Search Documents

By A. D. Hughes

A relatively small area in Malaya, about 200 miles long by 40 miles wide, is the most important source of tin in the world. Some tin is recovered in other parts of the peninsula. Of the tin mined, 98 pct is recovered from alluvial deposits. From 1935 to 1941 the average annual world production of tin was 190,000 tons. The average annual production from Malaya during the same period was 62,000 tons or about one third of the total. Other producing countries, in order of importance, were the Netherlands East Indies 34,000 tons, Bolivia 30,000, Belgian Congo, Nigeria, Siam, Burma, China, and a few others with smaller amounts. The serious shortage of tin during the war period was due to the fact that the Japanese were occupying Malaya, Netherlands East Indies, Siam, Burma, and China which, together, formerly were producing 65 pct of the world supply.

Jan 1, 1949

By ELLSIVOKTH DAGGETT

THE Berlin gold quartz mine is situated in Nye county, Nevada, on the west flank of the Shoshone range, about 40 miles south and 30 miles west from the town of Austin, the county-seat of Lander county. The distance from Austin is about 60 miles by stage-road. The outcrop of the vein, at the top of the incline-shaft, is situated just at the base of the mountain proper, almost exactly at the intersection of the mountain-side with the gravelly bench that slopes for about three-quarters of a mile to the flatter sage-brush plain, or desert valley, below. The -vein itself consists almost entirely of quartz, with perhaps 2 per cent. of sulphide of iron, copper, lead, zinc and antimony, and perhaps a trace of some of the compounds of tellurium with gold and silver, although none of the latter have been as yet positively identified. The relative proportion, by weight, of silver and gold in the ores, varies in different parts of the vein, from 12 silver for 1 of gold, to 7 silver for 1 of gold. The quartz vein-filling is usually frozen fast to the walls, and is very hard and compact, seldom showing the friable, fissured, or shelly structure often to be found in quartz veins. Comparatively little evidence of relative motion of one wall of the vein upon the other is to be found-a fact indicating that during the formation of the vein, and prior to the extensive movements herein described, little disturbance had taken place. No evidence whatever of metasomatic origin has been observed. On the other hand, occasional occurrences of comby structure, in which the axes of the quartz crystals are at right angles to the plane of the vein, rather indicate deposition from solution in a pre-existing fissure. Spurs, or branches, and small parallel veins, while not en-\

Mar 1, 1907

By R. C. Canby

JUDGE GRANT, in a delightful satire of his, says: "Boston is a state of mind." I think that this same statement might well be made of the metallurgy of lead. I was particularly impressed with this when about thirteen or fourteen years ago I prepared a paper on "Development of the American Water- jacket Lead Blast Furnace." Dividing the time, as I did into ten-year periods, from the commencement of lead smelting at Eureka, Nev. (1870), and showing the tendency for each of the five decades it was evident that the progress had been through a succession of states of mind from the rule of thumb through the ultra scientific, or from what I might call the slag type period up to the present highly developed art. Conservatism has been characteristic of the metallurgist. This may have been most natural, especially with the lead metallurgist, the development of whose art was so entirely in the custom smelting plant, where the metal contents of his ores were paid for in cash and therefore excessive metallurgical losses could mean nothing short of financial bankruptcy. The metallurgist himself was held to a personal account, in these smelting plants. It was the metallurgist who was accountable. In the concentrating plants, if undue losses occurred remodelling of the plant was discussed, but if there were excessive metallurgical losses in the custom smelting plant, a new metallurgist was considered as the remedy. For this reason the tendency was to adhere to recognized practice and to be wary of unusual methods, using the word unusual in the sense in which it is used in Article VIII of the Constitution of the United States, as to punishments and modes of death. This conservatism of the metallurgist was reflected as other branches of metallurgy were developed. We have heard of the wonderful development of flotation, but it had to be introduced over the dead metallurgical bodies of its opponents.

