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By M. Carrales

This Bureau of Mines publication presents short-range projections of domestic liquid hydrocarbon production through 1980. Appraisal of future crude oil production was made by evaluating the relationship between primary and enhanced oil recovery and the total crude oil producing trends in each of the oil-producing areas of the United States. Future natural gas liquid production was generally estimated by projecting historical production. Estimates of production were prepared for each of the oil producing areas and summarized for the Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) districts and total United States. From 1975 to 1980, crude oil production for the conterminous United States is expected to decline from 7.8 to 6.4 million barrels of oil per day (BOPD), and it is expected to increase from 8.0 to 8.2 million BOPD for the total United States. However, these estimates do not include additional production expected from the Elk Hills field in California and the Yates field in Texas. If included, 1980 production for the conterminous United States would be 6.7 million BOPD and 8.4 million BOPD for the total United States.

Jan 1, 1977

By Oliver Bowles

A conviction is growing that depressions and other adverse conditions are not entirely unavoidable if a knowledge of past achievements and shortcomings is intelligently, applied in shaping the course of industry. Mineral producers have available a source of such knowledge concerning; their industry in the statistical records of the United States Bureau of Mines, and by scanning, this increasingly exact history can obtain information on which to found a more stable future. This paper contains a brief history, covering more than 50 years, of the activities of the nonmetallic mineral industries as a group, followed by short histories of each of the more important commodities in which are noted the circumstances that lave influenced their development.

Jan 1, 1933

By Mark Flower

A 20L ignition test chamber has been used to test suspensions of 7 UK and world traded coals in air and O2/CO2 mixtures typical of oxy-combustion conditions. The coals varied in rank from sub-bituminous to bituminous and were tested in varying concentrations from the ignition limit to 400g/m3. Following each successful test the combustion residue was collected, weighed and analysed within a thermogravimetric analyser, allowing Q factors to be estimated. The ignition limit varied slightly in air, but was mostly around the 200g/m3 level. With the exception of Coal C, which was much harder to ignite, it correlated roughly with coal rank. The ignition limit changed significantly with O2 concentration when in mixed O2/CO2 gases. Only a few high volatile coals ignited in 21% O2/CO2 v/v, and then only with a 2500 J, rather than a 1000J, igniter. An increase in O2/CO2 levels to 30 or 35% gave ignition patterns similar to those carried out in air with a further increase to 40% having little additional effect. In addition the minimum ignition concentration decreased with increase in O2. Heterogeneous combustion or gasification of the coal by CO2 appears to be confirmed by comparing weight loss results for air and O2/CO2 mixtures respectively for an equivalent peak pressure rise.

Jan 1, 2009

By Roy A. White

The development of a fire and rot-resistant coating treatment for mine timbers, along with the associated processing technology, is described. Included are a literature search, laboratory studies of polyimide-fungicide coatings, and leaching and fungus growth studies on coated wood blocks. Finally, an economic analysis is performed tor various levels of production.

Jan 1, 1977

By David Schlain

The galvanic corrosion properties of titanium in contact with commercially pure aluminum, copper, or type 302 stainless steel in some of the common organic acids were investigated. Acids used in these experiments were 10 percent formic, acetic, lactic, citric; 1 percent oxalic and tartaric; and 9 percent oxalic. Electrode-potential measurements and several types of galvanic couple experiments were carried out. Solutions were aerated by three methods: Flow of air, flow of helium, and natural aeration. Work was done at 35° C. with couples consisting of equal areas of the 2 metals. Titanium was resistant to corrosion in most of the organic acids studied, whether alone or in contact with a dissimilar metal. However, titanium coupled with aluminum did corrode in 1- and 9-percent oxalic acid solutions. Contact with titanium usually caused aluminum to corrode by galvanic action. Copper was subject to galvanic attack in 10-percent acetic acid with a flow of air. Contact with aluminum to some solutions in which titanium is ordinarily inert and noble with respect to aluminum caused titanium to corrode

