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By John A. Gann

THE Iron and Steel Division has shared in the general increased activity of the industry. The fall meeting at Chicago was not only well attended but particularly characterized by the virility and scope of the discussions at the various sessions. The program for the February meeting indicates a similar interest in technological developments. The Blast-Furnace Committee continues to have the hearty support of the industry with discussions of such a nature as to be of real help to the operator as well ass the technologist. The work of the Open-Hearth Committee continues to be outstanding, with ever increasing attendance and ever mounting interest in the meetings. Formation of a conference on the physical chemistry of steelmaking has given those interested in this phase of work an organization allowing the same

Jan 1, 1936

By J. A. Brusset

THE Adanac mine was opened by West Canadian Collieries, Ltd. in 1943, and the question soon arose as to which system of haulage should be selected. Compressed-air locomotives and ropes were rejected on the ground of high cost. Since under the Alberta Mines Act the use of trolley locomotives underground in coal seams is not permitted, the choice lay between storage battery and Diesel locomotives, The preference of the author, who had experience with both in gassy French coal mines prior to 1930, was for Diesel locomotives due to lower cost of installation and greater flexibility and reliability. It was realized that the adoption of Diesels would be somewhat of an innovation since in the United States the mining laws prohibit their use under- ground in coal mines, and in Great Britain in 1943 their use was only in the incipient stage. By 1945, 25 Diesel locomotives were in use underground in gassy mines in Great Britain, and approval had been granted for the use of an additional fifty of two approved types also for gassy mines. Numerous special regulations of the British Coal Mines Act have been formulated to govern the use of Diesel locomotives. For instance, they are not allowed closer than 200 yards from the working face; daily inspections are required; and a weekly checkup and cleaning must be given the engine by a competent engineer. Also, methane content of the air in the roadway can never exceed 1.25 percent, and daily checks must be made if it exceeds 0.75 percent. Under Alberta regulations, we were required to use a flameproof type engine, to be used only in fresh air intake. The engine fumes had to travel along a separate ventilation split where no man was permanently employed. It is forbidden to run a

Jan 1, 1949

By Raymond L. Jones

With the inauguration of open-pit copper mining in Bagdad, Ariz., plans were formulated for a large scale leaching operation. Dump stockpiling was started almost immediately, but actual production was not initiated until spring 1961.

Jan 9, 1977

By T. P. Clendenin

THE northerly two thirds of Mexico falls into five main physiographic divisions, illustrated on the accompanying map. In form, these divisions are a series of strips, paralleling the northwest-southeast axis of the country.

