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By Ralf Winterberg, Axel G. Nitschke

"Macro synthetic fiber reinforced concrete or shotcrete is seen by many design engineers as offering a viable alternative to steel reinforcement in tunnel linings. The technology is now commonplace for primary and permanent ground support in both mining and civil tunnel applications. It has for instance become the standard form of reinforcement in the Australian mining industry, and has been used for a majority of permanent tunnel linings in recent tunnel construction in Norway. Similarly, macro synthetic fibers are becoming a standard solution for the initial lining in the USA.The use of macro synthetic fiber offers innovative solutions, yielding robust and sustainable tunnel lining designs. Citing recent research and actual projects, this paper presents state-of-the-art design considerations for fiber reinforced tunnel linings relating to structural and long-term performance. Topics include seismic resistance, crack width control, corrosion and durability, as well as sustainment of performance with age.INTRODUCTIONMacro synthetic fiber reinforced concrete (MSFRC) and shotcrete (MSFRS) has reached maturity as an engineered material and is widely used in all forms of tunnel linings, for temporary as well as permanent ground support in both, mining and civil tunnel applications. In the Australian underground mining industry, it became the standard form of reinforcement, where 2014 literally marked the end of steel fiber use in shotcrete [1], and has been used for over 80 percent of permanent tunnel linings in recent tunnel construction in Norway. Similarly, macro synthetic fibers are becoming a standard solution for tunnel initial linings in the USA. Recent examples in civil tunneling are the Devil’s Slide Tunnel and Caldecott Fourth Bore Tunnel in California or the Anacostia River Tunnel Intershaft Connector Tunnel in Washington D.C. In addition, an increasing number of tunnels are adopting shotcrete permanent linings using macro synthetic fibers. Examples include the A3 Hindhead tunnel near Guildford in the UK and the North Strathfield Rail Underpass in Sydney, Australia [2, 3]."

Jan 1, 2016

By W. W. Adams

"The fifth annual National Safety Competition conducted by the United States Bureau of Mines to determine the best safety records at mines and quarries during the calendar year 1929 has been concluded, and the general results of the contest are presented herewith. To the winner in each of the five groups into which the contestants were divided there has been awarded the bronze trophy 'Sentinels of. Safety,' donated by the Explosives Engineer magazine. The trophy for bituminous coal mines was won by a mine in Alabama; that for metal mines by an iron-ore mine in Michigan; that for nonmetallic mineral mines by a salt mine in New York; that for quarries and open-cut mines went to a limestone quarry in Michigan;. the trophy provided for anthracite mines was, of course, won by a mine in Pennsylvania, as all of the anthracite mines participating in the contest are situated in that State.Winners of the trophies were selected by a committee of sward in accordance with rules governing the contest and on the basis of accident records furnished by the various companies to the Bureau of Mines. These records were summarized by the bureau and the results submitted to the committee. Members of the committee are W. H. Cameron, managing director of the National Safety Council. William Green, president of the American Federation of Labor; James F. Callbreath, secretary of the American Mining Congress; T. T. Read, Vinton professor of mining of Columbia University and editor of 'Mining and Metallurgy'; C. B. Huntress, executive secretary of the National Coal Association; A. J., Curtis, assistant to the general manager of the Portland Cement Association; A. T. Goldbeck, director of the engineering bureau of the National Crushed Stone Association.Thirty-four States were represented in the l29 contest. Among the plants which participated were 68 bituminous coal mines, 29 anthracite mines, 54 metal mines, 19 nonmetallic mineral mines, all of the foregoing being underground mines, and 141 quarries or open-cut mines. A total of 106,533,006 man-hours of work was reported by all of the companies. Accidents during the year numbered 7,008 and represented a period of disability equal to 986,306 man-days. Hence the accident-severity rate for all plants combined represented 9.3 man-days of disability for each thousand man-hours of exposure to hazard. Similarly, the combined accident-frequency rate for all plants showed that 66.3 accidents occurred for every million man-hours of exposure to hazard. Both of these rates indicated an improvement over the combined rates for all plants in the previous year's contest. The reduction in the accident-severity rate centered chiefly in the metal mine group, though all except the quarry and open-cut mine group shared in the reduction; the improvement in the accident-frequency rate was in all croups except anthracite and metal, the rate for the former having increased while that of the latter remained unchanged."

