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By James R. Cudworth, Joseph C. Mead

The Birmingham district of Alabama has utilized the slag from its blast furnaces consistently since the earliest development of the slag industry. Today there are producers of slag cement who started business in 1900, and who have, under a progressive policy, expanded the number of their products to meet present demands. There are producers of slag aggregates and other crushed slag products who have been successful for periods of over thirty years. There are at the present two companies, Cheney Lime and Cement Co. and the Southern Cement Co., manufacturing puzzolan cement; two companies, Birmingham Slag Co. and Woodstock Slag Co., making slag aggregates and by-products; one company, Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railway Co., a subsidiary of the U. S. Steel Corporation, producing ground open-hearth basic slag for soil conditioning. Two companies, the Sloss Sheffield Steel and Iron Co. and the Woodstock Slag Co., make slag concrete in ready-mix plants and one company, the Superock Company, manufactures fine and coarse slag aggregates under a new granulation process. NO Portland cement is made with slag as an ingredient, because dolomite is used so extensively as a blast-furnace flux that the magnesium content of the slag is excessive. Sources of Slag In the Birmingham district there are 22 blast furnaces, of which the majority are in blast. The present production is 165,000 tons of pig iron monthly; the production in 1935 was 1,297,960 gross tons1. There arc also two blast furnaces at Gadsden and one ferroalloy electric furnaee at Anniston. From these two sources is obtained slag to approximately 1.1 tons per ton of pig iron. History of Development of the Industry The history of the local utilization of slag as an industry probably starts with the Birmingharii Slag Cement Co. This company was

Jan 1, 1938

By Foster Fraas

Most commercial electrostatic separators utilize the electrical property of conductivity, but although based on the same principles, they are constructed in a variety of forms, a common one being the simple roll type. Some information obtained during an investigation of that type of separator, and which indirectly is applicable to other types, is presented here. In Fig. I material discharged from hopper 6 is fed onto grounded rotating roll 2. Electrode 3 is at a high electrical potential with respect to roll 2, and any conductive particle in contact with roll 2 therefore acquires an electrical charge of such polarity that, when present in the electrical field, the force on it is in the direction of electrode 3. A detailed description of the charging by conductance as utilized in electrostatic separators may be found in a previous publication.' As a result of this force, the path of the projected particle is changed in increasing amounts in the direction toward region C as the magnitude of the charge is increased. With the dividing edge 4 the projected particles may be divided into two fractions —those in region C designated as "deflected" or"deflectant"and those in region B designated as "residue." When material is passed over the roll only once, a complete separation is seldom obtained, therefore most commercial separators contain several roll-separator units in series, and some practical machines use as many as I2. In this paper a "pass" means the passage of material over a single-roll unit. The procedure is to repass either residue B with a low potential on electrode 3 or deflectant C with a high potential on 3. Most electrostatic separations follow a flowsheet of roughing and cleaning either the concentrate or the tailing, or both. In a specific instance, a dry, heated mixture of wet cleaned chromite and garnet from an

Jan 1, 1943

By Howard B. Bradley, Charles F. Weinaug

The phase behavior of a naturally occurring hydrocarbon system whose critical temperature is near the reservoir temperature has been described. The same volume per cent liquid was observed for the firkt time at three different pressures for isotherms immediately below the critical temperature. The shapes of the isothermal equilibrium constant curves necessary to predict this phenomena are discussed and illustrated. INTRODUCTION The phase behavior of a number of hydrocarbon systems has been reported; however, very little data are available on natural occurring hydrocarbon systems whose critical temperature is near the reservoir temperature. This appeared to be the case for the fluid studied here; therefore the pressure-volume-temperature data for this system were determined for preqentation. METHOD The PVT data were obtained with equipment similar to hat described by Weinaug and Katz,1 consisting principally of a two-section, double-windowed gauge mounted in a conktant temperature air bath. The procedure followed was essentially that used by Katz and Kurata5 except that a cathetom-eter, reading direct to 0.01 cm, was used to determine the height of each extreme phase limit. The system studied was formed by recombining -.vapor and liquid samples from the first stage separator of the well. Portions of these samples were displaced with mercury into the cell which had previously been filled with mercury. A predetermined amount of the liquid sample was introduced, while an excess of vapor was admitted. The resulting mixture was brought to equilibrium at the condition of the separator during sampling. By adding mercury to maintain the pressure, enough vapor was displaced to give a gas/oil ratio within the cell equal to that produced by the separator at the time of sampling. The remaining material was then considered to be equivalent to the reservoir fluid. An analysis of material in the cell, computed from analysis of vapor and liquid samples and the separator gas/oil ratio. is given in Table I. Table I — Composition of Hydrocarbon System Component Mole Per Cent Carbon Dioxide 0.13 Nitrogen 0.76 Methane 53.91 Ethane 14.20 Propane 9.64 Iso Butane 1.25 Normal Butane 4.29 Iso Pentane 1.12 Normal Pentane 1.87 Hexane 2.72 Heptanes + 10.11 hloleculal. Weight of Heptanes + 178.50

