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By R. Schuhmann, J. Th. Overbeek, P. L. De Bruyn

W. E. Ewers (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research organization, Melbourne, Australia)— Any attempt to elucidate further the meaning of the contact angle, particularly if it deals with the magnitudes of those mysterious quantities rsa and YRL, is certain to receive attention from those interested in the fundamentals of flotation. It is imperative, therefore, that attention should be drawn to a serious defect in the treatment by de Bruyn, Overbeek, and Schuhmann. Their Eq. 5 dy = — ld/u — Th2odiH2n states correctly the relationship between the change in surface free energy dy, the surface excesses Tx and Th2o of the components x and H2O and the changes du, and dph2o in the chemical potentials of these components. This equation applies for constant pressure and con- stant temperature and for the interface of the solid in contact with the solution of X. The relation remains valid when 1.1 is defined so that TH2O becomes zero and the equation becomes dr = — r:dur [17] From this equation de Bruyn et al. correctly concluded that increased adsorption of the collector at the liquid solid interface would reduce the interfacial energy ysl. Their second conclusion, however, that an increase in the contact angle, corresponding to a greater decrease in rsa than in rsL can be attributed to greater adsorption of X at the solid-air interface than at the solid-liquid interface is quite unjustified. The portion of the solid surface from which the collector solution has been displaced by air must be considered in terms of the equilibria between the gaseous phase and the surface. If the pressure and temperature

Jan 1, 1955

By T. A. Rickard

Slovenliness is as reprehensible in words as in clothes. Much writing that we recognize as poor in style is merely sloppy. Just as some students postpone the necessary shave or forget to change their collars, so young engineers in writing drop their articles, definite and indefinite, or omit prepositions where they are required, possibly to compensate for these they use unnecessarily The work will begin [on] Saturday. The work will begin [on] Saturday. `Influenza seriously affected many mines [during] the last three months. Flotation in America [during] the last two years has made tremendous strides. Construction of the mill started [on] August 12, 1915, at which time 75% of the excavation was completed. The idea I wish to convey is [that] there are mineral deposits to which the present law applies badly. For this reason, if there was [for] no other, the ownership of the ore below and [of] the surface above should go together. When a unit of mapping is furnished, be the unit a claim or [a] group of claims, it is necessary .. . A fully stocked store was started in Park City and all employees [were] sold merchandise on a strictly cost basis. The word "merchandise" is left without government or agreement. I suggest: ". . . and merchandise] was sold to all the employees on a strictly cash basis.". The verb `be' is serving concurrently both as a principal and as an auxiliary in the following: At first the work was interesting and [was] liked by most of the men. The sulphide ore was more complex or [was] milled at an increased cost. The failure to repeat tie auxiliary verb in successive clauses is a common error, as in The filter is filled with liquid allowed to empty, and then ignited.

Jan 1, 1931

By S. A. TAYLOR

AN EDITORIAL on the Strike Situation in the Coal mining industry in the New York Evening Post of Nov. 4, 1919, gave what purported to be statistics of the Department of Labor, for a period of two weeks, which showed an average for the year, based on these two weeks, of 32% hours per week. This mode of arriving at the number of hours per week, while not accurate, is not so far off from the facts as to call for any special comment. The report of the U. S. Geological Survey, Department of Coal Statistics, give so the number of days worked in 1917 as 243; reducing the same to hours per week, assuming 8 hours per day, shows a weekly operation of mines at an average of 36J4 hours. But this assumption is not exactly correct, for the reason that it is not very often that the miners work the full 8 hours per day. There are many explanations for this, but it is not pertinent to this statement to discuss them now, as the important thing to consider is whether a 30-hour week would be for the best interest of not only the men themselves, but the public or country in general.

