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By D. F. Coates

El presente texto describe los procedimientos que deben seguirse en la selección de pernos para sujeción de techos, proyecto de patrones y control de varios aspectos de la reacción del terreno, de acuerdo al Departamento de Minas del Gobierno de Canadá. El objeto del empernado es proporcionar el soporte del techo para el período de tiempo limitado -que es corriente en la construcción antes de que sean colocados los forros permanentes en las labores de extracción y galerías. Consecuentemente, esto no cubre el uso de los pernos en lugares tales como puntos de arrastre en los pozos de las minas y en las instalaciones permanentes.

Sep 1, 1972

By Julio Roncal

La actividad minera es el motor de la economía en el país contribuyendo en más del 10% al producto bruto interno del Perú. En la zona sur del país se encuentra el corredor minero sur donde se ubican algunas empresas mineras siendo las principales Las Bambas, Antapaccay y Hudbay, en dicho corredor minero las empresas mineras han llevado a cabo una gran inversión social, pero la presencia de las mismas ha generado conflictos y protestas debido a las altas expectativas económicas de la población y la falta de presencia del Estado. En respuesta a esta situación, Hudbay actualizó y activó su Plan de Manejo de Crisis y Contingencias para proteger a las personas y los activos.

Sep 29, 2023

By Jack L. Henry

The ternary system A14C3-AIN-Al203 has been examined to determine compositions which may display desirable high-temperature refractory properties. Powder methods were employed in the synthesis of all test compositions. Forming and sintering behavior was examined and hot-pressing parameters were measured. Several properties were studied for each composition of interest in the system. The properties included hydrolysis rate in moist air, elevated temperature oxidation rate, density, softening point, tensile strength, and rupture strength. In most cases equilibrium was not achieved, and the data are representative of a nonequilibrium system. Approximately 16 separate phases have been observed in the system. Forming behavior and selected properties of five compositions of interest were compared with those of aluminum oxide and aluminum nitride. None of the compositions compared favorably. Oxidation and vaporization appear to be serious drawbacks to the use of these compositions at elevated temperatures.

Jan 1, 1969

By Y. Luo

A PC based computer model has been developed by the authors for predicting the surface subsidence due to underground coal mining. Its reliability, comprehensiveness and user friendliness demonstrate that it is a good tool for the mine operators, government agencies and scientific researchers alike.

Jan 1, 1989

By Edelink Efrain Tinoco Falero

Na atualidade a produção e a utilização de DRI estão aumentando nos países desenvolvidos, principalmente devido à redução do preço do gás natural e do sucesso da nova tecnologia de extração de gás de xisto. Os custos operacionais e os problemas ambientais são, efetivamente, os fatores tecnológicos importantes a serem considerados na otimização da produção de DRI. Portanto, o teor de carbono do DRI tornou-se essencial em virtude da capacidade de gerar energia química no banho de aço, complementando assim a eletricidade em FEA, e as contribuições exotérmicas da oxidação de Si e C nos conversores LD. Este trabalho faz parte de um programa completo de cooperação entre a companhia de mineração Samarco e o Grupo de Siderurgia da PUC-Rio, lidando com as equações cinéticas da metalização e carburização simultânea em fornos de redução direta. Para este efeito, o reator foi dividido em três zonas internas: Redução, Transição e zona de resfriamento. Além disso, também foram consideradas três regiões concêntricas: periférica, média e centro. Á partir desses resultados, para um tipo de pelotas RD específico, mistura de gases utilizados nas instalações industriais e similar flui-dinâmica do processo, as equações cinéticas de metalização e carburização foram estabelecidas para cada zona. Um programa computacional METCARB, totalmente baseado nessas equações cinéticas, foi então concebido. Finalmente, uma validação adicional procedeu-se tendo em conta duas corridas operacionais industriais.

Aug 17, 2017

By William R. Yernberg

The Mineral Processing Plant Design, Practice and Control Conference was held from Oct. 20through 24, 2002, at the Fairmont Hotel, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The conference was attended by nearly 400 of the world’s top mineral-processing specialists, including plant-design engineers, mineral-processing consultants, academics, suppliers and equipment manufacturers. The meeting was sponsored by SME and cosponsored by the Canadian Mineral Processing Division of the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM). The conference covered all aspects of mineral-processing design, construction and operation. The meeting included more than 130 technical presentations. Topics included sampling programs, feasibility studies, design criteria, process technologies, construction, start-up operations and shutdowns. To stimulate interaction and discussion throughout the five-day conference, the sessions were presented consecutively. Attendees had the opportunity to attend every session.

