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Geology grads mine heated job market Salaries up 44 per cent in three years ?[Geology student] passed up a $100,000-a-year job at a mining company last December when he finished his degree in geology. The 24-year-old Canadian said he?s confident he?ll get a better offer.? Rob Delaney and Stewart Bailey, Calgary Herald, Published: Saturday, March 15, 2008 Massive shortages across the mining industry > Trades and operators are a large component > Technical people are equally hard to find > Students are in an excellent positions to secure exciting jobs > Experience is at a premium. Why?

May 1, 2008

By L. H. Michaud

"Albian Sands Energy (ASE), an oil sands surface mining and extraction operation, is currently undergoing start-up and is scheduled to ramp-up to full production by mid-2003. Startup includes the selection and implementation of over 75 IT systems or computer applications which include: engineering applications; systems required to control mining activities, maintenance, the processing plant and utilities; and also systems required to run the company, such as human resources, finances and inventory/ warehousing.This paper outlines the processes used for the selection, implementation and integration of these systems in order to optimize the use of information and to meet the technical, business and IT requirements of the company. The first step in ASE’s approach to identifying system requirements is the development of a business activity model, outlining all tasks involved in running the operations. The computer applications required to accomplish each task are then identified by having the IT team work closely with each technical and business unit. Historically, at some companies, the selection of systems has been led by the IT team or by consultants, with little input from the technical or business units. Typically, this results in products that do not meet the company’s expectations. To ensure a more positive outcome, ASE believes that it is imperative that the company’s technical and business people be closely involved in the selection process.Integration of the IT systems is also key, including linking all applications through a data warehouse and EDMS. Over 120 required integrations have been identified. This ensures the storage of all data in only one location, data security, and easy data and document retrieval for all requirements throughout the company"

Jan 1, 2003

By C. Patel, George H. Hope

"INTRODUCTIONThe Hemlo area is located in Northern Ontario, some 350 km east of Thunder Bay along highway 17. Hemlo is Canada's largest, recent discovery of gold ore. Three companies, Lac, Noranda, and Teck are currently developing mines and processing facilities in the area. A combined milling capacity of approximately 10,000 tonnes per day will ultimately be available in the area. The gold yield will be between 750,000 to 1,000,000 ozs. per year. This will slightly more than double Ontario's gold production but only represents 2.5% of the total world gold production.Lac Minerals Ltd. is substantially committed to the gold mining business. Lac currently operates four (4) gold mines and mills and produces 300,000 ozs. per year. Lac's Hemlo development will put the company in the position of number one gold producer in Canada.The Lac Hemlo ore body has an estimated reserve of 37 million tonnes at 6.2 g/t. The mining will take place at an initial rate of 3,000 t/d commencing in the first quarter of 1986. The mine and plant will be expanded to 6,000 t/d in 1988. At this capacity, Lac will be the largest producer in the Hemlo area.1. GEOLOGYThe orebody is divided into two (2) zones for mining purposes. The 'A' Zone is to the east and dips to the Northeast from surface to 300 m below surface. This zone has a strike length of 250 m to 300 m at an average width of 20 m. The upperpart of the zone will be mined by open pit and the remainder from underground. The 'B' Zone, to the north west of the 'A' Zone, although lined up is not necessarily an extension of 'A' Zone. 'B' Zone has a known strike length of 600 m and is open to depth and along the strike. It is over 70 m wide in the core. This zone holds most of the property's known reserves. 'C' Zone with narrow gold zones is under exploration in the south west portion of the property."

Jan 1, 1985

By G. Auld

"A simple method is presented whereby the additional quantity and static pressure necessary to compensate for ventilation duct leakage may be estimated using the circular reference functions of modern spreadsheets. Favourable comparisons have been made to the National Coal Board (United Kingdom) design charts and to a case study analysis. IntroductionIn mining, most ducted systems are applied to the development of access tunnels, and most of these systems leak to some extent. When the ventilation duct fails to deliver the required quantity of air to the work place, there is a significant contribution to the development costs, either directly or indirectly.Directly — More air and more pressure are required to compensate for the leakage, more capital development (ventilation shafts, parallel drives) are required because ventilation systems cannot push the fresh air far enough, and longer re-entry times to ensure toxic blast fumes to be diluted.Indirectly — There is a reduction in productivity because of the inclement atmospheric conditions, and/or closure of development ends because of unacceptable atmospheric conditions at the working place. This has been exacerbated over the last few decades because of the increased use of diesel equipment of ever increasing power, and the more stringent Occupational Health and Safety requirements demanding more air flow per kilowatt of diesel power.The leakage from a duct must, therefore, be reliably estimated in order to assess the effectiveness and construction of the system; assess the effectiveness of the maintenance or repair of the duct; appreciate the cost of the leakage, and therefore apply effective maintenance and installation procedures; and engineer safer, healthier and more cost-effective ventilation systems."