Jan 1, 1926

By DIFTIGIHT E. WOODBRIDGE

(Glen Summit Meeting, June, 1911,) DURING April, May, and June, 1910, I was in charge of an examination of the greater part of the Moa iron-ore area in Oriente Province, Cuba, on the north coast, near the east end of the island. My instructions, on arrival at the properties, were to check former estimates of tonnages and grades, and to re-examine the ore comprised in claims covering 44,727 acres. This work included .the running of lines dividing the properties into co-ordinate planes, the boring of many thousand feet of holes spaced at the intersections of these co-ordinates, the taking of samples of the ore penetrated, the analysis of these samples for their various constituent minerals, and the determination of the results as to tonnages, depths, and grades, both for individual properties and for the entire group. Each section of every one of the thousand holes drilled was to be compensated for depth and grade with every other, a series of simple arithmetical calculations of no slight magnitude, the mere mechanical labor of which consumed much time, but finally resulted in giving a complete average of all the essential facts for the entire area of 18,000 hectares. Had it not been for the more than willing, active, and able co-operation of the officers of the Spanish-American Iron Co., from Charles F. Rand, President, and Jennings S. Cox, General Manager, down to the most humble water-carrier, the work would have consumed far more time than it did. Papers prepared by others, and to which my present paper may be considered an addendum, elucidate, more fully than I could hope to do, the origin and geological character of these ores. I will confine myself to the situation, method and expense of exploration, and to probable courses of development and mining, with some attention to the cost of the ore delivered in the United States.

Mar 1, 1911

Jan 1, 1886

By Max Roesler

Page I. Introduction........................... 78 Location.......................... 78 Scope of Work and Acknowledgments.............. 79 History and Mining...................... 80 I1. Topography and its Interpretation................. 80 III. Petrology............................ 82 Sedimentary Rocks...................... 82 Description....................... 82 Age.......................... 84 Igneous Rocks........................ 85 Diabasic Rocks..................... 86 Dioritic Rocks...................... 87 Granitic Rocks...................... 88 Later Dike Rocks.................... 88 IV. Areal Geology.......................... 88 Rock Types Found in the District............... 88 Distribution of the Various Rock Types............. 89 Surface Distribution................... 89 Vertical Distribution................... 90 Causes of Present Areal and Vertical Distribution of the Various Rock Types..................... 91 Faulting...................... 91 Magmatic Differenti~tion............... 91 Tilting........................ 95 Erosion....................... 96 V. General Description of Ore Deposits................ 96 Nature of Ore ........................ 96 Shap~ and Size of Orebodies.................. 96 Geologic Position....................... 97 Mineralogy......................... 98 Distribution....................... 98 Interpretation...................... 99 Superficial Alteration................... 102 VI. Genesis of the Ore Deposits.................... 104 Previous Theories...................... 104 J. P. Kimball...................... 104

Jan 1, 1917

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names f those persons who became members during the period of Dec. 10, 1917, to Jan. 10, 1918. ARLUCK,- A. A., Headquarters Co., 66th Artillery Brigade, 41st Division, Care Postmaster, New York, N. Y. BUCK, LEONARD J Park & Prospect Ave., Bethlehem, Pa. BULL, FREEMAN N., Min. Engr., Robert W. Hunt & Co., 310 Wall St., Joplin, MO. BURGESS, ELISHA PAYNE JEWETT, Pres. & Mgr., Montana Consolidated Copper Co., Care Clark Dodge & Co., 51 Wall St., New York, -N. Y. CAMPBELL, THOMAS E Governor of Arizona, State House, Phoenix, Ariz. CARTWRIGHT, F. 0., Asst. Chief Clerk, The Braden Copper Co., Bancagua, Chile. CASH, FRANK E., Engr. & Asst. Supt. of Mines, Alleghany Ore & Iron Co., Lignite, Botetourt Co., Va. CRITCHLOW, EDWARD B., Pres., Conkling Min. Co., 307 McCormick Bldg., Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