Jan 1, 1920

By M. Cohen, R. J. Teitel

There is considerable interest in beryllium because of its low density (1.84 g per cu cm), high modulus of elasticity (40 X 106 psi), high melting point (1280°C), and special nuclear characteristics. Moreover, it has fair resistance to corrosion and oxidation. However, the purest beryllium known to the authors is relatively brittle at room temperature, and cannot be fabricated readily. The search for improved properties leads naturally to investigations of beryllium alloys and the phase relationships upon which they are based. The present paper is concerned with the alloys of beryllium and iron, primarily from the standpoint of the equilibrium diagram. Iron was selected (1) because of its all-round importance in metallurgy, and (2) because the beryllium-iron system is known to be quite complex. The most recent diagram in the literature is that of Gaev and Sokolov,' and covers only the iron-rich end up to 16 wt pct beryllium. Beryllium markedly restricts the austenitic field, closing the gamma loop at about 0.4 wt pct (3 at. pct). On the other hand, beryllium is soluble in a-ferrite up to a maximum of 7.5 wt pct (34 at. pct) at the eutectic temperature of 1160"C. The eutectic composition lies at 10 wt pct beryllium (42 at. pct) and corresponds to a mixture of or and FeBez (called j3 in the present paper). The solid solubility of beryllium in the a phase decreases with decreasing temperature, and makes precipitation-hardening possible. These findings substantiate the earlier work of Oester-held,2 Wever and Mueller3 and Laissus.4 In addition to the FeBe2 (ß) mentioned above, Misch6 has reported on FeBes, and indicated evidence for another compound containing still more beryllium. A preliminary diagram by Gordon,5 not hitherto published, is given in Fig 1. Besides the phases previously named, there are shown a solid solution of extended range (e), a compound of limited solubility (t), and a high temperature phase (7). Beryllium is designated as 8. The t field contains the compound composition FeBea, and the f phase undoubtedly corresponds to the beryllium-rich compound found by Misch.6 The region around the { phase was proposed by R. J. Teitel based on Gordon's data. The details of the diagram are self-explanatory. It was the unusual complexity of this system that prompted the authors to undertake the present studies. By the same token, more emphasis was placed on the beryllium-rich than the iron-rich end of the diagram. Exprimental Details RAW MATERIALS The beryllium employed in this investigation was one of the purest grades available. Its chemical analysis after vacuum melting is given in Table 1. The metal assayed 99.4 wt pct beryllium. Vacuum melted electrolytic iron of purity shown in Table 1 was the source of iron.

Jan 1, 1950

By H. M. Bannerman, E. N. Cameron

INTRODUCTION DURING the years 1942-1944, about 125 New England deposits were mined for sheet and punch mica, and many others were briefly prospected. During this period the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, carried on detailed studies of the deposits and the pegmatite bodies that contain them. The primary purpose of the studies was to provide geological information that would contribute toward efficient mine development and operation. The studies were aimed directly at practical production problems. Detailed maps showing the structure of the deposits were prepared, and geological findings were closely correlated with data on specific yields and costs of mining and processing. The result is information that permits a reasonably accurate appraisal of the mica deposits of New England and the mining industry that they support. At a time when the future of the industry is in doubt, it seems desirable to submit this appraisal for consideration. Domestic mica deposits supply only a small fraction of the country's needs in normal times, for only the richest domestic deposits can compete with the low-cost mines of India and Brazil. However, the possibility that this country may be cut off from its supplies in time of war gives domestic deposits an importance much greater than their peacetime production would imply. New England supplied about 22 per cent of domestic output in 1943 and 1944, the peak years of wartime production. Its actual contribution to the war effort was greater, for the proportion of sheet mica of high quality in the New England product is higher than the average for domestic mica. The data analyzed below were collected for the Geological Survey by D. M. Larrabee, A. H. McNair, J. J. Page, V. E. Shainin, G. W. Stewart, and the co-authors of this paper. The cooperation of officials of Colonial Mica Corporation and of mine operators and owners in furnishing information is gratefully acknowledged. D. M. Larrabee, A. H. McNair, and V. E. Shainin have made various suggestions based on critical reading of the manuscript. ANALYSIS OF WARTIME OPERATIONS In considering the data presented in this report, it must be remembered that the scale of mica operations is very small compared with that of many other mining industries. The typical New England mica mine of 1943 and 1944 was worked by a crew of five or six men. Equipment was varied but on the whole extremely simple. The first stage of operation at a deposit was normally opencut mining. Drilling was done mostly with jackhammers powered by portable compressors driven by gasoline engines. Muck was shoveled by hand into buckets with a capacity of 1/3 to 2/3 ton and commonly hoisted by derrick to a dump adjacent to the cut. As operations were carried to greater depth, and the transition to underground mining was made, these methods were modified to a degree depending largely on the attitude of the deposit mined. At steeply dipping deposits,