Jan 1, 1951

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast area of Louisiana enjoyed a particularly active and profitable year in 1939. Fifteen new producing structures were located and approximately sixty new producing sand horizons in old fields were opened in that period of time. The most important new discoveries are the Eola field, Avoyelles Parish, and the Paradis, St. Charles Parish. The Eola strike was indicated during December 1938, but the well was not placed on production until January 1939. Eola is particularly important because it was the first discovery of oil in a commercial quantity in the Wilcox formation in that area. Sid Richardson, of Ft. Worth, Texas, drilled the first well on the Haas Investment Company's property, which encountered the producing sand at a little below 8500 ft. Within the year 48 wells were drilled, 42 being commercial producers and 6 dry holes. The second most favorable discovery was the Paradis field, which was discovered by The Texas Company's Louisiana Land and Exploration Company's Paradis No. 1 well, in St. Charles Parish, just west of New Orleans. Detailed information concerning this field has not yet been made available but it is reported that the oil sand is as much as 175 ft. thick. The initial production indicated was 1750 bbl. daily and reports suggest a very large structure. In Calcasieu Parish the Humble Oil and Refining Company's Edge-wood Land No. 1 discovered gas in the Oligocene at a total depth of 7042 ft., in the Perkins area. Although two additional dry holes have been drilled in this prospect, it is still believed to have some merit. A new discovery is credited to Cameron Parish with the finding of Miocene oil in the Superior Oil Company's State No. 1 well in Grand Lake. The Chalkley field, Cameron Parish, is credited as a 1938 discovery but was largely developed in 1939 into one of the more important new fields. During the year 13 wells were drilled, 8 being oil wells and 5 dry holes. The oil is found in the Oligocene at depths of approximately 9000 feet.

Jan 1, 1940

By L. H Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

The orientation of metal crystals and grains, both large and small, can be detcrmined conveniently and accurately without the use of X-ray apparatus. This seems to be appreciated by so few metallurgists that it may be useful to explain in detail the method we have found most satisfactory in the laboratory—the reflection of light from crystallographie etch pits. This note includes a description of a suitable inexpensive instrument and instructions for etching various metals and for plotting the data. As the stereographie projection is used to facilitate handling the data, this note may he considered as an appendix to an earlier review of the metallurgical uses of the stercographie projection.' Various methods involving etch pits have been used by other investigators. Bridgman's method2 consists of attaching the specimen to a sphere (a transparent sphere is convenient4 , holding it at arm's length, and marking a spot on it when it has been turned so that the eteh pits reflect light into the eye of the observer from a lamp standing behind him. It has an accuracy of about 2" and is extrernely rapid. A greater accuracy can be obtained by having the reflected light fall on a screen, as has been done by Czochralski,5 Chalmers,6 and Schubnikov.7 All of these methods have been intended for undeformed single crystals. Tammann and his coworkers3,8 developed a method for estimating the number of grains in a polyerystalline aggregate having orientations in a given region of the stereographic triangle and thus obtained statistical information about deformation and reerystallization textures. While the method has had some use in recent years,9 it is not applicable to the majority of problems in physical metallurgy. Smith and Mehl10 determined orientations by plotting the directions of the sides of individual etch pits on a stereographic projection. The accuracy is limited to about 3" and the method requires careful polishing and high magnification.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. E. Strauss