May 1, 1930

By James E. Cairelli

The NASA Lewis Research Center, under U.S. Bureau of Mines program direction, performed an assessment of alternative mobile power sources for mining applications. A wide variety of heat engines and energy systems was initially examined to ascertain which could be considered as potential alternatives to presently used power systems. The present mobile power systems are electrical trailing cable, electrical battery, and diesel - with diesel being largely limited in the United States to noncoal mines. Each candidate power source was evaluated in terms, of the following requirements: (1) Ability to achieve the duty cycle (2) Ability to meet Government regulations (MSHA certification) (3) Availability (production readiness) (4) Market availability (5) Packaging capability An initial screening reduced the list of candidates to the following: (1) Diesel (2) Stirling (3) Gas turbine (4) Rankine (steam) (5) Advanced electric (batteries) (6) Mechanical energy storage (flywheel) (7) Use of hydrogen evolved from metal hydrides This list of candidates was divided into two classes of alternative power sources for mining applications - heat engines and energy storage systems. A summary of each class follows.

Jan 1, 1981

By Yonghong Qin, Songbo Ma, Qi Zhang, Peng Gao, Jianwen Yu

Herein, the coal-based reduction was proposed to utilize the ferronickel slag of Jingchuan company. An excellent index with metallization rate of 99.22%, iron grade of 77.91%, and iron recovery of 92.79% was obtained at carbon addition coefficient 2.0, reduction temperature 1573 K, reduction time 60 min, the particle size of coal and ferronickel slag − 2.0 mm, and CaO content 15%. The 2FeO·SiO2 was reduced to Fe and SiO2 with the increase of temperature. The CaO could promote the reduction of iron oxide. Most of the sulfides (Fe, Cu, Co, and Ni) in the sulfonium were reduced to metal. The reduction degree increased with the reduction time and reduction temperature. The higher reduction temperature represented the higher peak value of reduction rate and the shorter time of reaching the peak value. The isothermal reduction process included three stages: early stage, middle stage, and late stage. The mechanism function were f(α) = 1/2(1 − α)3, f(α) = 3/2(1 − α)4/3[(1 − α)−1/3 − 1]− 1, and f(α) = 4(1 − α)[− ln(1 − α)]3/4, respectively. The activation energy of three stages was 183.498 kJ·mol−1, 420.077 kJ·mol−1, and 656.619 kJ·mol−1, respectively.

May 24, 2022

This paper presents a study about reopening of a quarry near to the geothermal region of Kntahya, Turkey. The production method was gallery blasting which resulted in very high ground vibrations. Therefore the quarry had been closed down by the local authorities about 12 years ago due to possible damages to the geothermal resources. In order to reopen the quarry, reserve estimation and production planning studies needs to be carried out as well as applying environmentally sensitive production method. The result of reserve estimation studies showed approximately 12.5 Mt reserve in the area. The market studies indicated that annual production of 600 000 tonnes could be sold. These results justify to reopen the quarry. In order to overcome environmental problems, bench blasting production method instead of gallery blasting has been planned. This method enables to design a drilling blasting pattern that will almost result in no ground vibrations.

Dec 6, 2010

By P F. Lauricella, D Hendri

In the Mesel sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposit, the spatial distribution of hydrothermal alteration is controlled by steeply dipping faults and shallowly dipping lithologies. Hydrothermal alteration of carbonate rock is characterised by decalcification, dolomitisation and silicification. Intense argillic alteration occurs in a laccolithic andesite intrusion adjacent to decalcified and silicified carbonate units. Sulphide minerals (pyrite, realgar, orpiment, stibnite and cinnabar) accompany hydrothermal alteration and precious metal mineralisation. The trace elements Ag, As, Sb and Hg are zoned spatially throughout the deposit. Mesel contains a mineable gold reserve of 7.8 million tonnes at 7.3 g/t Au. Gold mineralisation is preferentially localised in carbonate rocks adjacent to and beneath the andesite intrusion. The ore body consists of a central, near-vertical, high grade 'feeder' system flanked by tabular, inward dipping, moderate grade 'ouflow' zones. Mineralisation is controlled predominantly by two steeply dipping faults with high grade (=10 g/t) gold zones centred about structural intersections and fault splays. Gold is submicron size and locked in very fine grained (<10 microns), disseminated and fracture-controlled arsenical pyrite. The Mesel deposit developed where high angle faults guided ascending, sulphidising fluids into reactive carbonate stratigraphy adjacent to and beneath the andesite intrusion and during subsequent migration of the auriferous fluids along 'outflow' channels. Early decalcification and dolomitisation enhanced porosity and permeability prior to silicification and sulphidation. Gold deposition occurred late in the genesis of the deposit.