Jan 10, 1951

By Leonard B. Lipson

Boyer, Morgan and Muskat,' with improvements by Morgan, McDowell, and Doty,l and Laird and Putnam,' have described a scheme for the determination of fluid saturatic in porous media by measuring the x-ray linear absorbing power of particular fluids in the media. This method is one of several which depend on the linear absorbing power of the fluids in the porous medium. Other examples of linear absorption methods involve measurement of dielectric constant, gamma ray absorption, and ultrasonic attenuation. It is the purpose of this note to demonstrate by theortical considerations that the absorption versus saturation curve for a linear absorption method is not necessarily a single valued function of the saturation. Such non-unique behavior must be considered and evaluated before suitable saturation determinations can be made by a linear absorption method. To illustrate the discussion, examples will be given only for the simplest cases of combinations of two different dielectrics. The dielectric constant method was chosen for illustration because it was thought to demonstrate most graphically the point in question. According to Argue and Maass,4 the resultant dielectric constant of a combination of two different dielectrics depends on the orientation of the dielectrics in the electric field of the test condenser used to measure the dielectric constant. One ease involves alternate slabs of dielectrics E1 and E2 perpendicular to the electric field of the test condenser, as shown in Fig. 1A. For this case: l/'E, = A/E, + B/E,.......(1) where E,,, is the dielectric constant of the combination, A is the ratio of the path length through dielectric E, to the distance between the plates of the condenser (assuming the dielectrics have the same cross sectional area as the condenser), and B is the ratio of the path length through dielectric E2 to the distance between the plates of the condenser. It will be noted that the constants A and B are numerically equal to the fractional "saturation" of the region between the test plates of the condenser by the two dielectrics E1 and E2, respectively. Another case involves alternate columns of the two dielectrics parallel to the electric field and forming a continuous path between the condenser plates, as shown in Fig. 1B. For this case: E., = AE1 + BE2.........(2) where E., is the dielectric constant of the combination, A is the ratio of the cross sectional area of dielectric E, to the cross sectional area of the condenser plates (assuming the lengths of the dielectrics equal the distance between the condenser plates) and B is the ratio of the cross sectional area of dielectric E2 to the cross sectional area of the condenser plates. As before the constants A and B are the effective "saturation" of the condenser by the two dielectrics. Still another case is described by Lichtenecker5 where dielectric E2 is shown in the form of small particles distributed at random in dielectric E1. This is shown in Fig. 1C. For this case: log Em = A log E1 + B log E2.....(3) where Em is the dielectric constant of the combination. A is the ratio of the volume of dielectric E1 to the volume of the condenser, i.e., the effective "saturation" of the condenser by dielectric E,. B is the ratio of the volume of dielectric E2 to the volume of the condenser, i.e., "saturation" of dielectric El. Equations (l), (2) and (3) are plotted in Fig. 2 for E1 = 2.5 (oil) and E2 = 80 (water). Equations (1) and (2) may he thought of as representing the limiting cases of the configuration of two fluids which might be expected to exist in a porous medium. Equation (3),

Jan 1, 1951

By Leonard B. Lipson

Boyer, Morgan and Muskat,' with improvements by Morgan, McDowell, and Doty,l and Laird and Putnam,' have described a scheme for the determination of fluid saturatic in porous media by measuring the x-ray linear absorbing power of particular fluids in the media. This method is one of several which depend on the linear absorbing power of the fluids in the porous medium. Other examples of linear absorption methods involve measurement of dielectric constant, gamma ray absorption, and ultrasonic attenuation. It is the purpose of this note to demonstrate by theortical considerations that the absorption versus saturation curve for a linear absorption method is not necessarily a single valued function of the saturation. Such non-unique behavior must be considered and evaluated before suitable saturation determinations can be made by a linear absorption method. To illustrate the discussion, examples will be given only for the simplest cases of combinations of two different dielectrics. The dielectric constant method was chosen for illustration because it was thought to demonstrate most graphically the point in question. According to Argue and Maass,4 the resultant dielectric constant of a combination of two different dielectrics depends on the orientation of the dielectrics in the electric field of the test condenser used to measure the dielectric constant. One ease involves alternate slabs of dielectrics E1 and E2 perpendicular to the electric field of the test condenser, as shown in Fig. 1A. For this case: l/'E, = A/E, + B/E,.......(1) where E,,, is the dielectric constant of the combination, A is the ratio of the path length through dielectric E, to the distance between the plates of the condenser (assuming the dielectrics have the same cross sectional area as the condenser), and B is the ratio of the path length through dielectric E2 to the distance between the plates of the condenser. It will be noted that the constants A and B are numerically equal to the fractional "saturation" of the region between the test plates of the condenser by the two dielectrics E1 and E2, respectively. Another case involves alternate columns of the two dielectrics parallel to the electric field and forming a continuous path between the condenser plates, as shown in Fig. 1B. For this case: E., = AE1 + BE2.........(2) where E., is the dielectric constant of the combination, A is the ratio of the cross sectional area of dielectric E, to the cross sectional area of the condenser plates (assuming the lengths of the dielectrics equal the distance between the condenser plates) and B is the ratio of the cross sectional area of dielectric E2 to the cross sectional area of the condenser plates. As before the constants A and B are the effective "saturation" of the condenser by the two dielectrics. Still another case is described by Lichtenecker5 where dielectric E2 is shown in the form of small particles distributed at random in dielectric E1. This is shown in Fig. 1C. For this case: log Em = A log E1 + B log E2.....(3) where Em is the dielectric constant of the combination. A is the ratio of the volume of dielectric E1 to the volume of the condenser, i.e., the effective "saturation" of the condenser by dielectric E,. B is the ratio of the volume of dielectric E2 to the volume of the condenser, i.e., "saturation" of dielectric El. Equations (l), (2) and (3) are plotted in Fig. 2 for E1 = 2.5 (oil) and E2 = 80 (water). Equations (1) and (2) may he thought of as representing the limiting cases of the configuration of two fluids which might be expected to exist in a porous medium. Equation (3),