The short-time tensile-strength test, while it has not attained the practical importance of the creep test at elevated temperatures, has the advantage of being rapid and is satisfactory for determining relatire strengths. For platinum and its alloys, which frequently are used at high temperatures under ill-defined conditions, the short-time test provides useful data that aid in the selection of the most promising alloy for each use. Measurements have been made upon 13 alloys, using wire 0.0031 in. in diameter, the choice of alloys and of wire size being determined by the requirements of a practical problem. Later the measurements were extended to higher temperatures by the use of heavier wire, 0.010 in. in diameter. Apparatus The use of fine wire made the necessary equipment very simple, since no effort was made to measure the elongation. A small platinum-wound horizontal furnace was used, 1/2 in. in internal diameter by 1 ft. long, with the wire threaded through it. The wire, clamped at one end while the other ran over a ball-bearing pulley, of a total length of 29 in., was loaded directly by running sea sand into an attached basket, making the rate of loading and not of elongation constant. The sand flowed from a funnel, under a head of 3 in., into the basket 3 in. below the orifice, at the rate of 170 grams per minute. Pulley friction and bending resistance of the wire as well as the force of impact of the sand could be neglected, being 3 grams and 0.5 grams, respectively. Furnace temperature was uniform within ±5° C. over a length of 3 in., although a drift with time occurred, the largest amount being 20" C. No provision was necessary for a controlled atmosphere. In making the measurements, the furnace was brought to equilibrium before being used, and the temperature was measured with a platinum platinum-10 per cent rhodium thermocouple and a high-resistance pyrometer before and after all the tests at one temperature. The wire sample, after being threaded through the furnace and attached to the

Jan 1, 1940

By M. R. Klepper, H. Landsberg

Many of the sedimentary rocks contain small amounts of radioactive constituents. These vary in quantity in different layers. Some recent deposits show rather high activity as; for example, the deep sea oozes and some lake deposits.lv2 Measurements made in boreholes have also shown considerable changes in activity from horizon to horizon. The first to publish data on this fact was Ambronn,3 and recently Russian geophysicists have shown remarkable variations of activity from one layer to the next in various wells. Spak4 felt even that he was able to line up horizons from data measured in two neighboring wells.‡ The measuring of radioactive radiation is fairly difficult. Large errors are possible by the circulation of gaseous emanations in the well and porous strata. It is, therefore, never certain whether the activity of the layer where the instrumental device or collector is located will be measured, or that of some adjacent layer. For this reason it seemed to be advantageous to take samples of rocks into the laboratory and test them there for their contents of radioactive material. Such a method has been followed in the past to distinguish radioactive ore from other rocks. Radioactivity of rocks, especially of the igneous type, was also determined in the laboratory by numerous authors for absolute age investigations.= Corresponding data from studies of sedimentary formations are scarce. Specimens taken from a core of the Bradford oil sandstone were tested by Landsberg and Ingham,7 with the results illustrated in Fig. 1, which shows that within relatively small vertical distances the differences of relative activity were considerable. If one assumes that the distribution of radioactive material is fairly uniform throughout a layer, measurements of radioactive radiation in various horizons would offer additional information for stratigraphic

Jan 1, 1940

By F. Banemann

In discussing the problem of abnormal magnetic polarization, C. A. Heilandl† emphasized the unfortunate fact that our knowledge of the geological and physical conditions relating to such occurrences is very limited and that a more detailed insight into their physical causes would be extremely valuable for interpreting measured anomalies. He also pointed out that to arrive at quantitative physical formulas that would express the conditions that cause abnormal polarization many more occurrences of the kind would have to be recorded. The first part of this paper is a contribution to such descriptions. Abnormal Magnetic Polarization in South Africa The occurrence was mapped in the course of a magnetometric survey carried out about 70 miles to the east of Johannesburg and east of the Witwatersrand gold field, for the purpose of detecting the position of the suboutcrop of certain magnetite-bearing shales that occur in the lower portion of the Witwatersrand system of sediments, shales whose position in section in relation to the ore-bearing members of the same system of sediments are known. In this case the shales are covered by younger strata several hundred feet thick. Lines of magnetometric traverse were run at right angles to the strike for a strongly magnetic body. This body is a shale zone in the Witwatersrand sediments and has a strike of N.20°E. (magnetic) and dips 15" to the east. The field work was done by a vertical intensity field balance (A. Schmidt principle). The plotting is done in such a way that the sign is reversed from that usually employed in the northern hemisphere, so that a positive profile is obtained in abnormal cases while the same conditions in the northern hemisphere would give a negative one. This method of recording should be kept in mind in reading what follows.