Jan 1, 2002

By R. C. A. Thurston

"The lack of notch ductility in structural steel in general, and in ship plate in particular, has been the object of widespread attention in the metallurgical world since the spectacular collapse of the ill-fated S.S. Schenectady in 1943. Numerous investigations have been carried out, many new tests have been developed, and a vast amount of useful data has been published, with the result that our knowledge is now far more advanced than it was at the time of this disaster. Interest has focused largely on the medium strength steels, and the various factors which cause a normally ductile steel to behave in a brittle manner in the presence of a notch and at relatively .low temperatures have been thoroughly studied.The literature available on high-tensile steels, however, is less extensive and the present paper is intended to supplement this information. Notch toughness tests have been carried out, at the request of the R.C.N., on a high-tensile manganese steel in the form of commercial ship plate. One of the newer tests, the tear test, and the Charpy V-notch impact test, were used to examine the characteristics of plate for the construction of an ice-breaker. About 250 plates, mainly in the thickness range from 11,4 in. to 1 % in., were tested. An an-alysis of the results obtained is presented, certain aspects of the tear test are discussed, and the correlation between the two types of test is studied. On the basis of information available from casualty ships, the plates, with few exceptions, were considered to be satisfactory."

Jan 1, 1959

By R. F. Pilgrim

"This first chapter of the SPOC Manual 1s intended as a general introduction to all the other chapters in which the mineral process evaluation and optimization methodology is presented. This chapter also provides a brief description of available software for mainframe and m1crocomputers and provides information on its distribution by the Technology Information Division. CANMETRESUMECe premier chapitre du manuel SPOC est un guide général qui présente les autres chapitres ou l'on traite de la méthodologie d'évaluation et d'optimisation des procédés miméralurgiques. Le lecteur y trouvera aussi une description sommaire des programmes de calcul développés pour ordinateurs centraux et pour micro-ordinateurs ainsi que la façon de les obtenir de la Division de l'information technologique du CANMETComputer simulation of mineral processes has slowly emerged as an established branch of activity in A&D centres and in several teaching institutions after decades of slow progress. Substantial efforts to develop application software based on years of research on process modelling are being pursued in many countries ( 1 .2,3,4.5). The late BO's should see a flurry of success stones about significant leaps of productivity achieved in several plants through systematic process evaluation and computer simulation studies.In Canada. the SPOC project (Simulated Processrng of Ore and Coal) was initiated at CAN MET in 1980 with the obJective of developing and transferrrng to the mineral rndustry a computer-based methodology for process evaluation and optimization. The proiect deliverables include:- an engineering manual covering most aspects of off-line computer simulation:- a bank of FORTRAN software accessible through data communication lines for user familiarization and distributed at a nominal cost in source form by CANMETThe yearly progress reports of the project contain detailed information on the project elements since 1980 16). The context of SPOC can be summed up by quoting Gordon Agar""s 1975 statement during a workshop on research needs in the mineral industry: ""What is needed is a joint effort between the academic community and one or more enliglitened industrial concerns. The effort will have to be an iterative one with data collection followed by testing the model modification of the model (s), more testing prediction, modification. data collection and so on (7). A few parallel in1- t1atives had been reported in papers or research contract reports (8, 9) but there was an obvious need for CANMET to bridge the gap between the R&D and the production sectors by undertaking a project that would document past applications and induce a new generation of initiatives through the consol1dat1on and transfer of suitable manuals and software. The effort took shape as the CANMET SPOC pro1ect in which methodology transfer was to play a key role (10)."

