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By James J. Dowd

The investigation to evaluate the reserves of coking coal is being made by the Bureau of Mines in three parts: (1) To estimate known (measured plus indicated) recoverable reserves of all coking coal; (2) to upgrade marginal coals through effective preparation; and, (3) to study the carbonizing properties of coal and coal blends not now widely used for metallurgical coke. This is the third of a series of reports giving results of studies by counties under part (1) of the investigation. This report covers Pike County, Ky., which comprises parts of the Harold, Williamson, Matewan, Gilbert, Pikeville, Regina, Hurley, Pound, and Clintwood quadrangles. (See fig. 1.) A base map for each bed in each quadrangle was made to the scale of 1 inch equals 1,200 feet. Maps of mines, locations of drill holes, bed and total coal thicknesses, and the outcrop of the bed were plotted on the maps. With all available data plotted, isopach lines were drawn to limit areas of known unmined reserves in beds 0 to 14 inches thick, 14 to 28 inches thick, 28 to 42 inches thick, and over 42 inches thick. These areas of coal reserves also were divided into "measured" and "indicated" categories. All areas in each thickness range and in each category, mined-out areas, areas excluded from the estimate but which may contain reserves based only on geologic inference, and areas outside of the outcrop were measured by planimeter on the base maps. Estimates of total reserves 14 inches and more thick and maps for individual beds were prepared from these data.

Jan 1, 1951

By Robert L. Lagace, Michael A. Grossman, Alfred G. Emslie

This supplement to the final report is a collection of interim and monthly reports and working memoranda prepared during the course of this program to document the progress, methods and results of the work. The supplement is divided into the self-contained sections briefly described below. I. SELECTED MONTHLY TECHNICAL LETTER REPORTS - This section is a collection of selected monthly technical letter reports that briefly summarizes the chronological development of the analyses and results, including the different concepts, theoretical approaches, and methods of data reduction and analysis explored, and the discoveries, insights and findings made along the way. More detailed treatments of the key developments and results are presented in the interim reports and working memoranda reproduced in subsequent sections of this supplementary report, and in the separately published final report. II. BACKGROUND THEORY FOR MEASUREMENT PROGRAM ON MEDIUM AND HIGH FREQUENCY RADIO TRANSMISSION IN COAL SEAMS - Working Memorandum - This working memorandum gives the initial background theory needed to guide the planned measurements and data analyses of this program to describe the propagation of radio waves-in coal seams for the frequency range of 50 to 5000 kHz. III. MODELLING AND DATA ANALYSIS OF IN-MINE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION - Interim Report - This interim report presents detailed treatments of the data analysis and modelling techniques used, and the associated results obtained from conductor-free area propagation data measured by T. Cory in the first set of six coal mines. The mines were located in three highcoal seams; the Pittsburgh seam in northern West Virginia, the Pocahontas No. 3 seam in Virginia, and the Herrin No. 6 seam in Illinois. IV. ANALYSIS OF MF PROPAGATION DATA FROM MARGARET NO. 11, NANTY GLO, EHRENFELD, AND ADRIAN COAL MINES - Interim Report - This interim report presents detailed treatments of several improved data analysis and Modelling methods applied to, and results obtained from, conductor-free area propagation data measured by T. Cory in the second set of four coal mines. These mines were located in three low-coal seams; the Upper Freeport seam in Pennsylvania and West Virginia and the Lower Freeport and Lower Kittaning seams in Pennsylvania. In addition, this report contains a reprint of two papers presented at a Bureau of Mines sponsored EM Guided Waves in Mine Environments Workshop held in Boulder Colorado. One paper describes the three-layer theoretical model and its application to the conductor-free data from the first six mines, while the second paper describes the theory developed for the coupling of loop antennas to a cable in a mine tunnel in a coal seam, and the model's application to data in the vicinity of cables taken at the Margaret No. 11 mine. V. A METHOD FOR NONINTRUSIVE, IN-SITU MEASUREMENT OF COAL AND ROCK CONDUCTIVITIES IN A COAL MINE TUNNEL - Working Memorandum - This working memorandum briefly describes a possible direct method, and its potential advantages and shortcomings, for performing in-situ measurements of coal and rock conductivities. VI. MODELLING AND DATA ANALYSIS OF IN-MINE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE PROPAGATION FROM 50 to 5000 kHz - Interim Report - This interim report presents a summary comparison of theoretical and experimental results for conductor- free areas in eleven coal mines located in seven coal seams. It also summarizes the findings and their implications for intrinsically-safe, portable radio communications between roving miners.

Jan 2, 1980

By John C. Machisak

THE INJURY data and experience at quarries and related plants of the United States are presented in this publication under the following general sections (A) General injury experience: Tables 1-3: Current data on number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, location, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment data. (B) Injury experience at different kinds of quarries: Tables 4-5: Current data on number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, location, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment, data. (C) Injury experience by States: Tables 6-20: Current data on the number of injuries, injury-frequency rates, accident agency, degree of injury, and related employment data. (D) Selected injury data: Tables 21-30: Current data on various selected factors of operating conditions at different kinds of quarries, including employment size-groups, length of shifts, comparative severity of injuries, and injury data and related employment experience at dimension-stone and nondimension-stone quarries and at underground quarries. (E) Historical injury experience: Table 31: Injury and employment data on the quarrying industry for 1911 through 1957. Statistical data on injuries and related employment in the quarrying industries have been collected annually from the operating companies since 1911. Reporting to the Bureau of Mines is voluntary; there is no Federal law compelling operators of quarries and related plants to supply such data. Data presented herein may not be complete for the entire industry. They are however, believed to be representative of the hazards common to all quarry and related workers. Moreover, the figures are comparable as between States-a significant fact in view of the lack of uniformity among the States with regard to the classes of injuries covered by State reports and other factors that tend to make it impracticable or impossible when using State records to