Jan 1, 1940

By R. C. Ferguson, Harlowe Hardinge

Laboratory and plant data covering 12 different operations show that lower than "standard" ball mill speeds increase grinding efficiency. In the case of high pulp-level mills, the gain is so great that the increase in capital cost of the larger lower speed mill will pay for itself in less than a year's time. THE object of this paper is to show the economic advantage of operating ball mills at relatively slow speeds. Although many operators know that grinding costs are reduced by operating mills at low speeds, they seldom do so for a variety of reasons. When capital is limited, first cost is of primary importance, and installation of the less costly, highspeed mill is favored. When materials are in short supply, as during a war period, capacity rather than economy is the primary consideration. Existing mills are then speeded up to provide the desired increase in capacity, and new mills are purchased without consideration of maximum grinding efficiency. When the mill speed is increased to secure more production, the increase in grinding costs is often obscured by the total benefit derived from the additional output. This increase in grinding cost is seldom recognized as being sufficient to be worth correcting. For these reasons one may be lead to the erroneous conclusion that slow-speed operation is only occasionally applicable. The effect of mill speed on grinding efficiency has been studied in laboratory tests."! The results of some of these tests are given in tables I and I1 and fig. 1. In these tabulations, batch tests using ore charges of 125 to 200 lb were considered comparable to high pulp-level operation and charges of 50 to 100 lb comparable to low pulp-level operation. For the high pulp-level operation, these tests indicate the existence of a maximum in efficiency for operation at a speed of 50 pct of critical, both for the soft (dolomite) and hard (chert) ore. In low pulp-level operation, a decrease in speed increases the efficiency of grinding dolomite; no maximum of efficiency appears in the range of speeds tested. The results with chert were inconclusive. If the performance of large mills is indicated

Jan 1, 1951

GEORGE F. KUNZ, New York, N. Y. (written discussion*).-We have been informed that the nickeliferous ores of Sudbury could furnish more palladium than the whole of the present world supply, together with a large amount of platinum. As the quantity of ore melted in Sudbury in 1916 totaled 1,521,689 tons, giving 80,010 tons of matte, and as the average of 3 years, up to 1915, are stated to show an average of 0.10 oz. of platinum and 0.15 oz. of palladium per ton of matte, this would indicate the presence of 12,000 oz. of palladium and 8000 oz. of platinum in the ore mined in 1916.1 Interest in the platinum situation is now more intense than it has ever been, and the great importance of this metal for many special uses is being increasingly appreciated. For munition manufacture, for chemical apparatus, in dentistry, and for jewelry, it has been and continues to be in great demand in spite of the phenomenal rise in its value. It is true that this has necessarily led to a search for substitutes, especially for dentistry and chemical uses, but while some of these have been found to answer the needs fairly well, for many 'other purposes platinum is still employed in spite of its great cost. As to the jewelry industry, the most public-spirited efforts have been made to restrict its use, and its employment in the manufacture of watchcases, purses, bracelets, and catches has been abandoned, gold being used in its place. The prime cause of the present shortage is, of course, the elimination of 'the Russian supply which, in normal times, constituted probably more than 90 per cent. of the world's production. This makes an intensive

Jan 4, 1918

By Ole Singstad

THE legislatures of New York and New Jersey, determined in 1919 that a vehicular tunnel should be built under the Hudson River. On July 1, 1919, an engineering staff was organized with the late Clifford M. Holland as chief engineer, and this staff was given a number of problems to solve, such as location, size, type of tunnel, method of construction, method of ventilation and cost. After a period of preliminary investigations and studies it was decided to build the tunnel at Canal St., New York, connecting 12th St., Jersey City. This is the center of the heaviest traffic across the Hudson River. It was also decided to build two tunnels-one for west-bound traffic and one for east-bound traffic-the tunnels to be of cast iron, built up of segments and bolted together, each tunnel to have a roadway 20 ft. wide and a clear heat room of 13 ft., 6 in. This is to provide for two lines of vehicles in each direction. The tunnels have an exterior diameter of 29 ft., 6 in. The interior lining is of concrete, the sidewalls tiled with a vitreous white tile and the roadways paved with granite block. The entrances and exits at both ends are separated by two blocks so as to reduce traffic congestion.