Jan 1, 1986

By Dany Pelletier, Yeves Breau, Ahmed Bouajila, Claude Gagnon

"In flotation circuits, direct measurement of the volumetric flow rate delivered by electromagnetic flowmeters is often difficult to obtain particularly due to piping and flow constraints. However, on-line material balance calculation could offer a reliable alternative to flow rate sensing. This paper describes an on-line material balance software package as applied to a copper flotation circuit for mass flow rate estimation mainly based on the output of an x-ray fluorescence onstream analyser. Rule-based procedures for the management of the main calculation modules are designed and integrated to a Comdale expert system. Attempts to diagnose the flotation process from mass flow rate data are also discussed.INTRODUCTIONThe need for improved process diagnosis, control and optimisation has become more evident for the mineral processing industry in the last decade. Therefore, new process variables need to be inferred or measured particularly in highly multivariable processes such as flotation. This process is subject to a wide variety of disturbances mainly generated by frequent and sometimes abrupt changes in physical and chemical characteristics of the ore and due to some irregularities in manual process operating procedures.A flotation circuit scheme is always a complex network counting more than two dozens of slurry streams. Information about those streams (%solids, metal content analysis, and flow rates) are important for process diagnosis, performance evaluation control and optimization (1,3).On-line sensing instruments such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF) on-stream analysers (OSA), gamma density gauges and electromagnetic flowmeters have been developed for the measurement of those variables. Unlike the other variables, stream flow rates could be determined by different ways:"

Jan 1, 2000

By Jason Clarke, André R. Laplante

"The gravity-recoverable gold (GRG) ore characterization test was developed 15 years ago and has been applied to hundreds of ore samples. The test accurately determines the size distribution of GRG, at which grind it is recoverable, and the extent of its liberation above 150 µm. This contribution shows how the test can be simplified, what are the likely problems to occur, and what information is then lost. Two simplified versions of the test are presented, of which the simplest, grinding a 20-kg sample to a P80 of 75 µm, is retained as the best one. A database of 18 comparative tests is presented. The choice of the full GRG test vs. the simple test is discussed, as is the deportment of the GRG recovered in the standard test but not in the simplest test.INTRODUCTIONThe GRG test was developed in 1990 to characterize the progressive liberation of gold in representative samples of ores, with the primary objective of generating data for a gold gravity recovery model (Woodcock and Laplante, 1993; Laplante et al., 2000). Characterization includes the size distribution of GRG as well as the grind size at which it becomes recoverable. This is achieved in a 3-stage protocol of liberation and recovery using a laboratory centrifuge unit, a Laboratory Knelson Concentrator 3 inches in diameter (KC MD3). This protocol is shown in Figure 1. The first stage takes place at a F100 of 850 ?m (F80 of ~550 ?m), the second at F80 of 180 ?m, and the third at a P80 of 75 ?m. The rationale for the three cycles is the desire to preserve the original size distribution of the gold grains in the ore and to obtain a recovery grind size curve. The feed is a representative sample of ore that can be extracted from ore samples (e.g. drill core reject) or stream products of the grinding circuit other than circulating loads or product having undergone hydraulic classification (e.g. rod mill discharge or SAG screen undersize). Ideally the samples should weigh between 60 and 100 kg, depending on feed grade and gold top size. It is beyond the scope of this paper to fully discuss measures of representativity in the ore sample, for example Gy’s minimum sample mass model (Gy, 1979). However, further work in this regard may be an opportunity. The large initial weight facilitates representativity and minimizes weight and sulphide recovery to the concentrate (since concentrate weight is relatively constant at ~100 g), which limits the recovery of gold in nonsulphide gangue or gold carriers (i.e. sulphides). Thus, the 100 g concentrate carries principally discrete gold species, such as electrum, and native gold. The concentrate and a 600-g representative sample of gangue of each stage are screened down to 20 ?m and each size class is fire assayed (the concentrates to extinction, the tails up to 30 g per size class). The five coarsest size fractions of stage-1 concentrate are individually upgraded using a hydrosizer and the concentrates examined with an optical microscope to assess the degree of liberation of the gold phase. Scanning electron microscope work has established that the GRG has an excellent degree of liberation below 150 ?m in stage 1 and generally a good degree of liberation in stages 2 and 3 (Guerney et al., 2003); as a result the size distribution of the GRG has been found to approach closely that of gold grains (Nesset et al. 2005)."