Jan 1, 1951

By A. J. Sedriks

ALTHOUGH the occurrence of a readily visible tarnish on the stress-corrosion fracture surfaces of titanium alloys tested in oxygenated nitrogen tetrox-ide solutions has been reported,' the possibility that the formation of this tarnish is a requirement for cracking to proceed does not appear to have been considered. It has been proposed that failure occurs in this system as a result of some electrochemical-mechanical process.2 However, recent studies3-6 of the stress-corrosion cracking of a brass in certain ammoniacal solutions, which also cause visible tarnishing, have led to the view that failure occurs by the repeated formation and fracture of a brittle surface film of cuprous oxide. The purpose of this note is to point out the similarities which exist between the tarnish which forms on a brass and that found on titanium alloys failed in nitrogen tetroxide, and to suggest, by analogy, that a similar tarnish-rupture mechanism may be operative in the latter case. The titanium alloy selected for the present study contained 5.2 pct Al, 2.5 pct Sn, 0.025 pct C, 0.16 pct Fe, 0.014 pct N, 0.012 pct H, 0.07 pct 0, and 0.002 pct Mn by weight. Vacuum-annealed alloy strips measuring 4 by 0.25 by 0.04 in. were used to prepare self-stressed test specimens. Each specimen was made from two strips by bending the end portions and spot welding them together to produce curved sections of uniform bending stress. (The exact details of preparing such specimens have been described by Lisagor el al.7) The curvature in the strips determines the ma-magnitude of the outer fiber stress, which in the present specimens was 100,000 psi (yield stress = 120,000 psi). The specimen surface in the spot-welded end regions was shot-peened to induce compressive stresses and thereby eliminate the possibility of stress-corrosion cracking in these regions. The test environment was nitrogen tetroxide, initially containing 99.5 pct N2O4, 0.1 pct H2O, and 0.08 pct C1, through which oxygen had been bubbled for 30 min. During testing the tetroxide was subject to an oxygen pressure of 250 psi. The duration of the test was 96 hr, and during this time stress-corrosion cracks propagated through some 50 pct of the thickness of the specimens. After testing, the tarnish was liberated from the fracture surface by immersion in a methanol-5 pct bromine solution, and then examined by electron dif- fraction and transmission electron microscopy using a JEM-7 electron microscope. The possibility that the bromine solution had affected the structure of the tarnish was investigated by an "in silu" examination of the stress-corrosion fracture surface using a reflection electron diffraction attachment designed for handling bulk specimens. Typical areas of the tarnish liberated by the me-thanol-bromine solution are shown in Fig. 1. Fig. l(a) reveals that the tarnish consists of individual platelets, and from Fig. l(b) it can be seen that the platelets are joined together to form a semicontinuous film, the boundaries of the titanium substrate grains being retained in the tarnish. Electron-diffraction patterns taken from these areas exhibited diffraction spots typical of a monocrystal. The diffraction pattern shown in Fig. 2 was taken from the central area in Fig. l(n). Monocrystal patterns obtained from areas containing numerous individual platelets can only be explained by assuming that their growth is governed by the titanium substrate (i.e., their growth is epitaxial). In other areas, the tarnish had folded over or became mechanically damaged, and these areas gave diffraction patterns consisting of "spotted" rings, enabling interplanar spacings of the tarnish lattice to be determined. These spacings, measured using a