Jan 1, 1956

By Thomas J. Peters

In 1978, the U.S. Bureau of Mines and the U.S. Geological Survey completed a joint mineral survey of the Chemise Mountain and King Range study areas as mandated by the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1916, Public Law 94-579. The U.S. Bureau of Mines examined all identified mineral prospects and deposits; the results of these examinations are included in this report. The U.S. Geological Survey studied the regional geology, geochemistry, and geophysics; the results of these studies are available in USGS Map MF-1196. No mineral resources were identified in either the Chemise Mountain or King Range study areas; however, a high-grade silver and base-metal occurrence, and minor manganese resources were identified in between the two study areas, within the King Range Conservation Area. The only mining activity in either area was a placer gold prospect on Honeydew creek in the northeastern part of the King Range study area. Three samples from this prospect contained no gold. The Chemise Mountain and King Range study areas are in a mountainous region along the coast of northern California, 230 road miles north of San Francisco, and 70 miles south of Eureka by way of U.S. Highway 101, through Garberville and Redway. The Chemise Mountain study area consists of 3,941 acres; it includes the 2,598-ft Chemise Mountain, and the cliff-lined seacoast southeast of Shelter Cove. a resort and fishing village. The King Range study area consists of 39.764 acres northwest of Shelter Cove, and includes the northwest-trending King Range with elevations above 4,000 ft. The Chemise and King Range study areas are underlain by deep-water marine sandstones, shales, and minor pillow basalts of the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary Franciscan Subduction Complex. Mineral production was 1,650 tons of manganese ore within a manganiferous bed overlying pillow basalt at the Queen Peak mine southeast of the King Range study area. However, no significant manganese resources were found in the Queen Peak area. The Point Delgada area, directly south of the King Range study area, has prospects with high grade copper, lead. silver, and zinc. Exposures are inadequate to estimate resources; however, the metals may be associated with Franciscan volcanism (volcanogenic). The Chemise and King Range study areas may contain similar economic silver-rich, base-metal deposits.

Jan 1, 1992

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investigation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations No. 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigation beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the sixth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the loca.ion of holes, drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 half-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project except the deep holes drilled to test geophysical anomalies. The locations of those holes are shown on figure 13 in Volume I. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each half township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By L. C. IlsLey

"There are two general classes of accidents that prevail in and about mines, namely - (1) those that through the nature of mining work can only be lessened, and (2) those that by proper precaution can be eliminated altogether. Explosive accidents that ordinarily take place while explosives are being transported in and about mines belong to the second class, that is, by proper care all such accidents can in general be avoided.The following table gives a brief summary of several accidents and disasters that have occurred in the United States and indicates the need of universal preventive measures as a basic part of all State regulations.ACCIDENTS AND DISASTERS OCCURRING WHILE TRANSPORTING EXPLOSIVES.***"

Sep 1, 1923

This section of Minerals and Materials analyzes the following three factors affecting the recent performance of the U.S. and world mineral industries: 1) the health of the U.S. and world economies, 2) the level of interest rates and 3) the performance of productivity in both the U.S. mineral industry and the general economy. While these indicators do not exhaust the possible critical factors, they represent an initial attempt to probe some of the considerations underlying the performance of the U.S. minerals and materials industry. The U.S. and World Economies It is essential to analyze the state of the U.S. and world economy because the demand for minerals and materials is a derived demand; that is, since minerals and materials are used in the productive process, the demand for them is a direct function of the demand for the finished products of which they are a basic input. Thus, the demand for minerals and materials is directly affected by changes in present and planned consumption and investment expenditures. The past two issues of this publication have highlighted the generally discouraging performance of the national and inter-national economies. Briefly, the world economy is in the third year of the first long recession in recent history where inflation rates have remained above 5 percent. With many countries either unable or unwilling to support domestic spending while inflation continues, there has been a growing tendency to institute trade-restrictive policies to support domestic demand. The resulting weakened demand conditions in exporting nations have had a direct effect on the mineral industry.

Jan 1, 1982

By Donald E. Redmon

This Bureau of Mines report reviews injury experience in the nonmetallic mineral industries (except stone and coal) for 1966-67. For each of the years, 23 tables summarize disabling work injuries by department, source of injury, extent of disability, part of body injured, and nature of injury. Correlative information on employment, worktime, and operating activity is also presented.

