-seeder or road watering truck. The surfactant treatment can be used either as a preventive measure to avoid a potential acid drainage problem or to reduce water treatment costs by controlling acid drainage at its source. How It Works Acid drainage is prevented or reduced by inhibiting the growth of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, a type of bacteria which obtains most of the energy it needs to survive by oxidizing ferrous iron in water. The oxidized iron in turn attacks pyrite, which forms an acid and additional ferrous iron for the bacteria to oxidize. T. ferrooxidans is protected by an outer membrane which enables it to survive in its acid environment. Anionic surfactants, or surfactants containing negatively charged ions, can be used to destroy this membrane, thus killing the bacteria and slowing down the oxidation of acid-forming pyrite. Of the anionic surfactants tested to date, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) appears to be the most effective as a bactericide. Alpha olefin sulfonate and alkyl benzene sulfonate are acceptable alternatives. These surfactants are major components of common household products, such as laundry detergent, shampoo and toothpaste. They are, therefore, readily available, inexpensive, biodegradable and present no environmental problems at low concentrations.

Jan 1, 1983

By Howard E. Parkinson

A brief description is given of various Bureau of Mines research activities that have begun since July 1974 and are not being reported on by others at the Third West Virginia University (WVU) Conference on Coal Mine Electrotechnology. An essential feature of the various projects is that they are pragmatic. The projects are applied research and are carried out both by the Bureau in-house research group and by other research groups through contract research. Projects have been directed toward wired-type communications with a special effort to modify the wired systems so as to be more effectively used. The projects are in three groups: Pager phone systems, trolley line phone systems, and guided-wire wireless communications. Also, a brief sketch is given of research that is essential for further developments in mine communications. From the early results of these various projects, the Bureau has good reason to project that there will be improved performance of existing communication systems and that communications will be extended to other individuals working in areas that are excluded from present mine communication systems.

By P. Delogne, L. Deryck, R. Liegeois

So far as the propagation of electromagnetic waves is concerned, an underground tunnel behaves like a pipe or hollowed waveguide. Waves propagate in this tunnel with a low attenuation only if their frequency is higher than a so-called critical frequency which depends on the shape and mostly on the cross -dimensions of the tunnel and which value is in the neighbourhood of several tenths of MHz. However, when a metallic conductor is stretched along the gallery the electromagnetic characteristics of the latter are considerably modified and the effect of the cut-off frequency disappears; this is due to the fact that the gallery equipped with such a conductor works like a coaxial cable where the conductor serves as the outward conductor and the wall of the gallery as the return conductor. This is the principle of the monofilar waveguide cable which has been perfectly studied by Gabillard. Two mean characteristics of the monofilar mode are as follows: first of all, when the cable is suspended in the middle of the cross section of the gallery, the electromagnetic field occupies all the space between the wire and the walls of the gallery. When the wire is close to the wall, the electromagnetic field tends to become concentrated between the wire and the wall, with the consequence that, with the given monofilar mode power, the aerial of a receiver standing somewhere in the tunnel will capture a weaker and weaker signal. Secondly, owing to the fact that the mode of monofilar propagation uses the ground as return conductor, its power of propagation is considerably diminished; the closer the wire is to the wall the higher the attenuation, for only a very small part of the wall is utilized as return conductor. To cover great distances, everything else being equal, two or more conductors must be placed in the gallery. If the distance between two conductors of a cable is much smaller than the distance between one or other of the conductors and the walls; or again if one of the conductors surrounds the others and forms a screening, two sorts of modes appear: on the one

Jan 1, 1973

By Oliver Bowles

The following discussion of waste rock utilization constitutes the fifth paper of the current series of reports on lime- plant quarry problems . As here tofore lime manufacturers are invited to cooperate to the fullest extent by supplementing the Bureau's information with the results of their own experiences and observations . Waste utilization is the key to success in many enterprises , and with a broader knowledge of this branch of the lime industry more economical operation is made possible . Your assistance in compiling additional data on this subject is solicited , and such assistance may be rendered by writing answers to the questions on the final page of this report .

Apr 1, 1923

By L. D. Gehi, A. W. Khair, M. Ahmad

"Bit wear presents problems to mining operations because it affects both productivity and economics. Most bit research deals with energy requirements and energy dissipation mechanics for ideal fragmentation during the cutting process.Mechanical cutting leads to dust generation. Past studies involving dust generation due to bit wear concluded that dust concentrations increased considerably after a 7% bit weight loss: leading researchers recommend that the bits be changed at that point.Bit wear is affected by three factors: machine operating parameters in-situ mining conditions and rock properties. Operating parameters such as the depth of cut tool material spray position and the drum's rotating velocity are very important and have a definite impact on bit wear.During the mining process the amount of rock in coal and the strength of that rock is important as abrasion and adhesion take affect. Diffusive wear or deformation becomes dominant only when the temperatures exceed critical. Temperatures rise as a function of drum velocity rock properties and the cutting tool itself.Miner bit surveyIn this study, 15 mines were surveyed, and of those six responded for nine seams. The survey reflected a wide range of information about coal production and bit consumption from continuous miner sections. Also used bits were collected to get first-hand information to analyze wear."