Jan 1, 2006

Today?s Topics ? Data to decision value chain ? Practical Considerations ? Example ? Before / After DSS ? Quick Decision Support Demo Practical Considerations ? More data is not necessarily better ? Organization and process silos ? Good vs. ?optimal?, but impractical Solutions

May 1, 2008

By M. Neven, R. A. Steane, E. Lam

"The Key Lake uranium mill is located in Northern Saskatchewan. It treats a high grade, complex uranium and metal sulphide ore. The plant and process are in many respects unique, because commercial treatment of this type of uranium ore had never been done before. The process and engineering design was based on extensive laboratory test results. A pilot plant testing stage was omitted because of confidence in the test results and time constraints to bring the plant into production.The bench scale testwork on exploration drill core samples along with preparation of the feasibility study and environmental impact statement were carried out between 1976 and 1979. The contract for detailed engineering was awarded to Wright Engineers of Vancouver in late 1980 and in August of 1981 following a public inquiry, approval to proceed with construction was granted.Construction began immediately, and during the winter the foundations for many of the plant buildings were poured and by the beginning of the following winter the buildings had been erected and installation of equipment began. Despite a six month construction worker strike in 1982, the crushing plant started up in June of 1983 and ore processing commenced in October of that year, approximately 3 months behind the original schedule.This paper describes the mill design and compares the expected performance, with the operating experience. Emphasis is directed towards flowsheet and equipment changes made since start-up, operational difficulties encountered and further improvements envisaged. Auxiliary systems are only discussed where they directly affect mill operation."

Jan 1, 1986

By I. R. Ward

"The need for energy conservation has been of increasing concern since the early 1970's, when the cost of petroleum based energy began to escalate rapidly and security of supply became uncertain. The cost of energy from alternative sources has also increased due to development costs and environmental restrictions.These developments have had a serious impact on the mining industry, which is energy intensive. The impact is magnified as lower grade ores are treated, and more energy is consumed per unit of product. In many cases increased operating cost is not compensated by the rise in product selling price.The magnitude of energy consumption in the mining industry is indicated by recent studies conducted in the U.S.A. and Canada. Based on 1970 figures, it was reported that the production of 1 ton of copper in the U.S.A. required 111. 8 x 106 BTU of energy, of which 60. 7 x 106 BTU (54.3%) was consumed in mining and processing (l)The survey of Canadian mills, conducted by CANMET and reported to the CMP meeting of 1978 (2), showed the following milling energy consumption figures (approximate averages):"

Jan 1, 1981

By J. M. Menacho, J. M. Reyes

"Batch and continuous regrind tests were conducted in 3 kW and 15 kW tower mill units, respectively. Single particle size classes of a chilean copper sulphide concentrate were employed in the batch tests, while a fraction of the plant stream was deviated to the continuous unit operated under different conditions.Results are interpreted in terms of the simplified grinding kinetic model energy-based and conveniently adapted to this application. Based on the above figures plus some industrial data supplied by MPSI Inc., a scale-up relationship was developed for the apparent specific rate of breakage siE, as a function of the net power draw P, i.e.siE = siE text (P/P test) 0.089This equation fit very well the available data at the three scales and its application to regrind 4400 t/day of rougher copper concentrate from 70% below 325 Tyler mesh to 95% below same mesh, involves around 30% energy-saving compared to standard ball mill for same grinding task.INTRODUCTIONImpact and abrasion-attrition breakage are two extreme mechanisms present in any grinding system in a proportion defined by specific design and operating conditions. Impact breakage is generally efficient for coarse grinding, while abrasion-attrition is adequate to produce fine particles. Efficiency of conventional tumbling mills decreases as fineness of the product increases, even though distribution of applied stresses is always much stronger than internal force distribution in the particles. On the other hand.in a vertically stirred ball mill like the tower mill, distribution of applied stresses and particle strengths are in the same order of magnitude, making possible nearly ideal abrasion conditions (1).Tower mill configuration includes a cylindrical body vertically mounted and provided with a central screw with flights to produce circulation of balls moved up through the inner region to return down by the external space. Fresh material can be fed into the top , center or bottom in order to assure appropriate agitation of suspended particles. Size reduction and evacuation rates should compensate settling of coarse particles to avoid sanding of the screw. Detailed description of the tower mill and its operation have been given elsewhere (2),(3)."