Jan 1, 1946

THE fall meeting of the Petroleum Division at Fort Worth, Texas, Oct. 19 and 20, attracted even a larger number of members and guests than had been expected. Over three hundred registered the first day though the attendance and interest in the program was so keen that it was necessary to begin technical sessions without. waiting for registration. Members were present from as far away as Venezuela and while the larger attendance was from the Mid-Continent and Texas fields, California and the eastern states were represented by influential delegations. One pleasing feature of the meeting was the presence of a number of the older executives of the oil industry who evi-dently have come to realize the importance of the work the Division is doing in advancing technology. The meeting was held under the auspices of the Production Engineering section of the Division. E. 0. Bennett, chief production engineer for the Marland Oil Co. of Texas, and chairman of the Fort Worth Sec-tion. of the A.I.M.E., served as general chairman. J. B. Umpleby, president of the Petroleum Reclamation Co. and vice-chairman of the. Division was in charge of. the program with a special committee in charge of the technical sessions, of which A. C. Rubel of the Union Oil Co. was chairman. The sessions were held in the ball room of the Texas Hotel, which also served as general headquarters. The Wednesday morning session was devoted to the air-gas lift, John M. Lovejoy, chairman of the Division, presiding. The first paper, on the "Principles Under-lying the Air-Gas Lift." by J. 0. Lewis, was presented by R. R. Brandenthaler and discussed by Messrs. Love-joy and Millikan. Mr. Brandenthaler's own paper on the "Effect of Gas Lift on Physical Properties of Oil" followed and was discussed by Messrs. Umpleby, Walker, Mills, Bennett, Williams and Van der Gracht, the dis-cussion turning mainly on what is known and what unknown regarding oxidation of oil under various con-ditions. The third paper of the morning, "Handling Recirculated Gas," by R. D. Gibbs, was presented by Mr. Taylor. The discussion that followed was general and brought out a large amount of data on the costs and results of compression versus, absorption in total gasoline recovery from gas. The next group of papers dealt with "Mechanical Installations of Air-Gas Lift," the first by E. V. Foran on the Texas district outside the Gulf Coast, the second by L. L. Brundred on the Gulf Coast, the third on Kansas and Oklahoma other than Seminole by R. W. Bond, the fourth on Seminole by C. R. Swartz, and the fifth relating to California by H. C. Miller. Some of these were read by title in order to give more time for discussion which was active and participated in by. Mills, Griswold and others.

Jan 11, 1927

By C. G. Dunn, F. W. Daniels, M. J. Bolton

J. P. Nielsen—The data that Dr. Dunn and his associates have been obtaining are welcome checks on the theoretical aspects of grain boundary energies. With reference to the comments on the validity of the inter-facial tension concept, I should like to say that I have been having considerable difficulty myself in untangling the confusion between "interfacial tension" and "interfacial energy." The confusion however resolved itself for me when I learned that "interfacial tension" for solids, or at least crystals, is used with two distinct meanings. One meaning12. ' "hat is implied for "interfacial tension" is the work necessary to produce or increase the surface of the solid in question by a unit area, temperature and pressure held constant. This comes from the somewhat surprising but simple fact that surface tension and surface energy in the case of liquids are identical quantities. This synonymity has carried over to crystals, where it should be kept in mind that the tension connotation has meaning only by analogy with liquids and that no real stresses are being referred to. The only reason that there is apparently a set of stresses acting at a grain boundary junction is the optical illusion that liquid interfaces are being observed for the grain boundaries. The other meaning3,14,15 for the term has to do with actual states of stress in the surface of a material as would be measured by a system of forces applied to the surface to equate the surface stress state with that in the body of the crystal. J. B. Hess—Since the authors have proposed that the surface tension concept should be discarded in order to deal with the general case of interface energies in solids, their attention should be called to a recent paper by Gurney." The latter has shown, from a thermodynamic argument, that surface tension is a valid concept in solids. In fact, Gurney has rejected the idea that surface tensions are merely mathematical fiction and, instead, has given an interpretation of their physical reality. Finally, he has concluded that, as long as appreciable atomic migration takes place, specific surface energies and surface tensions must be equivalent in solids as well as in liquids. Accordingly, the authors' eqs 2 and 3 can be written with equal accuracy in terms of interface tensions, simply by replacing each E,! with its numerically and dimension-ally equivalent Interfacial tension ?,,. If the interfacial tensions (or specific energies) are independent of interfacial orientation, as is true in liquids, then the general equations that define the geometry at equilibrium of the common junction of three interfaces reduce to eq 1. However, neglect of the effect of boundary orientation is never completely justified theoretically' in dealing with crystalline solids; hence, use of eq 1 in such cases must always be considered as an approximation, though clearly a reasonable one for many purposes.1,2 At the same time, one should not be surprised that the assumption that interface tensions in solids are free from orientation