Nov 1, 1995

By G. W. Groove, E. E. Quenon

"INTRODUCTION Uncontrolled mine fires originating in exposed coal beds through the acts of careless or irresponsible persons present a serious threat to buildings, surface property, and the life and health of persons near the affected area. Apparently, the seriousness of such fires is not fully understood by property owners or those residing in the vicinity, as practically nothing has been done to alleviate conditions. In many instances, such fires have been active for several years before property owners or civic organizations have shown any interest toward having the fire extinguished. Recommendations by Bureau of Mines investigators in the interest of controlling such fires are seldom followed, as the Bureau cannot provide the funds for doing the work.Several uncontrolled and widespread fires are burning along the outcrop of coal beds and in underground abandoned mine workings within a 25-mile radius of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pa. If these fires are permitted to continue to burn unabated, the ultimate results may be far-reaching. Most of the outcrop fires investigated are believed to have originated from burning rubbish, forest fires, or workmen, hunters, or others building fires near the outcrop of ,the coal beds. In other instances, smoke and fumes have suddenly appeared in the vicinity of abandoned coal-mine openings, indicating that a fire has either burned its way along the outcrop of the coal bed or has traveled through the abandoned mine from another location. An underground or outcrop coal-mine fire will be very likely to continue to burn as long as an oxygen supply is present.; and, so far as is known, such fires do not stop burning automatically until virtually all combustible matter is consumed."

Feb 1, 1948

Provide reasonably priced, reliable fire protection for AN-FO haulers. Approach An automatic fire sensing and suppression system for AN-FO haulers was developed and on-vehicle tested. How It Works The system works in two ways to protect personnel from dangerous and unpredictable AN-FO fires. First the system senses and suppresses fires on the truck before they spread to the AN-FO in the bunker. This design was chosen because AN-FO truck fires generally start when combustible liquids (such as diesel fuel, hydraulic fluid or lubricating oils) are ignited by hot surfaces mainly on three areas: the engine, the transmission or the power take-off. These fires are quickly sensed by a linear temperature sensor strung throughout these three areas. The system then warns the operator and automatically suppresses the fire by discharging 30 pounds of multipurpose dry chemical extinguishing agent through a network of fixed hoses and nozzles. Second, this system includes six spot thermal sensors mounted inside the bunker on the truck to monitor the AN-FO temperature in case a fire does spread to the bunker area. If the bunker temperature rises to 190° F, a loud siren is sounded to warn nearby per-

Jan 1, 1981

By Robert C. Hickman

"INTRODUCTION The Cline mine has been worked intermittently for copper and gold since 1895. Scheelite has recently been detected with the aid of a ""Mineralite"" on the old waste dumps of the mine. Four diamond-drill holes were drilled by the Bureau of Mines from August 13 to September 25, 1946. Results of this drilling showed the vein to pinch at depth and to carry no mineralization of economic importance.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, does the actual investigation work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, Oliver C. Ralston, chief, analyzes samples and makes beneficiation tests.The project was under the general supervision of Mitchell H. Kline, chief, Raleigh Division, Mining Branch.Acknowledgment is due Dr. Jasper L. Stuckey, State geologist, for logging the drill core and to J. B. Zadra and associates, Metallurgical Branch, College Park, Md., for analytical determinations."

Feb 1, 1948

By A. N. Styler

As part of its water-jet assisted rock cutting research, the Bureau of Mines has initiated a study into the mechanism of rock fragmentation by water-jet-assisted mechanical tools. The objective of this research is to increase coal extraction efficiency by seeking an improved understanding of the synergistic relationship between mechanical cutters and water jets, enabling the design of more effective cutterheads. Rock chips collected during laboratory traverse speed jet-assisted cutting tests were analyzed with respect to the size distribution of the chips and the forces measured during cutting. As the water-jet pressure was increased, the size distribution of the product became coarser with V-face type cutting tools producing less fine material than conical cutting tools. Fracture mechanics theory accounted for less than 10 pet of the energy consumed during fragmentation of the rock. The energy consumed by processes other than rock breakage decreased with the use of water jets and increasing advance rate.

Jan 1, 1987

By Rudolf Kudlich

"SUMMARYThe Ringelmann Smoke Chart fulfills an important need in smoke abatement work and certain problems in the combustion of fuels. A knowledge of its history and method of preparation is, therefore, of interest to many. Since instructions on its use are not shown on the recent edition of the chart, those included in this revision of the previous information circular, by Rudolf Kudlich, now are a necessary complement to the chart. More detail regarding the use of the chart is included than was given in the earlier manuscript.INTRODUCTIONThe Ringelmann Smoke Chart, giving shades of gray by which the density of columns of smoke rising from stacks may be compared, was developed by a Professor Ringelmann of Paris. Maximilian Ringelmann, born in 1861, was professor of agricultural engineering at l'Institute National Agronomique and Director de la Station d'Essais de Machines in Paris in 1888, and held those positions for many years thereafter.The chart apparently was introduced into the United States by William Kent in an article published in ""Engineering News"" of November 11, 1897, with a comment that he had learned of it in a private communication from a Bryan Donkin of London. It was said to have come into somewhat extensive use in Europe by that time. Kent proposed in 1899 that it be accepted as the standard measure of smoke density in the standard code for power-plant testing that was being formulated by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.The Ringelmann Chart was used by the engineers of the Technologic Branch of the Federal Geological Survey (which later formed the nucleus of the present Bureau of Mines) in their studies of smokeless combustion beginning at St. Louis in 1904, and by 1910 had been recognized officially in the smoke ordinance for Boston passed by the Massachusetts Legislature."

Apr 1, 1955