By Robert Maes, Robert de Strycker

The Cu-Sn-As systeM was studied in the region near the Cu-42 and (214-As binary diagrams, where reactions in the solid state appear, resulting from the decomposition of the y(Cu-Sn) phase and from the formation of the 7 phase (Cu,As). The techniques used were microscopic observation, thermal analysis by dilatometry, and X-vay diffraction. The formation of the 7 phase gives rise to a ternavy pevitectoid veaction; the decomposition of the y phase gives rise to five transitional reactions. The temperatures of almost all these reactions could be determined; in the most favorable cases , the accuracy of this determination was of 11.5-C. The 7 phase is stabilized by tin additions, the arsenic atoms being replaced by tin atoms up to 35 pct; this has allowed the preparation of pure j) phase and the confirmation, by extrapolation, of the conrposition of this compound in the Cu-As diagram. In the first part of this work, the solidification reactions in the Cu-Sn-As phase diagram were studied. In the copper corner, the structure of the alloys presented the evidence of reactions in the solid state: on the one hand, all the alloys containing the y phase of the Cu-Sn diagram showed, under the microscope, that this phase had formed different decomposition products after complete solidification; on the other hand, the appearance of the 7 phase of the Cu-As diagram necessitated the introduction of a peritectoid formation reaction. The study of the decomposition of the y phase has been done by preparing about forty alloys that were homogeneous y at high temperature. The formation of the 7 phase has been studied by means of a few alloys with a composition near the homogeneity field of this phase at room temperature. The part of the Cu-Sn phase diagram of interest for this study is represented by Fig. 1, with the phase designation which will be used in the remainder of this paper; it is drawn after Hansen and Anderko.' The Cu-As diagram has already been presented in Part I of this work; the significant features of this study are the existence of the arsenides CusAs and Cu5Asz, and the formation of a compound CUEAS, designated as the 7 phase, by a peritectoid reaction at about 325°C. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The fundamental technique for the investigation of this part of the Cu-Sn-As constitution diagram was microscopic observation; the greatest part of the observed alloys has also been subjected to thermal analysis by dilatometry; a few selected alloys have then undergone an X-ray analysis by powder diffraction. Alloy Preparation. The alloys were prepared from the same products as in Part I of this study: cathode copper, arsenic with a purity better than 99.5, and tin with a purity of 99.98. The fusion of the ternary alloys was realized from

Jan 1, 1967

By Carl Zapffe

JUST as 85 per cent of the total ore produced annually in the United States comes from the Lake Superior region, so does one of its six producing districts-the Mesabi --dominate that region both as to production and total reserves; also in ore Treatment, Mesabi practice is dominant. Therefore, in discussing future reserves or ore treatment one may visualize one big district with five smaller districts as so many satellites. In considering the future less thought need be given to processes than to, economic policies. For thirty years experimental work has now been in progress and every possible ore-treatment process now known has been given attention. This work was started when there was no recognizable danger of running short of ore because of rapid consumption. Thirty years ago the annual production had just progressed beyond the twenty-million bracket for the first time. Today fifty million tons is considered a small production, and last year the aim was for 65 million. At the recent rate of production the life of the estimated reserves of good ore is about 35 years. All who know the local terrain are convinced that, unlike thirty years ago, the chances for discoveries of new big deposits are nil; treatment of lean ores obviously is to become an all-important topic.

Jan 1, 1938

By William M. Sheehan

TRANSPORTATION is one of the most important problems of the mine operator and the possibilities of cost reduction in this field should not be overlooked. In the railroad industry, cars and locomotives have been improved greatly, and the progress there made is well worthy of study by the mine operator looking for maximum efficiency in every branch of his activities. One of the outstanding developments in the construction of railroad equipment in recent years has been the wide-spread adoption of large one-piece steel castings for the framework of locomotives, passenger and freight cars. Some of the advantages and applications of this type of construction will be outlined in this paper, with particular thought of the needs of the mining industry. The inherent qualities of cast steel: homogeneity, unrestricted size and shape, high tensile strength, flexibility of metal distribution, resistance to corrosion, and gracefulness of outline, make it the most versatile member of the ferrous group. Not only is it a strength-giving element, but it is corrosion resistant, a combination that makes for large economies in equipment maintenance. Flexibility of metal distribution allows the integral foundation to be in the shape best suited for the purpose. These cast structures are really assembled in the mold in liquid form and the metal can be placed in the right pro¬portion exactly where it is needed, thus securing weight economy and uniformity of fibre stress. Such a process permits the incorporation, with ease, of necessary brackets, utilizing them to provide not only greater strength for the derail part itself, but often to add to the value of the entire unit. Laps, seams, and joints, which are necessary in all fabricated forms, are eliminated.

Jan 1, 1933

By Mara Kosovac, Sujan K. Kundu

The Iron Ore Co. of Canada (IOC) has developed a computerized plan analysis method for its open-pit iron mining operations which will eliminate much of the tedious manual drafting of pit design plans performed by engineers and geologists at its two major operational areas near Schefferville, Que., and Labrador City, Nfld. The new technique permits analysis of section or bench plans for a specific ore body, based on drillhole information; preparation of a three-dimensional unit profit matrix for pit design purposes, and storage of extensive ore-block information for other applications. Other advantages include enhanced design accuracy through reduction of human errors normally associated with preparation of large data masses, and by elimination of errors inherent in planimeter-prepared ore block diagrams.