Jan 1, 1973

By Gerhard Braüner

The report gives a review of the methods of predicting mine subsidence; these methods are used particularly in European coalfields. The methods are subdivided into two groups, based on mathematical expressions either for the trough profile or for the influence of infinitesimal extraction elements. The fundamental relationships common to all methods described herein are the principles of superposition and of equivalent extraction areas. The involved parameters are derived from field observations. For calculating horizontal displacements, their relation to the slope of the subsidence profile is applied. The time-dependent development of the subsidence process is characterized by the empirical "time factor." Modifications for the case of inclined strata are considered. A brief review of experimental and theoretical model investigations is given.

Jan 1, 1973

By E. J. Matson

From February until July 1943 the Bureau of Mines conducted an exploration project at the Majuba Hill mine to determine tonnage aria grade of the copper and tin ore and to search for extension of the mineralization. The work comprised sampling, long-hole drilling, underground excavation, and ore-dressing test.

Jan 1, 1948

By Frederick Bloetscher

Means of improving the U.S. Bureau of Mines Brattice Window Method have been investigated by Goodyear Aerospace Corporation (GAC). An extensive series of laboratory tests at GAC and a series of tests in three operating coal mines of the Bethlehem Mines Corporation were conducted. The GAC laboratory tests defined the window coefficients and the accuracy of the method using different measuring techniques for a range of window sizes and shapes with window areas from 0.0873 to 4.0 square feet for flow velocities through the windows of from 100 to 1000 FPM. The results indicated that for the range of window sizes and window flow velocities investigated a single window coefficient value can be used with little error for each window size and for each flow direction, for the investigated range of window flow velocities. The mine tests developed techniques for quickly erecting the Temporary Test Stopping (TTS) in a cross-out, making the measurements, taking down the TTS and moving it and the test equipment to the next cross-cut. The time period for the total cycle ranged from 15-45 minutes depending on the properties of the cross-cut's surfaces. The total weight of the TTS and test equipment carried by the two miners conducting the tests was approximately 40 pounds. Correlation was obtained between the sum of the leakage values past 10 consecutive individual stoppings using the brattice window method and the value for the difference in the airway flow values before and after the 10 consecutive stoppings when the value for the sum of the leakages for the 10 was significant when com¬pared to the airway flow values. The mine tests reiterated the importance of using the largest TTS window(s) consistant with making accurate anemometer measurements for the best results with the brattice window method.

Jan 1, 1978

By James J. Scott

Workshops were held in eight states during the period from December 12. 1975. through June 25, 1976, under U. S. Bureau of Mines Contract to the University of Missouri-Rolla. The workshops were designed to help define the Bureau's research and development priorities. At each workshop a summary of the current Bureau mine reclamation research was presented which was followed by identification of problems associated with mine land reclamation in the state where the meeting was being held. Discussions included the seriousness of problems locally and how the Bureau could best undertake research to assist the state in solving the problems identified. Participants included representatives of state agencies, educational institutions, and companies involved in surface mining. Attendance at these workshops totaled 201 persons who displayed a wide variety of opinions and ideas as to what should be done In government research and development efforts. A breakdown of these attendees is as follows: 91 state and Federal employees; 69 mine operators, equipment manufacturers and consultants; 33 educators and researchers; and 8 others representing such varied interests as environmental and conservation groups, news media and students .

Jan 1, 1976

By B. J. Scheiner

Electrooxidation of cinnabar mercury ores (HgS) was investigated as a means of providing an effective and economical hydrometallurgical technique for extraction of mercury from its ores, particularly those too low in grade to allow economical metal recovery by retorting or furnacing techniques. Oxidation was accomplished by electrolysis of ere slurried with brine. Cinnabar was dissolved by oxidation of the insoluble sulfide to soluble mercuric salts. The mercury ion in a brine solution forms a stable tetrachloro complex. Typical laboratory experiments required I to 7 hours of electrolysis at 35-percent pulp density in a brine solution that contained 4 to 20 weight-percent sodium chloride (NaCl). Power consumption ranged from 10 to 50 kwhr/ton of dry ore. Mercury extraction values between 90 and 99 percent were obtained with all of the ores investigated. Subsequent mercury recovery from leach solutions was readily accomplished by precipitation on zinc. Pilot mill experiments in a 100- to 200-lb/hr extraction plant are in progress to quantify power and reagent requirements, and extraction and recovery data obtained to date closely parallel those obtained in the laboratory.