Jan 1, 1968

By C. E. Barnett, G. R. Durland

LUMINESCENT materials have been used in an increasing variety of ways in recent years. Such uses range from the screens on which the picture or image is presented in television and other cathode ray tubes to fluorescent lamps, fluorescent effects in decorative, theatrical, and display lighting, and the many applications of phosphorescence in paints, textiles, paper, and plastics. During the war the screens for a radar set or the "night-seeing" devices were not fundamentally different from those in other cathode ray tubes, but nevertheless they presented special problems for the phosphor manufacturer. It was essential that the "pips" on a radar screen continue to glow after the exciting beam had swept on, but this afterglow would be ruinous to a television screen. In the image tube used for seeing at night with infrared instead of visible light, electrons emitted by an infrared-sensitive receiving surface were amplified and converted to visible light after striking a fluorescent screen. The small size of the screen caused special problems in reducing the grain size of the phosphor to obtain adequate resolution. Other devices used phosphor surfaces which could be stimulated directly by infrared radiation to emit visible light. Energy was stored in the phosphors by prior excitation with short-wave-length radiation, and the stored energy released on subsequent exposure to infrared radiation. Maps, navigational charts, bombing manuals, and computers of various sorts were printed on fluorescent paper or lettered with fluorescent inks. Fluorescent markings excited by small ultraviolet lamps were used on airplane instrument dials. A large amount of research was done to determine the best color for the emitted light and other properties for the fluorescent materials, and on the best methods for their fabrication into the items listed above. Phosphorescent materials found wide use during blackout restrictions to mark safe passageways, to delineate traffic hazards, to identify packages, and to mark tools and other items of equipment.

Jan 1, 1948

By K. L. Young

The general energy equation, including change in kinetic energy, was solved by numerical integration and used to evaluate simplifying assumptions and application practices over a wide range of conditions. When extreme conditions were encountered, sizable errors were caused by large integration intervals, application of Simpson's rule and neglecting change in kinetic energy. A maximum error of only 1.31 percent was caused by assuming temperature and compressibility constants at their average value. It was discovered that a discontinuity can develop in the integral for the injection case. This discontinuity indicates a point of zero pressure change and is an inflection point in the pressure traverse. INTRODUCTION When a pressure in a gas well is to be calculated, one of the first decisions is to select a method of calculation. In many instances, this selection becomes a problem because the literature, at best, provides an evaluation of any method for only a limited range of conditions. Once a method has been selected, a question often arises as to the size of the calculation interval which should be used. The question regarding calculation interval arises because an analytic solution is not obtainable and approximate solutions must be used. This paper presents an evaluation of major assumptions and application practices of probably the two most widely used methods for calculating steady-state single-phase gas well pressures. The two methods are Cullender and Smith1-" (numerical integration), and average temperature and com-pressibility. The Cullender-Smith method assumes that change in kinetic energy is negligible and is normally applied in two steps with a Simpson's rule correcton. The average temperature and compressibility method, in addition to neglecting kinetic energy change, asumes that temperature and compressibility are constant at their average values. This method is normally applied for wellhead shut-in pressures of less than 2,000 psi, and in one step. Computer programs were written to compute bottom-hole pressure with and without the assumptions, using various approaches. Values of input parameters investigated are shown in Table 1. Flow rate was limited to a maximum of 5,000 and 10,000 Mcf/D for tubing sizes of 1.610 and 1.995 in. ID, respectively. Flow rate was also limited to 10,000 Mcf/D for a tubing size of 2.441 in. ID when wellhead flowing pressure was 100 psia. These limitations were imposed on flow rate so as not to exceed sonic velocity. The z factor routine available necessitated limiting bottom-hole temperature to 240F and wellhead pressure to 3,000 psia. Pressures were compared on the basis of percent deviation from the trapezoidal integration of Eq. l or 2 at 100-ft intervals. A preliminary investigation indicated that a 1,000-ft interval solution would differ from a 50-ft interval solution by less than 0.25 percent; therefore, the 100-ft interval was chosen for a base. For the purpose of comparison, deviations less than 1 percent were considered insignificant. where 111.1 qeC2/d p = kinetic energy term. Eqs. 1 and 2 can be evaluated numerically at specific depths using the trapezoidal rule as shown by Cullender and Smith. If change in kinetic energy is neglected and temperature and compressibility are assumed constant at their average values, Eq. 1 can be integrated to give the average temperature and compressibility equation,