Jan 1, 1995

By Matthew A. Baumann

Tooth-wear on mining shovels requires continuous monitoring. Worn teeth impede excavation performance, increase energy usage, and increase the risk of lost or broken teeth and adapters. A machine-vision-based automated tooth-wear monitoring system is presented. The system employs a rugged boom or stick-mounted camera to capture images of the shovel teeth. An onboard computer processes the images in real-time to determine the length of each tooth. The current wear state is available via a network-accessible log for on-demand status updates. By continuously recording tooth length changes over time, the logs can be used to estimate wear rates and patterns, permitting comparisons between different G.E.T. configurations, operator behaviour patterns, or material types. This detailed, quantitative data permits site-specific optimizations to wear packages and maintenance scheduling. Automating wear monitoring offers the crucial wear information necessary to minimize maintenance costs and reduce unscheduled downtime. A 37-day field trial in a copper-gold mine demonstrated the ability of the system to measure tooth lengths, compute wear rates, and detect differences in tooth wear based on their position on the bucket.

Nov 1, 2011

By P. B. Moran, J. W. Rozelle, J. Forbort

"The Mount Todd gold mine is located approximately 50 km (31 miles) north of the town of Katherine in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia just off the Stewart Highway, and was operated in the 1990s until 2000 (Fig. 1). After cessation of mining operations, meteoric precipitation and acid rock drainage (ARD) associated with surface water runoff continued to report to the retention ponds across the mine site. In 2000, the mine site entered receivership and the NT government became responsible for the care and maintenance program. In 2006, Vista Gold Corp. (as Vista Gold Australia) acquired the rights to resume exploration on the mine site without the financial responsibility of the environmental liability. In January 2007, Vista Gold assumed the care and maintenance activities on behalf of the NT government, with the environmental liability remaining with the NT government, with the goal of reinitiating mining operations. A critical path component of the planned upgrades to the existing mine/milling facilities and infrastructure was the development of a cost effective treatment and dewatering program for the approximately 11 GL (2,900 million gal) of ARD stored in the Batman Pit (RP3), which has a maximum capacity of approximately 12 GL (3,200 million gal). The Batman Pit must be dewatered in order for Vista Gold to restart mining activities. The Batman Pit Lake had reached a maximum water depth of 104 m (341 ft) when Vista Gold initiated water level monitoring. It is important to note that the ARD water in the Batman Pit has been pumped into it from 2000 to 2012 under an NT government-approved environmental control program.The Batman Pit has virtually no connection to the local ground water regime due to the intensive silicification that accompanied the mineralizing event. In October 2012, just prior to treatment, the pit lake profile was characterized by uniform acidic pH (approximately pH 3.2) and oxic conditions (dissolved oxygen greater than 7 mg/L with depth (Fig. 2). The temperature decreased by approximately 4 °C (39 °F) between the lake surface and approximately 20 m (66 ft) deep, and remained near constant with increasing depth. This temperature difference is believed to be associated with an existing shallow mine bench at approximately 20 m (66 ft) deep around the perimeter of the pit. Similarly, electrical conductivity, an estimate of total dissolved solids, decreased by about 85 microSiemens per centimeter (µS/cm) from 2,800 to 2,715 µS/cm between 10 and 20 m (33 and 66 ft)."

Apr 1, 2016

By Annie G. Smelley

As part of its program to develop technology that will encourage maximum utilization of the Nation's mineral resources, the Bureau of Mines conducted research on debrining potash-clay waste slurries by means of flocculation with a high-molecular-weight polymer and subsequent solid-liquid separation on a rotating trommel screen. In laboratory batch tests, potash-clay waste slurries were consolidated from initial clay contents of 8 pct to final contents of 30 pct with a polymer dosage of 1.2 Ib/ton of dry clay waste. Small-scale continuous tests yielded debrined products containing 20 pct solids using a polymer dosage of 1 Ib/ton of dry clay solids.