Jan 1, 1951

US 4,137,751-Aerial geophysical exploration for ore deposits by collecting and analyzing atmospheric particulates The aircraft has an Inlet duct extending outward and including a "shave-off" duct, a cyclone separator located inside the cabin which is coupled to the inlet duct, a clean air exhaust duct, and a receiver for the collected particles incoming air is divided into two fractions. The fraction taken by the "shave-off" duct and containing the bulk of the particles is routed to the cyclone Particulates are gathered on a collector tape for subsequent analysis and correlation with the areas covered J. R Rhodes, R D. Sieberg, M. C Taylor, J. C Westkaemper, and R C. Young, assigned to Columbia Scientific Industries, Inc Feb. 6, 1979 7 pp. (73-28) Filed- 2-28-75 (554,114) Same British 1,446,760, dated Aug. 18, 1976. US 4,156,138-Exploration for subsurface deposits of uranium ore Pairs of dosimeters are placed underground in a grid pattern Each dosimeter contains a phosphor which IS capable of storing the energy of alpha particles. One dosimeter is heavily shielded from alpha particles, while the other in the pair is thinly shielded to exclude dust After a period underground the dosimeters are heated to release the stored energy as light. The amount of light produced from the heavily shielded dosimeter is subtracted from the amount of light produced from the thinly shielded dosimeter to give an indication of the location and quantity of uranium underground This patent is a division of US Patent No 4,053,772, dated Oct 11, 1977 P E Felice, assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corp May 22, 1979 5 pp (250-253) Filed. 8-12-77 (824,203) US 4,180,727-Method for measuring the gamma-gamma density of uranium ore in the vicinity of a borehole A first gamma-ray detector receives only natural gamma rays from the borehole, while a second receives both natural gamma rays and scattered uranium-source gamma rays The value of the uranium-source gamma rays is calculated. W W Givens, assigned to Mob11 011 Corp Dec 25, 1979 6 pp (250- 264) Filed 10-20-77 (843,909) US 4,180,72&A neutron activation probe for determining the location and grade of uranium ore, especially where thorium or other fissionable isotopes are present, includes a pulsed neutron source in series with a plurality of delayed neutron reactors for measuring radioactivity in a well bore- hole together with a Nal(T1) counter for measuring the high energy 2 62 MeV gamma line from thorium The signal from the Nal(T1) counter IS subtracted from the signal from the delayed source detectors to ascertain the amount of uranium present in the ore body N. P Goldstein and R C Smith, assigned to Westinghouse Electric Corp Dec 25,1979 6 pp (250-264) Filed. 4-1 1-78 (895,323)

Jan 1, 1980

By E. N. Cameron, H. M. Bannerman

During the years 1942-1934, about 125 New England deposits were mined for sheet and punch mica, and many others were briefly prospected. During this period the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, carried on detailcd studies of the deposits and the pegmatite bodies that contain them. The primary purpose of the studies was to provide geological information that would contribute toward efficient mine development and operation. The studies were aimed directly at practical production problems. Detailed maps showing the structure of the deposits were prepared, and geological findings were closely correlated with data on specific yields and costs of mining and processing. The result is information that permits a reasonably accurate appraisal of the mica deposits of New England and the mining industry that they support. At a time when the future of the industry is in doubt, it seems desirable to submit this appraisal for consideration. Domestic mica deposits supply only a small fraction of the country's needs in normal times? for only the richest domestic deposits can compete with the low-cost mines of India and Brazil. However, the possibility that this country may be cut off from its supplies in time of war gives domestic deposits an importance much greater than their peacetime production would imply. New England supplied about 22 per cent of domestic output in 1943 and 1944, the peak years of wartime production. Its actual contribution to the war effort was greater, for the proportion of sheet mica of high quality in the New England product is higher than the average for domestic mica. The data analyzed below were collected for the Geological Survey by D. M. Larra-bee, A. H. McNair, J. J. Page, V. E. Shai-nin, G. W. Stewart, and the co-authors of this paper. The cooperation of officials of Colonial Mica Corporation and of mine operators and owners in furnishing information is gratefully acknowledged. D. M. Larrabee, A. H. McNair, and V. E. Shainin have made various suggestions based on critical reading of the manuscript. Analysis oF Warrtime Operations In considering the data presented in this report, it must be remembered that the scale of mica operations is very small compared with that of many other mining industries. The typical New England mica mine of 1943 and 1944 was worked by a crew of five or six men. Equipment was varied but on the whole extremely simple. The first stage of operation at a deposit was normally opencut mining. Drilling was done mostly with jackhammers powered by portable compressors driven by gasoline engines. Muck was shoveled by hand into buckets with a capacity of 45 to 35 ton and commonly hoisted by derrick to a dump adjacent to the cut. As operations were carried to greater depth, and the tram sition to underground mining was made, these methods were modified to a degree depending largely on the attitude of the deposit mined. At steeply dipping deposits,