Jan 8, 1926

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Mar. 10, 1916 to Apr. 10, 1916. ALLEN, P. R., Pres., McAlester Coal & Coke Co., Knight Templar Bldg., McAlester, Okla. BERNARD, CLINTON PERCIVAL, Min. Engr., Care Forminiere Mission Kasai, Tschikapa, Congo Belge, W. Africa. CARPENTER, GEORGE 0., Vice-Pres National Lead Co. St. Louis Mo. CLARK, WILLIAM ANDREWS, JR., Min. Engr., Pres., Elm Orlu Mining Co., Butte, Mont. CLAYTON, CHARLES YANCEY, Asst. PrOf. of Metallurgy and Ore Dressing, Missouri School of Mines, Rolla, Mo. COHEN, JULIUS MILTON, Mgr. Croesus Gold Mines, Ltd., Matheson, Ont., Canada. CRAMER, WILLIAM BRONSON, Met. at Concentrator, Old Dominion Copper Min. & Smelt. Co., Globe, Ariz. DAHL, SIMEON H., Mill Supt., Messina Transvaal Dev. Co., Messina, Transvaal S. Africa.

Jan 5, 1916

By Oscar Weiss

STILFONTEIN and surrounding areas gave negative results in all prospecting attempts since about 1904 when Goerz and Co., a forerunner of Union Corporation Ltd., first drilled in the region and on the farm Stilfontein. Subsequent efforts by African and European Investments Co. and Anglo American Corp. from 1934-37 were completely unsuccessful. Holes drilled by these companies on the farms Rietfontein, Hessie, and Palmietfontein were stopped in the Lower Witwatersrand system without finding payable reefs.

Jan 10, 1951

The Committee, appointed early in May, met and organized in Washington, May 9, 1923, and were then advised that such data as they required would as far as obtainable be submitted to them in tabulations, and that they could not be allowed to see the individual reports nor know the identity of the operators on whose reports the figures submitted were based, therefore the Committee's valuation is based on data received from your statisticians, and on tonnages estimated by your staff and by the United States Geological Survey. Various methods of valuation for mining properties have been suggested, but all authorities seem to agree in accepting, as the fairest and most practicable and logical, a capitalization of the estimated future earnings, when such estimate can reasonably be made. Hoover and Finlay both emphasize this. The United States Supreme Court says in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway Co., v. Backus, 154 U. S. 439: But the value of the property results from the use to which it is put and varies with the profitableness of that use, present and prospective, actual and anticipated. There is no pecuniary value outside of that which results from such use. The amount and profitable character of such use determines the value. The Committee on Federal Taxation of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, appointed in 1919, in its report states: A proper value of a mining property is the present value of the prospective net earnings, taking into account probable variations in output and value. Ingalls ("Wealth and Income of the American People," p. 97) says: The fundamental principle of mine valuation is the present worth of an annual dividend accruing during the period of years corresponding with the lie of the mine. It is a convention that the estimated period shall not be more than 30 years.

Jan 1, 1924

By Gilbert Francklyn

The requirements of coals for the manufacture of coal gas, water gas and producer gas will be considered sparately and a short description of each gasmaking process will be given. In this report the term "gas coal" is confined to coals suitable for the manufacture of city gas in horizontal, inclined or vertical retorts. The report does not refer to coke-oven practice.' Briefly, the process of manufacture consists of distilling the coal at high temperature in an externally heated retort out of contact with the air. The products of distillation, consisting of gas, tar, ammonia, etc. are collected and purified. The residue consists of coke, which is removed from the retort at the end of the carbonizing period. To supply the heat required in the process, a portion of the coke produced is converted into producer gas, which is burned under the retort settings. Qualities of Gas Coals The chief qualities that coal must possess in order to be classified as a gas coal are as follows: 1. Gas Yield.—The coal must be capable of yielding gas in sufficient volume and of a satisfactory quality. The yield depends considerably upon the temperature of distillation; a higher temperature will give a larger yield of gas, but the qualit,y of gas (now measured by the British thermal units per cubic foot) will be lower, while a lower carbonizing temperature will give less gas of higher heating value. The true measure of the yield is the number of British thermal units produced in the gas from a given quantity of coal. This number is obtained by multiplying the cubic feet of gas from 1 lb. of coal by the British thermal units per cubic foot of gas; it is called B.t.u. feet per pound. It is found that the