Jan 1, 1983

By L. H. DeWald

During the examination of various commercial brands of copper wire bars, which had exhibited different degrees of adaptability for being drawn into fine gages of wire by the present-day high speed machine, it was found that each brand had a more or less characteristic crystal macrostructure. The extremes of these macrostructures are similar FIG. 1.-EFFECT OF METAL TEMPERATURE IN CASTING ON CRYSTAL MACROSTRUCTURE OF BAR. Reading from left to right, metal temperatures were 1166" C., 1149" C., 1132" C.. 1121" C., 1093" C. to the maximum variation shown in the photomacrographs reproduced in Fig. 1. As the various brands did not differ materially in chemical composition, it was concluded that the differences in structure were the result of variations in casting technique.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. K. McCarter

Previous investigations suggest the possibility of determining shear strength of geologic materials by measuring the force necessary to rupture the web between two closely-spaced, parallel holes using a borehole jack. Current research using finite element modeling and laboratory testing of intact rock indicates that web failure initiates by tensile fracturing induced by a complex stress field. Based on these results, a theoretical justification for relating web strength with shear strength appears unlikely for holes of equal diameter spaced two diameters apart. Empirical results, however, show a strong correlation between average web strength and average unconfined compressive strength for some rock materials under laboratory conditions. A good correlation also exists between residual web strength and the residual angle of friction under the same conditions. This research project involves the construction and field testing of a large borehole jack. The jack is designed to operate within a conventional 12-1/4 inch rotary blasthole common to open pit mining. The system is capable of exerting approximately 800,000 pounds on curved platen measuring roughly 4x24 inches. Field tests indicate that the system will operate in a mining environment, and preliminary results suggest the possibility of using the force-displacement data generated by the jack to rank the competency of material within a mine bench.

Jan 1, 1982

By G. R. Smith

Critical and strategic metals are often present in small quantities in low-grade domestic ores. When these ores are leached, the resulting solution usually contains the metals in very dilute quantities. Selective electrowinning from dilute electrolytes was investigated by the Bureau of Mines. A metal deposit containing 84 pct nickel was electrowon from the leach solution of a complex domestic ore bulk flotation concentrate originally containing approximately 2 wt-pct nickel. Key to achieving accelerated deposition rates, in the case of dilute solutions, is the rapid movement of the electrolyte through the electrowinning cell. Pure, synthetic nickel electrolytes were used to establish deposition parameters, and to optimize electrolyte velocity or mass transfer rates. Hydrodynamic and electrodeposition parameters for both the synthetic and leach electrolytes are presented and the experimental research described. Selective electrowinning appears to offer a viable alternative to physical separation methods to obtain separate metal "concentrates" from low-grade ores.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. K. Brinsden

In August 1965, the late Mr Alan Smith, then Mill Superintendent at Gold Mines of Kalgoorlie (GMK), Australia, asked me to investigate the planting of vegetation on the GMK slimes dams in order to ease the dust problem in urban and industrial areas-a problem that is caused largely by dust from these barren slimes dams. My early sources of information were the comprehensive papers in various issues of the Journal of The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy. However, the climate of Johannesburg differs from that of Kalgoorlie. The average Johannesburg rainfall, which falls mostly in summer, is 730 mm, and the average maximum summer temperature is 26°C (top 34°C). The winters are cool, the average maximum being 18°C (low -7°C). Kalgoorlie, on the other hand, receives, on average, 257 mm of sporadic rainfall, has hot dry summers with an average maximum of 35°C (top 45°C), and cool winters with an average maximum of 18°C (low -2°C). My obvious choice was to look at established trees growing on the GMK lease. A number of Athel pines were growing vigorously adjacent to the Oroya mining and geology offices and also on a nearby sand dump. The Athel pine (Tamarix aphylla), which is native to North Africa, Asia, and India, was originally introduced into Australia in 1936 by Mr Essington Lewis, then manager of BHP. His cuttings were planted in Whyalla, where some difficulty had been experienced in finding trees and shrubs that would flourish despite the district's low rainfall. In August 1965, cuttings of approximately 20 cm length and 1 cm diameter were taken from the GMK trees, stripped of leaves, and placed in jars of water in the sun. When the cuttings had sprouted both leaves and roots, they were planted in local soil in tins (about 20 cm high and 10 cm in diameter), and watered daily. In October 1965, when the new shoots were about 8 cm long, the trees were transplanted onto a lower flat section¬approximately 30 m wide, 30 m long, and 2 m high-of the Trafalgar slimes dam. No additional soil or fertilizer was used, and the trees were planted in their tins, the bases of which had been removed (the tin would eventually rust away). A few common varieties of non-prickly cactus and two native salt bush (spp Atriplex) were also planted, but did not survive, probably because of the acidity of the slime. During the summer of 1965/1966, Kalgoorlie's rainfall was 88 per cent above the average, and this probably helped the trees to survive. The moisture content was usually about 2,5 per cent from about 10 cm below the surface, and the pH value of the slime (d80 approximately 75 µm) was about 6. The trees were watered twice a week for the first four months and then left untended. By 1974 they had grown to only about 0,7 m, which indicated that their growth in slime was very slow. Other Athel pines were planted on the wall of the dam, but did not survive beyond 1974, probably because of the steep (about 500) slope and the hardness of the walls, which were initially formed by hand-shovelling of the slime as the height of the dam was raised. Five of the six Athel pines planted in 1965, which probably reached maturity (approximately 5 m in height) in 1981-16 years after being planted-have survived. In the early 1980s, waste rock had to be dumped on the dam, but the management of KMA (now KCGM) took care to ensure that the trees were not buried. Trials are being conducted on other tailings dams so that the performance of cuttings taken from the trees on Trafalgar dam can be compared with that of cuttings taken at various sites in Western Australia. It might also be worth while for an attempt to be made to strike cuttings from Trafalgar dam in pots containing different mixtures of soil and slime.