By Lane Mitchell

A ceramic product or processed material is a solid composed of materials which have been subjected to heat above 875°F. The raw materials, which are blended together (or in some cases used singly), are selected and utilized for various reasons such as ease of fabrication, aid to processing, to yield desired properties after processing, lack or controllable degree of toxicity or hazard, availability, cost, and perhaps other considerations. Almost all solid inorganic, some organic, and some liquid and gaseous materials have the potential to be used individually in some ceramic product. There are several fundamental functions to be fulfilled in every ceramic product and a number of secondary functions are desirable in specified products. These functions are generally met by the most widely occurring minerals and rocks of the earth and their debris. This fact characterizes ceramics as a field utilizing the raw materials most available to man. Of course, specified products utilize synthetics, organics, and rare inorganics to produce desired results. Any solid nonmetallic product processed by subjection to temperature above a red heat may be called a ceramic product. Widely used construction materials and units, domestic utensils and units, industrial parts to facilitate manufacture, technical components, and aesthetic creations are very often of a ceramic nature because of the durability, inertness, hardness, ease of fabrication, cost, and availability of the ingredients. Often, organics or metals cannot meet desired specifications for some of these products. The rocks and minerals and mineral debris of the earth are largely siliceous. Oxygen and silicon comprise roughly 75% of the earth's crust with aluminum, iron, calcium, and the alkalies following in abundance. Silica ( SiO, ) and silicates can be melted to form glasses. Alumina (A1,0,), present in a mineral com- pound, gives greater durability, hardness, and strength, but lessens the glass-forming property. Iron, calcium, and the other alkalies flux silica and reduce melting points. Thus, sand, which is generally almost pure SiO,, and clay, which is generally hydrated alumina silicate, are the most widely used of all ceramic raw materials-principally because of the glass-forming propensities of silicates. In ceramic formulations, clay is generally a refractory filler or skeletal material, having in the raw state a plasticity derived from its colloidal grain size and its water-loving nature. On the other hand, silica sand is a glass former or nonplastic filler. Clay and silica sand in pure forms are quite refractory, i.e., not easily melted. Clay, although siliceous, is less of a glass former than pure silica and is more refractory. Natural contaminants, such as iron oxide or limestone, adulterate many clays and some sands. These contaminants act as fluxes and reduce the fusion points of the mineral or blends. Glass is made from silica sand by fluxing the sand with strong bases, usually soda ash and limestone. Red building bricks are hard and durable because the sand and clay have been partially fused with help of natural iron oxide serving as a flux. The iron oxide per- forms a dual function, serving as a pigment as well as a flux. In a blend of clay and sand and iron oxide, the sand is more susceptible to fusion than is the clay. Although silica sand and clay are the most widely used raw materials in most ceramic products, many other minerals, and some non- minerals are utilized in products where these materials can produce or aid in achieving desired results. Limestone and dolomite, feldspars, pigmentary minerals, refractory oxides or carbides, and special property producers can

Jan 1, 1975

By AIME AIME

In the uniform of his country for the second time, Harry Phillip Stolz. Chairman of the A.I.M.E. Petroleum Division, holds a commission as Lieutenant-Commander in the Naval Reserve and is attached to the office of Inspector of Naval Petroleum Reserves in California. During World War I he left his studies at Stanford University to join the Army and was granted a commission as Second Lieutenant of Infantry. He remained in the Army Reserve until 1938 when he resigned to accept a commission as a member of the Naval Petroleum Reserves Advisory Board. Born in San Francisco Jan. 29,1899, where his father had lived since 1880, he was in that city during the turbulent year of 1906 where the city was ravaged by fire and earthquake.