Jan 1, 1948

By H. M. Bannerman, E. N. Cameron

During the years 1942-1934, about 125 New England deposits were mined for sheet and punch mica, and many others were briefly prospected. During this period the Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior, carried on detailcd studies of the deposits and the pegmatite bodies that contain them. The primary purpose of the studies was to provide geological information that would contribute toward efficient mine development and operation. The studies were aimed directly at practical production problems. Detailed maps showing the structure of the deposits were prepared, and geological findings were closely correlated with data on specific yields and costs of mining and processing. The result is information that permits a reasonably accurate appraisal of the mica deposits of New England and the mining industry that they support. At a time when the future of the industry is in doubt, it seems desirable to submit this appraisal for consideration. Domestic mica deposits supply only a small fraction of the country's needs in normal times? for only the richest domestic deposits can compete with the low-cost mines of India and Brazil. However, the possibility that this country may be cut off from its supplies in time of war gives domestic deposits an importance much greater than their peacetime production would imply. New England supplied about 22 per cent of domestic output in 1943 and 1944, the peak years of wartime production. Its actual contribution to the war effort was greater, for the proportion of sheet mica of high quality in the New England product is higher than the average for domestic mica. The data analyzed below were collected for the Geological Survey by D. M. Larra-bee, A. H. McNair, J. J. Page, V. E. Shai-nin, G. W. Stewart, and the co-authors of this paper. The cooperation of officials of Colonial Mica Corporation and of mine operators and owners in furnishing information is gratefully acknowledged. D. M. Larrabee, A. H. McNair, and V. E. Shainin have made various suggestions based on critical reading of the manuscript. Analysis oF Warrtime Operations In considering the data presented in this report, it must be remembered that the scale of mica operations is very small compared with that of many other mining industries. The typical New England mica mine of 1943 and 1944 was worked by a crew of five or six men. Equipment was varied but on the whole extremely simple. The first stage of operation at a deposit was normally opencut mining. Drilling was done mostly with jackhammers powered by portable compressors driven by gasoline engines. Muck was shoveled by hand into buckets with a capacity of 45 to 35 ton and commonly hoisted by derrick to a dump adjacent to the cut. As operations were carried to greater depth, and the tram sition to underground mining was made, these methods were modified to a degree depending largely on the attitude of the deposit mined. At steeply dipping deposits,

Jan 1, 1948

By R. L. Fullman

Relationships are derived between average dimensions measured on a polished cross section and the spatial dimensions of particles dispersed as uniform cylinders. The equations are applicable to the measurement of rods or plates without the stipulation that they be extremely thin. QUANTITATIVE analysis of the elements of mi-crostructures has been limited by a lack of knowledge concerning the relationships between observations on plane surfaces and the spatial nature of the structure. This paper is an extension of previous efforts to establish equations suitable for the quantitative investigation of microstructures. The equations derived fill two gaps in the range of particle shapes for which measurements may be required, namely those shapes lying between extremely thin plates and equiaxed particles (approximately spherical), and those intermediate between equiaxed particles and extremely thin rods or needles. In a previous paper' equations were developed relating dimensions measured on a polished cross section to the average spatial dimensions of particles in the form of spheres, extremely thin plates, and extremely thin rods. For extremely thin rods the dimensions measured on a polished cross section were found to depend on the radius only, so that no information concerning the rod lengths or number of rods per unit volume could be obtained from observations on a cross section. In this paper equations are derived relating dimensions measured on a polished cross section to the spatial dimensions of particles in the form of identical cylinders. These equations may be used to evaluate the dimensions of rods, as well as the dimensions of plates, without the stipulation that the plates or rods be extremely thin. The impossibility of evaluating the length of extremely thin rods from planar measurements appears as an increase in the amount of data required for a given precision, as the length-radius ratio increases. Consider a sample containing particles of a phase in the form of cylinders of uniform radius T and height t. If the cylinders are randomly oriented, as in a sufficiently large sample of a fine grained poly-crystalline material, area and lineal analysis may be carried out with parallel cross-sectional planes and lineal traverses. If the cylinders are not randomly oriented, it is necessary to randomize the orientations of the cross-sectional planes and traverse lines. Let a unit cube be cut from the sample, and a cross-section plane be passed through the cube parallel to one of the cube faces. The number of particles N, cut by the cross-sectional plane per unit area is equal to the number of particles N, per unit volume times the probability p1 of a plane intersecting a single randomly positioned and randomly oriented cylinder in the cube. Let J be the maximum cylinder dimension in the direction normal to the cross-section planes, as shown in Fig. 1. Since, of the various possible positions for the cross-sectional plane over the unit length from top to bottom of the cube, only those positions existing over the length J