Jan 7, 1978

By Robert Maes, Robert de Strycker

The solidifzcation reactions in the Cu-Sn-As system were determined by microscopic examination, thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. The system presents no ternary compound. There is a quasi-binary section, of a simple eutectic type, between the compounds Cu5As2 and SnAs; the system presents, in addition, one ternary eutectic reaction, one ternary peritectic reaction, and seven transitional reactions. The temp-peratures corresponding to each of these reactions were determined, most of them with an accuracy of *lLC. The isothermal lines of the liquidus surface were also established for almost the entire diagram. NO reference was found in the literature relative to the Cu-Sn-As phase diagram and this is believed to be the first study on this subject. The Cu-Sn diagram was taken from Hansen and Anderko;' it is represented by Fig. 1, with the phase designation which will be used in the remainder of this work. For the Cu-As diagram, the solution proposed by Hansen and ~nderko' must be modified to take account of recent data, principally from Heyding and Despault~ and from Hume-Rothery and Burns; this yields the diagram represented by Fig. 2. As for the Sn-As diagram, it is not established with certainty, particularly so far as concerns the solid solubility of tin in arsenic and the solidification reactions near the compound SnsAsz. For this last point, Hansen and Anderko propose two solutions: congruent melting of Sn3Asz with a eutectic SnsAsZ + SnAs or incongruent melting implying a peri-tectic reaction L + SnAs = Sn3As2. Microscopic examination of the few binary alloys prepared in this composition range made us prefer the second of these solutions, which gives the diagram shown by Fig. 3. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS The experimental techniques used in this work were microscopic observation and thermal analysis; a few X-ray diffraction patterns were taken to verify the

Jan 1, 1967

By AIME AIME

MESSRS. BURT and Shockley and others have been for three years urging upon the Institute the matter of simplified spelling. The Institute endeavors to be progressive in the matter of spelling and. is in cooperation with the national body which has this in hand and which has its principal office in New York. Our spellings are changed as fast as-good usage will permit (so it seems to the Board of Directors) and the national body, which is the real representative of the simplified spelling interests, deems that the Institute is making real progress, although not quite as fast as extremists would wish. In January, 1919, Mr. Shockley sent out letter ballots which created a misconception in the minds of many members, who received the impression that the communications came from the Institute instead of from a small group of members. As a result of this propaganda 163 proposal-ballots were sent in to the Institute divided as follows: Yes ?114 No ?20 Negative letters ?9 Split ballots ?20 Total ?163 The total membership at this time was about 7200. The disgusted members would not vote.

Jan 1, 1920

By F. H. Ellinger

TI HE crystal structure of neodymium has been re-A ported by Quill1 and by Klemm and Bommer"s to be hexagonal-close-packed, Strukturbericht-type A3, with a, = 3.650.4, c, = 5.890.4, c/a = 1.614. Klemm and Bommer,% owever, pointed out that the observed intensities of the lines of the neodymium powder pattern agreed only in part with the intensities calculated for the type A3 structure, and that the neodymium powder pattern showed extra lines which could not be traced to impurities. They found that these extra lines could be accounted for by doubling the c-axis, but apparently they did not consider their evidence to be sufficiently conclusive to justify reporting the doubled c-axis. In the present work, the structure of neodymium was found to be double hexagonal-close-packed. The neodymium metal used in the present investigation was obtained through the courtesy of F. H. Spedding of the Ames Laboratory. Its major impurity was stated to be 0.03 pct Ca. The author's spectrographic analysis indicated high purity and carbon was determined to be less than 30 ppm. X-ray powder specimens were prepared from filings stress relieved in vacuum at 200°C for 50 hr. Powder photographs were taken in an 114.6 mm diam camera (Straumanis film mounting) at room temperature and in a 19 cm diam Unicam high temperature camera at elevated temperatures. Copper x-radia-tion was used for all the photographs. The powder pattern of neodymium was found to index to a hexagonal unit cell with dimensions, as determined from the high angle Ka doublets, of: a.= 3.655+0.001.4; c, = 11.796+0.004.4; and c/a = 3.227 at room temperature. The measured density of neodymium shows that this cell contains 4 atoms, the calculated density is accordingly D, = 7.02 g per cu cm. The diffraction data for the first 15 lines of the powder pattern are listed in Table I. In a double hexagonal-close-packed unit cell, the 4 atoms would be in the positions (0,0,0), (0,0,%), (1/3, 2/3, 1/4), and (2/3,1/3,%) of space group P 6,/mmc. On the basis of these positions, the relative intensities of the reflections were calculated using the expression: 1+cos2 20 I oc \Frp 1 ' sin2 0 cos 0 where F is the structure factor and p is the multi- plicity factor. Since absorption was not taken into consideration, comparison of observed and calculated intensities should be made only for neighboring reflections. Each atom has 12 neighbors, 6 in the basal plane at a distance of 3.655.4 and 3 above and 3 below at the closer distance of 3.626.4. These distances correspond to an average radius of the neodymium atom of 1.820.4. The description of this structure in terms of A, B, and C close-packed layers of atoms is ABAC ABAC. ...... The structure repeats every fourth layer and the stacking sequence of the second, third, and fourth layers corresponds to cubic-close-packing of atoms. A series of powder photographs taken at successively increasing temperatures up to 680a10"C revealed that the double hexagonal-close-packed structure is stable up to this temperature. Acknowledgments The authw wishes to thank W. H. Zachariasen and A. S. Coffinberry for their helpful comments on this work and also Marion Gibbs for measuring the diffraction films. This work was sponsored by the United States Atomic Energy Commission.