Jan 1, 1991

By José Alberto da Cruz Junior

Aços multiconstituídos têm aplicações voltadas principalmente para o setor automobilístico. Isso porque esses apresentam uma boa combinação de elevada resistência, ductilidade e tenacidade. A elevada resistência desses aços é devida a martensita e aos finos feixes de ferrita bainítica, enquanto que a tenacidade e a ductilidade são atribuídas aos filmes finos de austenita retida presentes entre os feixes. Esses filmes contém uma maior concentração de carbono em relação aos blocos de austenita retida. Uma consequência é que estes se tornam mais estáveis mecanicamente e termicamente. Dessa forma, foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho mecânico de um aço tratado isotermicamente abaixo de Mi e revenidos a 400°C/1 h. Os resultados dos ensaios de impacto mostraram que quanto maior a fração volumétrica da austenita retida maior é a energia absorvida, independente da morfologia desse constituinte.

Aug 7, 2018

By R. C. Bryce

"Selbaie is located northwest of Joutel, in what is known as the fourth east-west volcanic sediment group in northwestern Quebec. The main metals produced are copper and zinc, with important contents of both silver and gold. Production comes from an open pit mine on the A-I zone and from two underground mines on the B zone and the A-2 zone. Each mine gave rise to important capital investment programs for construction and mine development, all of which were managed and staffed with company-hired, non-union personnel. Production from all sources now exceeds 7000 tonnes per day, with a workforce of540 regular employees. Of particular interest technically is the high recovery of B zone reserves underneath 40 m of overburden cover, the low-cost capital development of the A-2 zone, the computerized control of open pit mining, and the successful copper-zinc separation of the A-1 zone ore. Due to the low grades of the mineral deposits, efficiency in all aspects of the production process, is essential to the success of the operation.LocationThe Selbaie Mine is located 82 km northwest of the locality of Joutel in northwestern Quebec (Fig. 1). Access to the mine is by an all-weather road, 32 km of which is paved. A second road access to the site is via La Sarre, 134km to the southwest. Employee access, materials transport and haulage of copper and zinc concentrates take place over both of these roads."