Jan 1, 1954

By G. W. Imholz

The effect of new discoveries and development of other pools recently discovered is reflected in the increase in production from 586,000 bbl. during 1940 to 758,000 bbl. during 1941 in Coleman County. The States Oil Company's No. I Hudson, Coleman County, was the discovery well of the Silver field, with a total depth of 3540 ft.; initial production, 10,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas and 60 bbl. of oil per day from the Gray sand, topped at 3482 ft. The first well drilled in the new Jim Ned field was the Merry Bros. and Perini No. I Greer, also in Coleman County. It had a total depth of 3937 ft. and an initial production of 152 bbl. of 42" gravity oil in 6 hr., through I-in. choke, from Gray sand encountered from 3909 to 3937 feet. J. E. Farrell's No. I Rose, Haskell County, was a new discovery, around which no additional wells have been drilled. Total depth was 3002 ft., plugged back to 2780 ft. to test an oil sand encountered from 2663 to 2685 ft., which when perforated with 76 shots at that depth was good for 85 bbl. of 40" gravity oil. In Fisher County, General Crude drilled its No. 12 Flanagan to a total depth of 6746 ft. After plugging back to 4578 ft. to test a sand encountered from 4515 to 4528 ft. it was abandoned as a dry hole. The top of the Ellenburger was reported as 6094 feet. Interest in Jones County continued unabated, largely through the development of the Wimberly pool in the southern part of the county, where five Cisco sands are producing. At present the pool has been defined on the south and the southwest. The structure has 170 ft. of closure; the lower limestone pays producing on top of the structure and the fist pay encountered, the Akard sand, producing on the flanks of the structure. Five deep wells were drilled in Stonewall County (H. and T.C. survey)—the Shell Oil Company's No. I-A Patterson, in block D, with a total depth of 6827 ft., dry and abandoned; the Shell Oil Company's No. I Rutherford, block I, with a total depth of 6239 ft., dry and abandoned; the Leader Oil Company's No. I Bilberry, block D, with a total depth of 5700 ft., dry and abandoned; Forest Development Company's No. 2 Boyd, block D, with a total depth of 4753 ft., dry and abandoned; and the Hunter et al. No. I Boyd, block D, total depth 4757 ft., dry and abandoned. J. E. Farrell drilled his No. I Tipton south of a well that produced from a Strawn sand for some time, to a total depth of 5202 ft., where it was abandoned. The well is in the southwest corner of sec. 43, block 19, T. and P. survey, Nolan County.