Jan 1, 1930

By Edgar Bain

IN STUDYING the structural characteristics of martensite it is desirable that a clear conception of the material from which martensite is produced should first be obtained. Any theory of its formation and structure incompatible with the facts of its parent substance, austenite, can be eliminated with little consideration. Austenite is the name applied to solid solutions of carbon and other elements in gamma iron. At temperatures above about 900° C. (1650°, F.), pure iron exists in a system of crystallinity1 entirely different from the crystal structure below that temperature. This high-temperature allotrope of iron is of an atomic structure associated with great ductility, having very manifold symmetry and an abundance of easy slip planes. The exceptionally ductile and malleable metals (gold, silver, platinum, copper, aluminum, and nickel) have this same atomic arrangement-the face-centered cubic. The low-temperature allotrope of iron, alpha iron, the solid solutions of which are known as ferrite, has a body-centered cubic arrangement of atoms. Like it, in crystal structure, are the less ductile and malleable metals, molybdenum, tungsten, titanium and chromium. Fig. 1. shows the two atomic arrangements known in iron; the diagrams are drawn to scale. Either of these modifications of iron may dissolve other elements in the solid state; by so doing, the temperature of the transformation is changed. In general2-7, it appears that a solid solvent metal dissolves a metal solute by substituting foreign atoms in its own space lattice. Thus, iron may dissolve nickel in either of its crystalline forms by permitting an atom of nickel here and there to occupy the normal position

Jan 2, 1924

By H. I. Young

INASMUCH as there has been a great deal of activity in this district recently, a paper of this kind should treat of all the various phases of mining, namely, prospecting, developing and operating. PROSPECTING Where ore is found it a depth of 100 ft. (30 m.) or more, the prospect work is done by churn drilling. Several makes of churn drills are used in this work, both steam- and gasoline-driven machines being used. The drilling is usually started with a 6-in. bit, and the size of the bit is reduced, if necessary, as the hole is advanced. It is general practice to drill from 100 to 400-ft. holes, but this is governed entirely by the location and formation of the ground. In drilling sheet ground, close spacing of drill holes is unnecessary, but in narrow orebodies, the holes are spaced from 15 to 50 ft. (4.6 to 15 m.) apart. Ten years ago, very few assays were kept of the drilling, but during recent years records have been kept very accurately, showing the location, elevation, assays, and also the vertical section of the hole. After the orebody is reached, cuttings are taken every 2 or 3 ft. (0.6 to 0.9 m.) samples being sometimes taken by pouring the water off the cuttings and taking a portion of the coarse material for assay. It has been found, however, that very often the sludge material poured off with the water contains high mineral values. To overcome this, cuttings from each 2 or 3 ft. are put in a container and after the water is evaporated, sample for assay is taken by means of Jones samplers. Permanent records of cuttings showing various formations are kept in glass jars or glued on large cards. Drilling at present is costing from $1.25 to $1.50 per foot. In pre-war times, the drilling costs ran from 75c to $1 per foot.

Jan 9, 1917

By J. W. Harden

AT our meeting in October last we saw in operation at Pittsburgh, the comparatively modern process of the utilization of small coal by washing, by an arrangement similar to that of Bérard or Morrison. The small coal washed was that of an old pile, the refuse of the mining of the Pittsburgh bed, and which had long lain uncared for. Value was thereby restored to it when it was converted into a very good coke. This circumstance led to comments on the mountains of broken coal lying wasted, and in its present condition worse than useless, in the neighborhood of the mines of the Wyoming Valley, though they are not confined to that district. Some things were said condemning the course which produced it, some were left unsaid. Of a system that destroys one-half the coal-bed in producing the other half there can, however, be but one opinion. Schemes have been suggested for the utilization of present accumulations which, if successfully applied, would in so far be beneficial. More than ordinary attention is now being given to the same subject in England; a Mr. Barker has invented a means by which he amalgamates the "dust," too fine to burn in ordinary grates, with a composition he calls "diamond cement," producing blocks of coal said to resist water, both hot and cold, and which a smart blow will only break to pieces, not cause to crumble. But any scheme less than the one which will prevent the wasting of coal, which still goes on, though that involves the abandonment donment of the breaker, will only be one of expediency; and the latter can only be done by the aid of the consumer. But the wasting of coal is not alone with the breaker ; much is made in the mine. The cause is not far to seek ; the remedy is with capitalist and owner. Owners and consumers then are alike interested, and they have it in their power, in the one case, to mitigate, in the other, almost entirely to remove the cause of the evil. Of consumers there is one in every