Jan 1, 1989

By W. M. Goodwin

"IntroductionIN THE preceding paper we have learned about Canada's resources of metallurgical coal. There is an adequate amount in Nova Scotia, a very large reserve on the eastern flank of the Rocky mountains, and a strictly limited supply on the Pacific coast. Added to these is an unknown quantity of coking coal in the Peace River district, at present rather isolated but possibly capable of industrial development in the future.The chief use of metallurgical coal is to make iron and steel. For this, an adequate supply of iron ore is required. So we should now scan the Canadian supply of iron ore, the possibility of its increasing use at home, and the probable markets abroad.Trade in iron ore tends to be international, as is the case with many other raw materials. The present tendency with iron and steel, in contrast, is to keep its manufacture within national boundaries, and there is no evidence that this will change much in the years to come. We should keep these two points clearly in mind when considering the disposal of iron ore from Canadian mines. We should remember, also, that the modern blast furnace and steel plant has such a large output that a correspondingly large population, reasonably compact, is needed to consume its products.Large Ore Supply in East, Small in WestCanada has now four major iron ore fields, well situated to serve adequately the eastern half of the country. Wabana .and Labrador are well placed to serve overseas markets and plants on the eastern seaboard and eastern interior of the United States and Canada."

Jan 1, 1952

By F. J. MacPherson, A. C. Caron

"Cassiar Asbestos Corporation Limited is at present B,C.'s only asbestos mining company, and has been actively engaged in the management and operation of the Cassiar Mine since the early 1950's. The Cassiar operations are located between 3,500' and 6,600' elevation in a secluded mountainous area of northern B.C., approximately 100 miles by road southwest of Watson Lake in the Yukon Territory. Climatic conditions in this area range from mild warm in the summer, to extremely cold during the long winter period.The minesite itself is located over a mile above sea level at the top of McDame Mountain, where year round 24 hours per day miners extract the chrysotile ore from the surrounding waste by standard open pit techniques. The ore body dips into the mountain at about a 45° angle, and as the mining progresses, larger stripping ratios are required. Waste to ore ratio this year will be more than 10 to l whereas only a few years ago ratios of 3 or 4 to l were possible. After drilling, blasting, and loading by shovel onto trucks, the asbestos ore is transported to the Primary Crushing Plant for crushing prior to transport by aerial tramway more than three miles to the Concentrator and Mill in the valley below, where the fibre is extracted from the barren host rock serpentine and milled into numerous grades for shipment to asbestos users round the world. The major air usage is associated with the milling process, presently requiring over 500,000 CFM, with future requirements expected to exceed 840,000 CFM by the end of the decade."

Jan 1, 1976

By A. F. Banks

"The last time I spoke to you the potash industry was at a low point. Markets were bad and the industry depressed. Many people had left and there was very little being done in terms of development. The current situation is very much changed. The oversupply conditions have given way to a very tight supply capability. All of the firms in the business are expanding in one way or another. These expansions will run from simple debottlenecking through to complete new projects.In New Brunswick, the Potash Corporation of America is proceeding with a new project and the Dennison - Potacan Project is in progress. In Saskatchewan, the Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan has an ambitious 2.5 billion dollar expansion program underway while those in the private sector are taking a somewhat less ambitious but equally significant approach to obtain further tonnage out of existing facilities.The significance of these expansions to mineral processors is that we can expect to see expanded employment opportunities and through necessity a surge in innovation and development in an industry that has been traditionally very conservative. This presentation will review potash processing with a view towards highlighting some of the more recent developments."