Jan 1, 2003

By Peter Grandone

"INTRODUCTION The injection of water into partly depleted-oil-bearing formations as a means of supplying additional energy to flow oil wells now is recognized by the petroleum industry as an effective method of increasing the recovery of oil. The benefits to be derived from water-flooding oil sands were discovered accidentally more than 4o years ago, when oil producers in the Pennsylvania and western New York fields observed suustantial increases, in oil-production rates when water leaked past corroded casings of old wells into producing sands. This observation prompted some operators purposely to perforate or slit the casings opposite the producing formation in some of their wells to permit water to enter the formation. However, as many operators viewed the practice with skepticism and considered it to be in violation of oil-conservation principles,- systematic water-flooding was not initiated until the Pennsylvania legislature, in 1921, enacted a law authorizing water-flooding of oil sands in that State.Although water-flooding has been practiced in a haphazard manner for more than 25 years in Chautauqua and Montgomery Counties, Kansas, planned or systematic water-flooding in that State had its inception in 1935, when the legislature, following the example of Pennsylvania, also passed a lava/ authorizing water-flooding. The early operations and, to some extent, those still, practiced in the Chautauqua-Montgomery area consisted in raising or perforating the casing to allow water from upper strata to gravitate into underlying oil-producing formations. The extent to which this type of water-flooding affected petroleum production in the old stripper area of eastern Kansas is not known, but it is known to have increased oil production ap¬preciably from many leases.Following enactment of the law permitting water-flooding in Kansas, three operators inaugurated, in that same year, three organized flooding projects in three different counties of the southeastern part of the State. The first organized project on record was that of the York State Oil Co. in the Seeley pool, Greenwood County. On this project, the injection was started on May 15, 1935, into the Bartlesville sandstone at a top depth of 1940 feet."

Jul 1, 1944

By Francis J. Fratttali, Verda McLendon, Stanley J. Green

"INTRODUCTION During the first phases of the war emergency the shortage of aluminum prompoted the Bureau of Mines to investigate methods for using low-grade bauxites of high silica content and also clays as raw-material sources of this strategic metal. The Bayer process treats low-silica bauxites to provide the industry with a major portion of the purified alumina, which contains very low percentages of silica and other impurities. One of the methods investigated in the laboratories of the Bureau of Mines for low-grade materials is the lime-soda sinter process, which was studied on a pilot-plant scale. In this process, the alumina content of the alumina-bearing minerals Bs made water-soluble by sintering the raw material with limestone and soda. Simultaneously, the siliceous material is rendered insoluble. The sinter is extracted with an alkaline liquor, and the resulting extract liquor is treated as follows to recover the alumina: (1) Autoclaving with lime to remove silica as a zeolitic complex and (2) treatment with CO2 to precipitate alumina as the trihydrate (A1203.3H20). Figure 1 is schematic flow sheet of this process.As the process is cyclic, it is necessary that nearly all of the soda and alumina remaining in the plant liquors after carbonation be recovered. Upon passing through one cycle, these liquors contain 14 to 15 percent NaCO3 2 to 5 percent NaOH, 1 to 3 percent A1203, minor amounts of silica, and, with certain materials such as Pennsylvania diasporic clays, 0.5 to 1.0 percent Na2S04. Approximately 50 percent of the Na20 in these liquors must be returned, as soda ash, to the dry-grinding and raw-materials blending operations. Previous work (6)5/ on sulfate-free solutions demonstrated that two methods for recovering Na20 were feasible, namely: (1) Salting out Na2C03.H20 by evaporation of the carbonated solutions and (2) crystallizing Na2C03.10H20 by cooling the concentrated carbonated solutions."

Sep 1, 1947

By Edgardo Salas M

El presente texto describe la geología del yacimiento polimetálico de Iscaycruz. Dicha mina está situada en el distrito de Pachangara, provincia de Oyón, al norte del departamento de Lima, donde predominan los sulfuros de zinc, confinados al ámbito de la formación calcárea Santa, tanto en el piso como en el techo.Su mineralización corresponde al tipo de reemplazamiento hidrotermal, conformado por minerales de zinc, plomo, plata y cobre; y se encuentra formando mantos en las calizas de la formación Santa.