Jan 1, 1970

By Avery H. Reed

ALABAMA'S mineral industry continued to expand. This was a record year for many commodities, with expansion in almost all industries. New records were established for the production of native asphalt, fixe clay, miscellaneous clay, kaolin, bentonite, lime, scrap mica, salt, sand and gravel, crushed limestone, crushed marble, and tale. Among the States, Alabama ranked second in the production of bauxite, third in the production of scrap mica and native asphalt, and fifth in iron ore. The mineral industry of Alabama was dominated by the mining and processing of coal and stone, the manufacture of cement, and the production of crude petroleum, which together comprised 87 percent of the total value of production, compared with 86 percent in 1963. The iron ore industry continued to decline. This was the first year in which consumption of imported iron ore exceeded the consumption of domestic iron ore. The coal industry recovered from the slump caused by the abandonment of red iron ore mining by United States Steel Corp., and production expanded 17 percent, for the best year in coal mining since 1948. During the year, the one-billionth ton of coal was mined within the State.

Jan 1, 1965

By Lulie H. Crump

Salient historical data on consumption of fuels and energy have been summarized by State and census district for the years 1960 through 1972. This Information Circular covers States east of the Mississippi, and Information Circular 8705 covers States west of the Mississippi. These data replace previously published compilations of energy consumption statistics by States and districts. Future annual studies are planned using the same Btu conversion factors applied in these two. Information Circulars.

Jan 1, 1976

By G. A. Appell

"INTRODUCTION During the summer of 1945, the Bureau of Mines conducted an investigation and program of churn drilling near the village of Tennyson in Grant County, Wis. The work was undertaken as part of a general investigation of the zinc-producing area of southwestern Wisconsin at a time when all effort was being made to increase the production of metals important to the war program.The area for special investigation was selected on the basis of favorable structural disclosures, evidence of widespread zinc mineralization, absence of any great amount of exploration to depth beneath the productive shallow workings, and the favorable results of several churn-drill holes in the village of Tennyson.During the Bureau's investigation, 30 churn-drill holes aggregating5,888 feet were completed.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSIn its program of investigation of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to-the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual. Investigative work, and prepares the final report.The work described herein was accomplished under the direct supervision of Francis C. Lincoln and the author, mining engineers of the Bureau of Mines. Final data on the investigation were prepared under the direction of Edward F. Fitzhugh, Jr., chief Minneapolis Division, Mining Branch."

Jun 1, 1947

By M. C. Malamphy

A general description of the activities and results of bauxite investi-gation by the Bureau of Mines at its bauxite project in Saline and Pulaski Counties, Ark., has been given in Report of Investigations 4251. The factual data obtained during the project are reported in a series of Reports of Investigation beginning with No. 4251, of which this is the sixteenth. The data are accompanied by maps showing the location of holes drilled and the deposits developed. Each area upon which work was done is reported by half townships. Each bauxite deposit investigated was assigned a name and a number for ready reference and identification, and its location and name are shown on the appropriate half-township map. The description of each half township is followed by a description of each deposit developed in that half township. The 14 half-township maps and 77 detail maps of the bauxite deposits in this series of reports give the locations and numbers of all the holes drilled on the project, except the deep holes drilled to test the geophysical anomalies. The locations of the latter holes show on figure 13 in volume 1. The descriptions of the deposits developed are followed by complete detailed logs of the drill holes. Many of the widely spaced exploratory holes did not discover bauxite of minable thickness and grade. The pertinent information obtained from the widely spaced exploratory drill holes has been summarized and tabulated, and a table for each half township is given with the discussion covering that area.

Jan 1, 1948

By Lloyd A. Morley

This seven-chapter document is the first volume of a two-volume report that presents a comprehensive outline of coal-mine electrical power systems from theory to practice. Together, the two volumes contain the vital aspects that go into planning and designing a mine power system. After a short introductory chapter, Chapter 2 discusses the history of electrical use in mining and introduces "typical" mine- power-system arrangements. Chapter 3, 4, and 5 supply basic information on electrical theory, circuit analysis, and motors. Next, the Grounding and Distribution Chapters detail unique aspects of mine power systems. Elements of surface and underground use are included in all these chapters. An index concludes Volume I and is cross-referenced to both report volumes.

Jan 1, 1982