Jan 1, 1982

By Ralph Harris, Xia Qi, Frank Komsic

"Gold cyanidation kinetics which are often limited in commercial operations by the rate of oxygen dissolution from gas bubbles into the slurry, are discussed. Emerging technologies for improving the rate of oxygen dissolution are compared and the gas efficiency, energy use and operating performance of inverted cones and a device based on a jet diffuser are examined. The effect of solids loading is also reviewed and a relationship between operating parameters and the kilograms oxygen dissolved per kilowatt-hour is presented.Inverted cones are shown to create slurry settling problems at high gas flow rates and surface tension lowering agents are shown not to greatly improve the overall rates of oxygen dissolution.The novel jet diffuser technology operates at a range of gas to liquid ratios that improves its energy use over conventional technology and the performance of a number of designs are discussed.Gas efficiencies as high as 35% were observed with the novel diffusers at 40 cm diffuser immersion and are expected to increase at greater immersions. Energy use of 1.8 kg 02 I kWh were estimated for prototype full size diffusers operating at 100 cm immersion. Energy use of 3.S kg 02 /kWh is conservatively expected at 600 cm immersion.IntroductionGold ExtractionGold that can not be recovered by gravity separation can be recovered by either the Merrill-Crow process or the newer carbon in pulp (CIP) or carbon in leach (CIL) processes 1. Reductions in operating costs and improvements in gold recovery are central mill operating strategies. The present paper examines the potential for improvement that can be achieved in the gold cyanidation step of gold recovery. This paper introduces a number of emerging technologies and provides a basis for comparison of the performance. It shows that the basis for comparison of a particular technology depends on the type of gold extraction circuit employed and the type of reactants employed."

Jan 1, 1996

By A. Eltringham

Operations downstream of mining and beneficiation are still being subjected to increasing scrutiny as highly capitalized projects have been either slow to achieve their targets or have actually failed to do so. Leaching and smelting projects have fundamentally high calls on capital and technology as reaction rates are increased and the capture and disposal of unwanted products are subjected to greater restrictions. Separating value from waste inherently becomes riskier as the purification of the desired product imposes greater demands on the process to produce benign wastes. When we superimpose on the chemistry of the project severe predictions of throughput rates, that bring in facets of manufacturing, we are introducing complexities that the records show are not handled well. This paper discusses some of the more common challenges that operators face and what methods are available and are likely to be successful in preventing the loss of value as projects are brought on-stream. This thinking needs to start much earlier and at greater intensity than our industry has normally chosen to employ.

Jan 1, 2011

By Richard Morland

Some simple and fundamental objectives To challenge and inspire our people to embrace safety as a value ?A stand for safety as a value ?A stand for our people ?A stand by our people ?Prevent harm to our people ?Eliminate suffering for individuals, families, friends, colleagues

May 1, 2010

By Zbigniew J. Hladysz

A Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (DUSEL) is being planned at the site of the former Homestake Gold Mine in Lead, South Dakota, under the sponsorship of the US National Science Foundation (NSF) in cooperation with the US Department of Energy (DOE). This national facility will host a variety of multidisciplinary science and engineering experiments including physics experiments that require shielding from cosmogenic radiation. Geotechnical mapping was performed in 2010 in large excavations of the Davis Campus at the 4850 Level of the former Homestake Mine. LIDAR mapping included laser scanning using a red light laser scanner and 288 Mpixels 360° still camera. The resulting vector map with the photographs digitally draped over the model, was used to create an accurate, virtual model of the excavations. For model verification, the laser scanning was accompanied by surveying and manual mapping of the geology and rock structure. The immediate use of the model was to perform structural analysis and interpretation of geology needed for the design of the DUSEL?s super large excavations. The second round of scanning, after the application of shotcrete to the excavations walls, will be used as a technical blueprint to assess the effectiveness of shotcrete application.

May 1, 2011

By D. M. Doyle

"A study of the various components contributing to energy costs and their relationships to generally trended operating data, such as tonnage, operating costs, etc. over progressively shorter time periods provides information for an energy audit. A study of annual data gives some insight into the importance of various energy components. As the time frame of the study 11rogresses through monthly, daily and finally, into quarter hourly data, the variations become more evident and most important, strategies develop to minimize energy costs. The results of an audit conducted during the summer of 1978 at Wesfrob Mines are reported to illustrate this important phase, prerequisite to a meaningful energy cost avoidance program.The balance of the paper deals with the energy conservation program at Falconbridge Nickel Mines Sudbury Operations, the material and control equipment, the commitment, the new energy accounting practices and lastly, the policies. Examples of successful energy conservation endeavors include automatic peal electrical load control, waste heat recovery from mine air and compressor cooling water, energy reductions resulting from lower building temperatures and curtailmen: of idling loads. The use of pulse meters to measure the flow of gas, steam, compressed air and electrical energy, with their signals interfaced to process computers, allows monthly, daily and if necessary, immediate reporting of energy and energy per unit of production information. The program so reported at Falconbridge’s Sudbury Operations is credited with an annual cost avoidance of .9 million dollars in a 14.0 million dollar annual energy account."

Jan 1, 1979