Apr 26, 1999

By Alejandro Freyre B.

"El presente texto señala el proceso de explotación de la veta Shiusha situada en el distrito de las minas de Huarón. La veta es de origen hidrotermal, cuyo rumbo aproximado es E-W, y su buzamiento varía de 75º N en el Estea 85º N al Oeste, uniformizándose en los niveles inferiores en 85º :N. El eje mayor probable del depósito ( plano Nº. 1 '), tiene una inclinación de 25 º E. El depósito se extiende sobre una longitud de 1100 m, entrelas coordenadas 4600 - 57 00 E., pero la calidad y cantidad del mineral son variables en las tres dimensiones. Asimismo, se describe la prospección, preparación para corte y relleno, arranque, intermedias de los tres compartimientos y la aplicación de gradines descendentes vacíos."

Aug 20, 1963

By Tomás Guerrero M

El objetivo del presente texto es analizar historiográficamente la exploración de los yacimientos minerales durante el período de 1960 -1978. La selección de este período implica una revisión técnica como de descubrimiento. En este sentido, la exploración de minerales se basó en tres grupos: cobre, polimétalicos y no metálicos, donde la primera década revela una actividad de exploración realizada por el sector privado, mientras que los últimos años significa un crecimiento explosivo de la actividad estatal en la exploración de minerales.

Nov 20, 1978

By Ricardo Tadeu Meneses Sodré

Laminadores de Tiras a Quente (LTQ) são equipamentos que realizam a transformação de placas de aço em bobinas laminadas de aço. Após a fabricação da bobina é necessário à marcação de todas as bobinas laminadas para possibilitar a identificação e rastreabilidade da bobina. A Arcelormittal Tubarão possui uma máquina de marcar automática robotizada que realiza essa identificação. Ocorrendo falha na máquina de marcar a identificação das bobinas passam a ser realizadas manualmente pelo operador, que não possui a mesma velocidade da marcação robotizada, ou seja, imediatamente ocorre perda de produção e após alguns minutos o gargalo se torna insustentável causando a parada do Laminador de Tiras a Quente. Um estudo minucioso foi desenvolvido através da elaboração de um diagrama de blocos funcionais (DBF), levantamento do histórico de falhas e tempos de manutenção, criação das curvas de confiabilidade e mantenabilidade e dos blocos de confiabilidade (RBD) para realização de simulações. Este estudo permitiu direcionar os esforços para os modos de falhas que mais impactavam na produção, reduzindo significativamente as falhas da máquina de marcar. Para sustentabilidade do resultado os planos de manutenção e inspeção foram revisados utilizando a Manutenção Centrada em Confiabilidade (RCM). O estudo proporcionou um aumento de produção de 15.207 ton/ano.

Aug 7, 2018

By Carlos Magno Palacios Arbizu

La calidad total es la estrategia que busca la mejorar la productividad y eficiencia de los productos que ofrece -en tanto sean reconocidos por este valor-, de forma que genera competitividad en las organizaciones peruanas y se presenta como respuesta a nuevos enfoques de gestión surgidos ante el proceso de globalización. En este sentido, el presente trabajo analiza la forma del avance en el nuevo enfoque de gestión de las empresas mineras, para así proponer alternativas de tratamiento e implementación de un modelo basado en la Calidad Total, de manera que esté alineado dentro de un sector que tenga características propias y diferenciadas de organizaciones de otros sectores productivos.

Sep 12, 2005

By Raúl Daniel López

Un objetivo de seguridad y calidad en los moldes de la colada continua de Siderar fue la de tener un menisco estable y controlado. A lo largo de los distintos periodos de inversiones y mejoras, el control de nivel de Siderar logro como objetivo contener su variación de nivel de acero en el molde en un rango de variación menor a +/-2 mm y con una velocidad de cambio inferior a 1,5 m/segundos. Esta etapa trajo una relativa mejora en los aspectos mencionados (calidad y continuidad operativa) pero el hecho de tener como sistema de medición de nivel un sistema radiactivo (fuente Co60 y contador de centelleo) mantenía serias limitaciones en ambos rubros dado que este sistema no diferencia la interface escoria /polvo colador con el menisco de acero. Este trabajo tratará de mostrar y contar las tareas de desarrollo y aplicación de esta nueva tecnología, hoy vigente en la nueva Colada Continua N° 2 (CCD2) y en etapa de puesta en marcha de la CCD1.