Jan 1, 1956

By G. J. Wilson

Difficulties experienced in correlating vertical and lateral locations of subsurface features that are encountered in directional wells prompted critical review of the tangential method of computing directional surveys. Inherent discrepancies were indicated to cause small incremental but significantly large cumulative errors in computed vertical depth and horizontal departure. A radius of curvature method, developed for planning and analyzing directional wells, was studied as a means of more accurately calculating survey data. Errors incurred in the tangential method were not present in the radius of curvature method. Conflicting assumptions in calculating dog-leg severity by the tangential method were resolved by a new procedure that was derived from the radius of curvature method. Results of the investigation showed the radius of curvature method to be an improved method for computing directional surveys. Introduction Many improvements in directional drilling tools and techniques have been made in the past 10 years,' but the method of computing survey data has remained virtually unchanged. While use of computers greatly aids the process of calculation' and eliminates many human errors, manual and computer calculations are still made with the assumption that the wellbore consists of straight-line segments. This paper points out discrepancies in the method and presents an improved method in which the wellbore is assumed to be curved. Tangential Method The method presently used to calculate vertical depth, horizontal departure and direction coordinates with measured values of well depth, inclination angle and direction angle is termed the tangential method. This term stems from performing calculations with a series of straight-line segments, with each segment assumed to be tangent to the wellbore at a corresponding survey point. A segment is defined by inclination and direction angles measured at only the lower or deeper end. Consequently, a discrepancy or error is introduced for each segment. Errors are not of extreme magnitude, but cumulatively are significant due to the need to define as accurately as possible the vertical and lateral location of subsurface features such as pay tops, fluid contacts and fault cuts encountered in expensive directional well bores. In Fig. 1, the curved-line segment ab represents a portion of the actual borehole as viewed in the vertical plane. Points a and b are survey stations and +, is the inclination angle at point b. The curved-line segment ab is assumed to be the straight-line segment arb of a length equal to ab and tangent at point b to the curved-line segment. Lengths a'c' and c'b are equal to a'b cos +, and a'b sin +,, respectively. Point a already has been fixed by calcillations performed with survey data obtained at point a, and calculated lengths m'c' and c'b are projected as lengths from point a, rather than from point a'. Point b1 is thus fixed and assumed to represent the actual point b. Calculated length ac" is shorter than actual length ac, and calculated length c"bl is longer than actual length cb. Since b1 is the point from which the next deeper segment will be projected, errors are cumulative. Cumulative error continues to increase as long as the inclination angle continues to increase. When the inclination angle decreases (Fig. 2), calculated length ac" is longer than actual length ac, and calculated length c"bl is shorter than actual length cb. These errors also are cumulative, but differences between calculated and actual lengths are opposite in mathematical sign to differences demonstrated in

Jan 1, 1969

Abbott, Robert H., (S'42) Agricultural & Mech. College of Texas, College Sta.. Texas. Abrahamson, Guy C., (S'43) Univ. of California, Berkeley. Calif. Abrego, Alfredo, (S'43) Texas College of Mines & Metallurgy, El Paso, Texas. Ackermann, K. G., (S'43) Univ. of Alabama, University, Ala. Adamec, Lew, (S'42) Colorado School of Mines, Golden, . Colo. Adams. Charles E., (S'42) Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Adams, Charles W., (S'30) Asst. Met., Canada Foundries & Forgings Ltd., Welland, Ont., Canada. Adams, John W., (S'42) Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas. Adams, Karl S., (S'43) Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, N. H. Adamson, Charles R., (S'41) Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City. Utah. Adler, A. G., (S'41) Met. Engr., Flotation Operator Helper. Utah Copper Co.. Garfield, Utah. Adler, Frank J., (S'42) Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colo.