Jan 1, 1990

By John Lindsay

"Although diamond mining is a relative newcomer to the Canadian mining industry, with the first diamond mine coming on stream in 1998, Canada is already a significant producer of high quality diamonds. This paper will review diamond production trends and highlight some of the projects currently under development, which have the potential to enhance Canada’s role as a significant diamond producer.Diamond recovery plants generally incorporate well-established mineral processing and recovery techniques, with issues such as product security, cut-off sizes, and diamond preservation becoming important considerations when developing process flowsheets. A diamond processing plant must achieve three key objectives, namely:• Liberation of the diamonds from the host rock;• Separation of the heavy minerals, which include the diamonds, from the host rock;• Recovery of the diamonds from the heavy mineral concentrates.Processing technologies and equipment commonly utilized in diamond processing plants will be reviewed and some of the significant issues associated with each option briefly discussed.Typical process flowsheets will be presented.Finally, an overview of De Beers’ Victor diamond project, located in northern Ontario, will be provided. This potentially significant diamond producer is currently at a pre-feasibility stage of development.DIAMONDS IN CANADAWorld Diamond ProductionCommercial diamond mining commenced in earnest with the discovery of the Kimberley diamondfields in South Africa in the late 1800s, and this resulted in a dramatic increase in the supply of diamonds. As can be seen from figure 1, world diamond production, mainly from South Africa, Angola, Congo, and Namibia, remained relatively constant through the early 1900s until the development of the large Russian kimberlite pipes in the 1950s. Production increased again in the 1960s and 70s with the development of the Botswana mines, but the most significant increase in global production came from the Argyle mine in Australia, which came on stream in 1983 and produced a peak of almost 43 million carats in 1994, representing approximately 40% of the world market. Production from Argyle has since fallen-off as grades have declined and the strip ratio has increased with the deepening of the open pit."

Jan 1, 2003

By AIME AIME

A LUSTY baby of the Institute, the Coal Division, showed that it had acquired a full set of teeth and was capable of man's work at the Division meeting at Fairmont, W. Va., on March 26 and 27. At this second of a series of field meetings, the first of which was held in Pittsburgh last fall, the industry in the East was represented from top to bottom and good humor and enthusiasm were the predominant notes. West Virginians are always good hosts and this meeting would have proved the statement to any inclined to doubt it. The spacious auditorium of the Fairmont Hotel was arranged for the technical sessions, the hotel being headquarters for the meeting. About a hundred and twenty-five representatives were registered and in attendance when Thomas G. Fear, chairman, opened the morning session at 10 o'clock Mr. Fear first introduced Howard Eavenson, vice-chairman of the morning program, who, as chairman of the Coal Division, had labored long and cheerfully to make the meeting successful. Mr. Eavenson talked briefly on what the organization was doing, pointing out that these field meetings were designed to bring the members into closer touch with the parent Institute and give the younger engineers in the field a better opportunity to participate in the work the Institute is doing. He congratulated the various committees for their work in promoting the meeting.

Jan 1, 1931

By John W. Sweeney

The southeastern phosphate industry is investigated to determine its role in supplying the United States and world phosphate demand. The report shows that the southeastern (Florida, Tennessee, and North Carolina) phosphate industry is the leading domestic and world producer of phosphate rock, The report emphasizes size and organization, production capacity, transportation, and marketing of the southeastern phosphate product, Factors affecting the supply- demand relationship of the southeastern phosphate industry and world phosphate production-consumption relationships are analyzed and related to the southeastern phosphate industry. Past trends are projected and the future role of the southeastern phosphate industry is analyzed to determine its ability to supply the United States and rest-of-the-world phosphate requirements in 1985 and 2000. The projections show that southeastern resources are ample to supply domestic and export requirements at the projected rates of consumption well beyond the year 2000.

Jan 1, 1970

By Shail J. Butani

In 1986 the Bureau of Mines conducted a probability sample survey, Mining Industry Population Survey, to measure such employee characteristics as occupation; principal equipment operated; work location at the mine; present job, present company, and total mining experience; job-related training during the last 2 years; age; sex; race; and education. The population estimates are necessary to properly analyze the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) injury (includes illness and fatality data) statistics; that is, to compare and contrast injury rates for various subpopulations in order to identify those groups that are exhibiting higher than average injury rates. This report uses the survey's results to characterize the U.S. stone mining workforce from March through September 1986. Similar reports have been published for the metallic, sand and gravel, and nonmetallic mining industries, as well as for the entire metal and nonmetal mining (includes metallic, stone, sand and gravel, and nonmetallic industries) sector and the coal mining sector.

Jan 1, 1988

By Paul Hughes

Purpose of Research ? What are the loading mechanics of paste against barricades? ? What is the capacity of the composite paste fill fences? ? Based on the loading mechanics of the paste, do the fill fences pose a risk of failure? Outline ? Glossary of Terms ? General Introduction ? Research Methodology ? Site Description ? Instrumentation Program ? Results ? Analysis ? Conclusions ? Recommendation for Future Work

May 1, 2008