Aug 15, 2017

By P Tzeferis

An exploratory laboratory work was carried out on microbial leaching of poor non-sulphide nickel ores, not amenable to conventional mineral processing operations. The results have shown that domestic low-grade lateritic ores of limonitic or haematitic type are amenable to bioleaching by fungal strains of Aspergillus sp and Penicillium sp. Maximum nickel and cobalt recoveries achieved were 60 per cent and 50 per cent respectively. Losses of soluble nickel in the fungal biomass were found in the range 3 - 11 per cent. Chemical analysis of the leach liquors showed the presence of significant amounts of citric, oxalic and other organic acids, indicating the role which certain metabolic products of fungal activity may play in the process. Possibilities for future investigations are discussed.

Jan 1, 1997

By Roberto Palacios, José Morán, Cristian Fernández

El presente trabajo cuenta con la experiencia, metodología y tecnología desarrollada en minera aurífera retamas frente al problema de la sismicidad inducida por el minado y los controles estratégicos y tácticos a seguir para reducir los eventos microsísmicos y dar sostenibilidad a las operaciones mineras, priorizando la seguridad de nuestros colaboradores e infraestructuras de la mina. En este trabajo, se muestra la metodología y controles de mitigación que se utilizan para reducir los incidentes por impacto de los eventos microsísmicos en las operaciones mineras. Haciendo una mina segura y sostenible.

Sep 29, 2023

By James G. Lyons

All machines vibrate and make noise. An increase signals impending trouble. Vibration and noise analysis allows the condition of the machine to be determined without costly interruption in service for disassembly and physical inspection.

Jan 1, 1977

By Axel Preusse

Underground coal mining can cause seismic events. There is currently no way to predict such phenomena reliably, in particular stronger events. That is why, according to the current state of the art, empirical methods are employed in this field. Some assessment criteria, which relate to the geological and mining situation and either stimulate or rather help to avoid seismic events, are presented in this paper. These criteria are examined for a practical mining situation in Germany, with a view to estimate possible seismic events.

Jan 1, 2009

By Armando Rivera, Ángel Cueva

El proyecto Mirador, ubicado en la provincia de Zamora Chinchipe en Ecuador, es un sistema mineralizado del estilo pórfido – cuprífero, tipo cobre – oro. Constituido por una zona superior de óxidos, adyacente a un área transicional de óxido –sulfuro dentro de una zona mineralizada con sulfuro hipógeno (calcopirita– pirita), tiene potencial para generar drenaje ácido de roca (DAR), lo que crea preocupación ambiental respecto de los recursos de agua superficial y subterránea. En este artículo se describen diferentes etapas de muestreos de los núcleos de perforación con variación en profundidades y litologías, el análisis de los factores que influyen en la transformación de residuos sulfurosos, y la realización de pruebas estáticas estándares y cinéticas.

Feb 28, 2019

By Ebrahim Farrokh

Ghomroud water conveyance tunnel project is under construction using shield Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) for a total length in excess of 50 km. Phase 1 of the project included 36 km of tunnel divided into four lots (1, 2, 3, and 4) of nine km each. Lots 3 and 4 of this tunnel for a total length of 18 km were combined into one award and have been constructed using a double shield (DS) TBM or one path system. Extreme ground convergence in some sections of the tunnel has stalled TBM performance in early reaches, due to face collapse and shield jammings. This paper presents the latest update on the tunnel progress and impact of ground convergence on machine performance based on the information obtained from field observations. Also, the method and results of tunnel convergence measurements were studied in conjunction with geological parameters and an attempt was made to correlate TBM operational parameters and ground convergence. The result of the analysis indicates a good correlation between machine?s operational parameter and tunnel convergence and can be used as an indicator of the potential for high rates of convergence. An early warning on ground convergence is essential for taking precautionary measures to avoid TBM jamming and related long delays and costs.