Jan 1, 1943

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Apr. 10, 1919, to May 10, 1919. BEAVER, JAMES J., Supt., Mech. Ore Loaders, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., Box 62, Bessemer, Ala. BLACKWELDER, ELIOT Geol. & Prof. of Geol., Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. BRAECKE, GUSTAVE E., -Min. Engr., Mgr., Societe Curas et Soldado, La Carolina, Spain. BRINK, CYRIL GORDON, Reduction Officer, Charge of Reduction Works. Fairview Devonian Montrose Gold Mines, Ltd., P. O. Sheba, Transvaal, So. Africa. COMERFORD, JOSEPH S., Chief Chem. & Met., American Manganese Steel Co., New Castle, Delaware. DROSDOWSKI, N. C. V., Asst. Supt.,, The Spassky Copper Mine, Ltd., Karagandy, Akmolinsk, Oblast, Siberia. DUNGLINSON, GEORGE, JR., Asst. to Gen'l Mgr., Norfolk & Western Railroad, Bluefield, W. Va. FARAGHER, PAUL VANCE, Research Fellow on Light Metals, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa.

Jan 6, 1919

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of June, 1913: Members. ANGERER, VICTOR, Vice-Prest. and Genl. Mgr., Wm. Wharton, Jr. &, Co., Inc., 25th St. and Washington Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. BULLOCK, ALLYN, Min. Engr., Hazleton, Pa. CUNNINGHAM, NOEL Met. Engr. Hollinger Gold Mines Ltd., Timmins, Ont Canada ESTABROOK, EDWARD L., Supt. of Colliery 426 Center St., Ashland, PA. GATES A. O. Instructor Purdue Univ. La Fayette Ind. 1 LUDLUM, ALBERT C., Prest., New York Engrg. Co., ,2 Rector St., New York, N. Y. MILLER, HERBERT F., Met. Engr P. O. Box 142, Verona, Pa. MORTON, ELMER T., Min. Engr Clifton, Ariz. MURFIT, RICHARD H.. Fdv. Asst Hess Steel Castings Co., Bridgeton, N.J. QUAYLE, THEODORE W., Chief Sampler, Metcalf Mines, Arizona Copper Co., Metcalf, Ariz.

Jan 7, 1913

US 4,192,851-Recovery of elemental sulfur and the metal values from a complex sulfide ore containing two or more of the metals zinc, lead, copper, silver, gold and/or other metals. A mixture of ore and sulfuric acid and/or spent electrolyte is flowed at optimum temperature and pressure in a quiescent zone to dissolve selected metals and sulfur and coalesce the sulfur. The coalesced sulfur and unreacted sulfides are separated by flowing the leach slurry with an upward velocity component The separated materials are discharged and further processed by conventional methods as war- ranted. H.E. Hirsch, J F. Higginson, EG. Parker, and G M Swinkels, assigned to Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. Mar. 11, 1980. 6 pp. (423-28) Filed. 3-14-78 (886,368). Priority. United Kingdom, 3-15-77 (10800/77).

Jan 1, 1982

By F. R. Morral

HOT-DIPPED heat-treated zinc coatings on sheet steel were examined with X-rays. The phases identified were compared with those listed in the modern literature of the zinc-iron system. The zeta (FeZn13) phase is shown to correspond to the phase found by Schueler (1925) in heat-treated zinc coatings. An investigation was undertaken to determine the phases present in hot-dipped FIG. I.-SYSTEM IRON-ZINC ACCORDING TO J. SCHRAMM.11 heat-treated zinc coatings on steel sheets and wire. This kind of coating on wire was studied some years ago by Schueler1 by microscopic and chemical methods. He reported a new phase, FeZn10. Later, Clark and Stillwell,2 using X-ray crystal analysis, identified a new phase in ordinary galva-nized wire, which was assumed to be the FeZn10 phase.

Jan 1, 1940