Jan 1, 1873

By Kendall E. Born

Production of crude oil in Tennessee during 1936 approximated 20,000 bbl., about the same as in 1935. Accurate figures are available only for the Glenmary field in southwestern Scott County and the Boone Camp, Seabolt, and Coon Hollow pools in north central Morgan County. Small amounts of oil were produced in the Poplar Cove region of eastern Fentress County, in Tinsleys Bottom along the line between Clay and Jackson Counties, and in the Lock Branch pool of northern Jackson County. The renewed interest in these three pools, which were abandoned for several years, reflects the effect of rising prices for crude oil in Tennessee. Developments in these fields were begun late in 1936 and therefore have had little cffect on the production for the year. A nurnber of small scattered wells in abandoned fields in Clay County were pumped intermittently during the year, but no production figures are available on this production. The acidizing of a number of wells in Scott and Morgan counties reported last1 year has been responsible for an increase of nearly 4000 bbl. over 1935 in this region. Results have shown, however, that the Glenmary pay (Glenmary and Coon Hollow pools) at about the top of the St. Louis limestone, responds more favorably to acid treatment than does the Boone Camp (Boone Camp and Seabolt pools) horizon in the Fort Payne formation of lower Mississippian age. This difference is probably due to the siliceous and argillaceous content of the Boone Camp pay. The only natural gas marketed off the lease in Tennessee during 1936 was in Morgan County, where approximately 10,000,000 cu. ft. were furnished the towns of Sunbright and Burrville and the immediate vicinity. The gas occurs with the oil in the Boone Camp field and small amounts were put on the line from the near-by Coon Hollow and Seabolt pools. There are 11 gas wells in the area. Development Although the presence of petroleum in Tennessee was noted more than one hundred years ago, this state has never been an important

Jan 1, 1937

By Sid T. Killan

The utilization of the reducing power of blast-furnace gas can be estimated by applying two rectifying calculations to the gas analysis. A resulting corrected CO/CO2 ratio varies inversely with furnace production. Directions for calculating the corrected CO/CO2 ratio are given, and a corrected CO/CO2 ratio is compared with actual furnace production. THE inadequacy of the normally accepted CO/CO, ratio as a measure of blast-furnace performance and furnace efficiency was discussed following the presentation of the paper by H. F. Dobscha.' In this outstanding example of careful observation on large scale blast-furnace operation, the changes occurring with beneficiated ores were: 1—A net gain in tonnage of 21.2 pct. 2—A decrease in net coke of 15.3 pct. 3—A decrease of 1.9 pct in the CO/CO, ratio. In this great change in furnace performance, the CO/CO, ratio proved itself worthless. The discussion of the inadequacy of expressing furnace performance and efficiency by the CO/CO, ratio led indirectly to the calculations forming the basis of this paper. At that time Dr. T. L. Joseph said: "We must consider difference in CO, from the stone in the two cases when we talk about the ratios of CO/C02." This statement is used for the second of the two CO/CO, ratio corrections forming the basis of this paper. The research work in attempting to find out why the furnaces could op-erate so differently with practically the same CO/CO, ratio lead not to the answer sought but, after a shift to the gaseous phase in the research work, the proof that the normal CO/ CO, ratio was outmoded and a new corrected ratio should replace it. To be of any value, any new corrected ratio should express approximate furnace efficiency and give an idea of practical furnace performance to be expected. This the normal CO/CO, ratio has failed to do. However, in the absence of anything better, some credence has been attached to the normal CO/CO, ratio. As far as the writer can ascertain, the present paper is the first attempt to change or improve the normally accepted index of

Jan 1, 1952