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

CHARLIE WARNER, Chairman of the Petroleum Division, is no stranger to the problems of the oil industry or to those of the Petroleum Division, after more than 25 years of experience in locating and producing oil and more than 22 years of membership in the Institute. He was born at Jefferson, N. Y.. April 27, 1894, and educated in the public schools of New York State and at Cornell University where he studied geology and allied sciences from 1913 to 1917 and received a B.A. degree. Immediately upon completion of this training, he was employed by the Empire Gas & Fuel Co. as a field geologist in Oklahoma and Kansas. Two years later he became district geologist for the Emerald Oil Co. in Oklahoma and Kansas, and in 1920 he rejoined the Empire Gas & Fuel Co. in the capacity of district geologist in Oklahoma. In September of 1921 he began his association with the Houston Oil Co. of Texas. He was district manager for the company in the Mid-Continent area until 1932 when he was transferred to the head office at Houston, where he became superintendent of the land and lease department in 1934 and was elected a director of the company in 1941. In these capacities, and also as petroleum engineer for the company, he keeps in intimate touch with all phases of field activity and with the regulation of the industry by State and Federal agencies.

Jan 1, 1943

By J. E. Tobey

UNDER war conditions coal immediately assumes a position of highest importance for coal must carry the basic load for industry. The upward trend in production continued through 1941. Bituminous coal production alone about equaled the total output of bituminous and anthracite in 1940. The figures for 1941 approximated 500,000,000 tons for bituminous, and 54,000,000 tons for anthracite, and production of by-product and beehive coke exceeded that of the previous year. The coal industry, under the National Bituminous Coal Act, is going through a period of readjustment, and is beginning to stabilize itself under the statute. The Federal Mine Inspection Nill became law during the year.

Jan 1, 1942

By S. Terry, W. Callender, R. J. Cornelius

When a dry ball-mill grinding circuit was in- stalled at the pellet plant of Hamersley Iron Pty. Ltd., it was something of a pioneering venture, since this was one of the first instances where such a circuit had been applied to iron ore on a major scale. The Hamersley pellet plant is located in Dampier on the coast of Western Australia. The feed for it consists of -8mm fines produced as a screened product at the Mt. Tom Price mine 186 miles inland from Dampier. It was these fines that encouraged the choice of a dry grinding facility for the plant. At the outset, tests had shown that the fines could not be filtered satisfactorily with a wet grinding system. At the pelletizing plant, the fines are stockpiled, reclaimed, dry ground in ball mills, formed into pellets on balling discs, hardened on an indurating line, and stockpiled for shipment overseas. These operations are shown in Fig. 1.

Jan 7, 1969

By AIME AIME

FOUK fields of activity are now recognized by the A.I.M.E. in its award of medals for conspicuous achievement: the Saunders medal for mining, the Douglas medal for non- ferrous metallurgy the Lucai medal for petroleum, and the Rand medal for distinguished achievement in the broad field of mining administration including the organization and development of enterprises in all branches of the mineral industry. This last is known officially as the Charles F. Rand Memorial Medal, and it award is made possible through funds supplied by the Charles F. Rand Foundation. Until this year money thus available was used for other special projects, so that the forthcoming presentation of the Rand medal to Robert C. Stanley is notable as being the first time that achievement in mining administration has been thus recognized.

Jan 1, 1940

By AIME AIME

IN A STATEMENT summarizing general conditions in the Federated American Engineering Societies, the executive secretary, L. W. Wallace, expresses the belief that the Federation has made substantial progress. At the annual meeting of the American Engineering Council, to be held in Washington Jan. 5 and 6, this progress will be shown by reports covering activities in many fields. "Unquestionably," says Mr. Wallace, "the Federa¬tion has made favorable and permanent contacts in Washington. Through the, activities of Congress and of the new Federal administration. we have had the opportunity to render some really constructive service. We feel, however, that the great body of engineers are not adequately informed of the organization of the Federation, of its aims and purposes and of its activities.