Jan 1, 1942

By G. W. Imholz

The effect of new discoveries and development of other pools recently discovered is reflected in the increase in production from 586,000 bbl. during 1940 to 758,000 bbl. during 1941 in Coleman County. The States Oil Company's No. I Hudson, Coleman County, was the discovery well of the Silver field, with a total depth of 3540 ft.; initial production, 10,000,000 cu. ft. of dry gas and 60 bbl. of oil per day from the Gray sand, topped at 3482 ft. The first well drilled in the new Jim Ned field was the Merry Bros. and Perini No. I Greer, also in Coleman County. It had a total depth of 3937 ft. and an initial production of 152 bbl. of 42" gravity oil in 6 hr., through I-in. choke, from Gray sand encountered from 3909 to 3937 feet. J. E. Farrell's No. I Rose, Haskell County, was a new discovery, around which no additional wells have been drilled. Total depth was 3002 ft., plugged back to 2780 ft. to test an oil sand encountered from 2663 to 2685 ft., which when perforated with 76 shots at that depth was good for 85 bbl. of 40" gravity oil. In Fisher County, General Crude drilled its No. 12 Flanagan to a total depth of 6746 ft. After plugging back to 4578 ft. to test a sand encountered from 4515 to 4528 ft. it was abandoned as a dry hole. The top of the Ellenburger was reported as 6094 feet. Interest in Jones County continued unabated, largely through the development of the Wimberly pool in the southern part of the county, where five Cisco sands are producing. At present the pool has been defined on the south and the southwest. The structure has 170 ft. of closure; the lower limestone pays producing on top of the structure and the fist pay encountered, the Akard sand, producing on the flanks of the structure. Five deep wells were drilled in Stonewall County (H. and T.C. survey)—the Shell Oil Company's No. I-A Patterson, in block D, with a total depth of 6827 ft., dry and abandoned; the Shell Oil Company's No. I Rutherford, block I, with a total depth of 6239 ft., dry and abandoned; the Leader Oil Company's No. I Bilberry, block D, with a total depth of 5700 ft., dry and abandoned; Forest Development Company's No. 2 Boyd, block D, with a total depth of 4753 ft., dry and abandoned; and the Hunter et al. No. I Boyd, block D, total depth 4757 ft., dry and abandoned. J. E. Farrell drilled his No. I Tipton south of a well that produced from a Strawn sand for some time, to a total depth of 5202 ft., where it was abandoned. The well is in the southwest corner of sec. 43, block 19, T. and P. survey, Nolan County.

Jan 1, 1942

By Harry Udin

IN 1948, the writer and his associates determined the surface tension of solid copper by balancing the force of surface tension in a very fine wire against an external load.' At that time we, in common with other early workers, assumed that grain boundary energy in a pure metal is very small in comparison to the energy of an external surface. Accordingly, we neglected the internal surface energy of the coarse-grained specimens. Since that time, experimental evidence has accumulated showing that grain boundary energy, far from being small, is generally about one-third of the energy of an external surface.2-4 This is sufficient to introduce a significant error into our determination. The differential equation governing equilibrium is: wdl - yds, + y*ds2 [I] rather than wdl = yds as originally written. w is the balancing force in dynes, 1 the length of the specimen, sl the external and s2, the internal surface area, y the copper/ copper vapor surface tension, and y* the grain boundary tension. Fortunately, we had made for another purpose a careful study of the size and shape of the grains, and found that the boundaries, with rare exceptions, traversed the specimens and were perpendicular to the wire axis. For this case, eq 1 leads to w = rry -(n) r2y* [2] where r is the wire radius and (n is the number of grains per unit length. A count of some twenty 5-mil wires indicated that - n became 80 & 10 after a short anneal near the melting point, and remained nearly constant for as long as 96 hr at temperature. An assumption of y* = 1/3y leads to a defining eauation for r: [31 The term in the brackets may be considered a correction factor applied to eq 11 of ref. 1. Upon applying this factor, the surface tension of solid copper at its melting point is found to be 1650 & 100 dynes per cm, rather than 1370 as previously reported.' The new temperature coefficient is —0.55 dynes per cm per "C. Grain boundary energy is more significant than surface energy to the physical metallurgist. It is evident from eq 2 that a series of experiments with wires of different grain size can lead to an evaluation of y*. The details of such an experiment are being worked out now. References 1 H. Udin, A. J. Shaler, and J. Wulff: The Surface Tension of Solid Copper. Trans. AIME, 185, 186-190; Journal of Metals (Feb. 1949) TP 25303. 2 G. L. C. Bailey and H. C. Watkins: Surface Energies in the System Solid Copper-Molten Lead. Proceedings Physical Society. (London) (1950) 36B, 350. 3 L. H. VanVlack: Inter granular Energy of Iron and Some Iron Alloys. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Chicago, Sept. 1950. 4 . P. Greenough: Grain Boundary Energies in Silver. R.A.E. Report, No. Met. 52. (May 1950) Fan-borough, Hants, England.

Jan 1, 1952

THE National Coal Association held its annual meeting at Cleveland on Nov. 14-16, 1928, having changed the time from the spring to the autumn to avoid conflict with the great number of meetings ordinarily held in the spring. Institute members were \\yell to the fore in its activities, the president, E. C. Mahan (who was reelected for another term!, C. E. Bockus, treasurer, and the secretary, H. L. Gancly, being A. I. M. E. members, as are many of the directors. At the first session, our past president, S. A. Taylor, presented a 1;aper which is reprinted in part herewith. At the Thurs- day session W. D. Brennan presided, Walter Barllum led the discussion on membership, and Otis Mouser led the discussion on taxation. In the afternoon, J. P. Williams, Jr., led the discussion on research. Rembrandt Peale presided at the annual dinner in the evening. At the concluding session on Friday resolutions were adopted, among them one in which the Association "reaffirms its attitude toward proposed Federal legislation affecting the bituminous coal industry by saying that it opposes legislation which would seek to single out this industry for regulatory action. This particularly applies to such bills as S4490."