Jan 1, 1921

By John V. Beall

The forecast of continued growing demand for phosphate, chiefly for fertilizer, has caused a world-wide rush for deposits by a variety of companies many of which have never before mined phosphate rock. The newcomers are diversifying into this growth industry on the strength of certain capabilities. Among these are the availability of investment capital, mining or processing know-how and marketing experience. Product tie-ins have motivated some into the search. Companies with excess sulfuric acid or potential for making it are in this category. This acid is the most commonly used for dissolving phosphate rock to make phosphoric acid. Base metal smelting companies are prime candidates in this field with by-product acid from roasting processes. Producers of "sweet" natural gas, such as those in Louisiana and Texas, have a potential for recovering low cost hydrogen from excess gas production for the manufacture of ammonia, the main source of nitrogen for fertilizer. "Sour" gas producers, such as those in the Canadian fields, are making sulfuric acid that is combined with western U.S. phosphate to make fertilizer materials. The presence of one or two steel companies in the look-see for phosphate deposits is based on by-product ammonia from coke-oven gas.

Jan 10, 1966

By AIME AIME

As already announced, the XCIIId meeting of the Institute will be held at Toronto, beginning July 23, 1907. Hotel Headquarters will be at the King Edward Hotel, in which also the sessions will be held. The Queens, Rossin, Wallen, Iroquois and Palmer are good hotels not far from the King Edward. Members must secure their hotel-accommodations beforehand, by direct correspondence with the hotel they select. For those who neglect this precaution, the Local Committee will doubtless do what it can, but is unable to promise anything. Correspondence concerning this meeting (including notices of intention to attend it) should be addressed hereafter exclusively to Mr. W. G. Miller, Provincial Geologist, Bureau of Mines, Toronto, who is the representative of the Local Committee. The excursion to Cobalt, Lake Tenagami, Sudbury, etc., arranged by that Committee, involves the use of a special Pullman train for meals and lodging. After waiting a reasonable time to hear from members, the Local Committee has made its contract for Pullman cars. According to its latest report, there was still room for additional excursionists. Under this head, application made immediately to Mr. Miller may not be too late. Sessions for the presentation of papers, etc., will be held at the King Edward Hotel on Tuesday afternoon, July 23, and Wednesday morning and afternoon, July 24. The following papers have been accepted: 1. Sonic Reflections on Secrecy in the Arts, by James Douglas, New York, N. Y. .2. The Wilfley Table, by R. H. Richards, Boston, Mass. 3. The Tar-Sands of the Athabaska District, by' Robert Bell, Ottawa, Can. 4. The Occurrence of Nickel in Virginia, by Thomas L. Watson, Blacksburg, Va. 5. Coal-Briquetting in the United States, by E. W. Parker, Washington, D. C.

Jul 1, 1907

By AIME AIME

To accompanying photograph of the plant of the Beattie Gold Miner Limited, at Duparquet,. Quebec, is taken from the east and shows the open-pit from which the ore is taken during the summer. The buildings on the level ground above the open-pit are the change rooms, steel shop hoist building, compressor building, machine shop, warehouse, carpenter shop, and oil house. The main five-compartment shaft is shown west of the hoist building. The crusher plant adjoins the headframe and a long conveyor transports the fine ore

Jan 1, 1936

By M. S. NORTH

IT may be a far cry from the days of the old horse whim, and it is relatively a long way back to hand production in factories. Modern machinery has made possible deep shaft-sinking, newer methods have increased the recovery of mineral. Technically, excavating and ore dressing have advanced as has mass production and its many ramifications in the manufacture of commercial product. To those of the mining industry who would have us believe that mining and manufacturing are totally different enterprises, it can be said that certain differences do exist. These differences rather than being fundamental are the result of adhering to past practices which were possibly sound years ago but do not measure up today. Differences in managerial control, sales, and distribution, cost finding, etc., are often so pronounced that efforts to compare or contrast are almost futile.

Jan 1, 1930