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME

D R. GILLSON, who was born in Evanston, Ill., in 1895, is another one of those geologists who received his early inspiration and foundation in his science from that great teacher at Northwestern University, the late Professor U. S. Grant, and then went on to give his time and interest to Institute affairs-like those other Northwestern men, Arthur Blair, Gilbert Cady, Charlie Behre, Evan Just, Ian Campbell, Clayton Ball, and many others. After serving in the Navy in the first World War as, of all things for a geologist, a commissary officer on a transport, he went on to MIT and took his doctor's degree under Waldemar Lindgren in 1923. He even assisted in mineralogy at Harvard and thus had training under another great teacher, Charles Palache. He taught mineralogy and petrography at MIT from 1923 to 1928. After several summers of field work as an assistant in the U. S. Geological Survey, Dr. Gillson joined the staff of the du Pont company.

Jan 1, 1947

By AIME

WILLIAM WALLACE MEIN, known to his intimates as "Will" or "Billy", is a mining engineer who has taken the fundamentals of successful mining--operating, engineering, and financial-and applied them to the founding of new industries. Born in Nevada City, Calif., in 1873, Will Mein grew up in an atmosphere of mining, and began to develop his sound judgment in a practical way before starting his formal technical education. As a young man he supplemented his early observations by helping his father, Captain "Tom" Mein, on mining work in California and Alaska. He then went with his father to the Rand, and after a period of milling experience as operator and shift boss he became, in 1894, manager of the chlorination of gold ores at the Robinson mine.

Jan 1, 1947

The regular activities of the Insti¬tute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the principal sums of these endowments amount to more than $560,000. An active effort is being made to in¬crease the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which H. T. Hamilton is chairman; Paul D. Merica, vice-chairman, and of which the other members are: W. H. Aldridge, George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, John V. M. Dorr, Howard N. Eavenson, D. C. Jackling, Henry Krumb John M. Lovejoy, Harvey D. Mudd and J. V. W. Reynders. This committee feels that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of ever-growing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light by the committee.

Jan 1, 1943

By Horace V. Winchell

This paper, embodying information acquired by the writer in his work in connection with the Geological Survey of Minnesota, is presented by permission of the State Geologist. Historical.—On November 16, 1890, the workmen of Captain J. A. Nichols, of Duluth, Minn., encountered in a test-pit on the northwest quarter of section 3, township 58, range 18, west of the fourth principal meridian, the body of soft ore now called the Mountain Iron mine. Hard ore, chiefly magnetic, had been known for many years on the Mesabi range, and explorations made by Mr. E. W. Griffin, of Minneapolis, near the falls of Prairie river in T. 56-24 and T. 56-25, and by John Mallmann, at the Mallmann explorations, T. 59-14, had revealed some hard hematite interbedded with quartzite and low-grade soft ore; but this was the first discovery of merchantable hematite on the range. Captain Nichols had been exploring more or less along the range for some two years. To him and to the Merritt brothers, of Duluth and Oneota, who, unshaken in Faith by the discouraging reports of explorers, miners, experts, and geologists, had persevered in the search for ore, great credit is due for the final success, and large rewards have accrued to them already.

Jan 1, 1893

TO metallurgists generally, Arthur S. Dwight is no stranger even to those who do not know him personally. He is one of those contributors to technical progress whose names will go down to posterity because of their being attached to a successful machine or process, such as Dorr, Hardinge, or Marcy, or Wedge, MacDougall, or Herreshoff. The roasting and sintering method and equipment developed by Colonel Dwight and his associate, the late Richard L. Lloyd, may be found in lead smelters throughout the world, and also in many metallurgical works dealing with other ores, including those of iron. It is ordinarily used to desulphurize and agglomerate fine ores for subsequent smelting. Colonel Dwight's citation as James Douglas Medalist reads: "For his contributions to the art of smelting nonferrous ores; and particularly for his pioneer work in developing equipment and technique for sintering such ores and metallurgical products." The medal was awarded at the last Annual Meeting of the A.I.M.E. but unfortunately the medalist was unable to leave Florida at the time to receive it in person.

Jan 1, 1942