Jan 1, 1960

"U.S. Bureau of Mines Publications and Articles, 1994 with Subject and Author Index Compiled by Office of Public Information U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) Department of the InteriorINTRODUCTIONThe U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) was established in 1910 to conduct inquiries and scientific and technological investigations on mining and the preparation, treatment, and use of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve material resources; to promote economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting those industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the Bureau of Mines to ""disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purpose of this Act.""In accordance with this directive, USBM reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-USBM publications. This edition describes reports and articles published during calendar year 1994. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960; 1 the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960; 2 andthe 5-year lists of publications and articlesfrom January 1, 1960, to December 31, 1964,3from January 1, 1965, to December 31, 1969,4from January 1,1970, to December 31,1974,5from January 1,1975, to December 31,1979,6from January 1,1980, to December 31,1984/and from January 1, 1985, to December 31,1989.8"

May 1, 1995

By P. C. Good

The Bureau of Mines conducted a laboratory investigation of a sinter-leach method to recover aluminum and fluorine from waste carbon potlining residues from secondary cryolite recovery operations in aluminum reduction plants. After removal of carbon by burning, the residue was sintered at 900° to 1,100° C with silica and N2CO3, then crushed and leached with dilute NaOH solution, dilute Na2C03 solution, water, or water containing residual Na2O which remained in the sinter after reaction and decomposition of Na2CO3. Over 90 percent of the contained aluminum and up to 87 percent of the contained fluorine were extracted from this waste product in the form of a mixed alkaline solution. Treatment of the alkaline solution with CO2 yielded a white precipitate containing 89 percent of the original aluminum and 61 percent of the original fluorine as a mixture of synthetic cryolite and alumina, together with a variable excess of soda.

Jan 1, 1969

By Sumner M. Anderson

THE ENORMOUS contrast between the mineral economy of Cuba in 1963 and in 1958 was the result of the overall Political changed to which the total economy of the country was intimately lined. Creation of the Cuban Mining Institute (Instituto Cubano de la Minería) to direct all mining activities in the country was an early act of the new Government after the revolution on January 1, 1959. During the next 2 years, the Government confiscated foreign holdings,2 including Unite States investments exceeding $1 billion in value. Foreign mining and metallurgical technicians-predominately from Communist areas-were brought in to reorganize the mineral industries. On January 3, 1961, diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States were severe and then on May 2, Cuba announced its full-fledged membership in the so-called Communist Bloc. Fifty-four international treaties assured Cuba of Communist economic support, technical and financial assistance, machinery, raw materials, and manufactures. The Soviet Union agreed to buy some Cuban mineral products, and Czechoslovakia stated that it would buy all mineral production offered for the next 20 years, but in both cases at prices said to be much lower than the world market. The mineral productivity segment of the mineral economy during and since the period of political metamorphosis, has withstood the political disruption better than has the economy as a whole, but with no direct measure of the magnitude of its cost. The overall economic record is marked with steady deterioration; the annual average per capita income has dropped from $374 in 1957 to $185 in 1963, when Cuba's deficit with the Soviet Union alone reached an admitted $1 billion.

Jan 1, 1964

By F. A. Rutledge

Mercury deposits were discovered in 1941 in the sedimentary rocks of the Cinnabar Crook area, near the head of the Holitna River drainage in southwestern Alaska, by Russell Schaefer and Harvey Wincholl of Sloitmut, Alaska. High-grade float was found in both Canary Gulch and Cinnabar Gulch, and indications of other deposits wore found in Aldor and Broken Shovel Gulches. Schaefer and Winchell's exploration in 1942 and 1943 revealed placer deposits of cinnabar along Canary Gulch. During prospecting on Canary Gulch, 3,600 pounds of ore was recovered from the detrital material on the Lucky Day lode at the head of the gulch. When retorted, this ore was reported by the owners to have produced 26 flacks of quicksilver. During the summer of 1943, Wallace M. Cady and Charles A. Hickcox, of the U. S. Geological Survey, spent 4 weeks mapping and investigating the area. Bruce I. Thomas and Harold C. Pierce, mining engineers of the Bureau of Mines, examined and sampled several deposits in September 1943. Following their preliminary examination, in view of the exceptionally high-grade cinnabar present, additional investigation by the Bureau of Mines was recommended. A program of trenching, test pitting, and sampling to delimit the deposits was completed during the summer of 1947 under the direction of the author.

Jan 1, 1950

By R. L. Soderberg

Large open stopes mined by vertical crater retreat or sublevel s are sometimes backfilled with uncemented sand to support the stope walls and alleviate rock bursts. The failure of bulkheads in two different mines prompted a research project at the Bureau of Mines to prevent a recurrence of these failures. A series of laboratory tests with drains and sand filters was conducted to measure the bulk-head pressures when adequate drainage was maintained. Results showed that bulkhead pressure was reduced to near zero while drains were in operation, as compared to full hydrostatic pressure when drains were blocked or drainage was restricted. A relatively simple, free-draining bulkhead was shown to be adequate.

Jan 1, 1985

By P. R. Miles, J. K. H. Ma, J. Y. C. Ma, L. Bowman

"The bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids are compounds which can be isolated from plants and which exhibit a broad range of pharmacological activities. Perhaps the best known alkaloid of this group is tetrandrine (TT), a compound isolated from the root of a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Stephania tetrandra. It has been tested for its effects on the cardiovascular system, tumors, and the lungs. For example, tetrandrine has been shown to act as a calcium entry blocker in cardiac sarcolemmal vesicles (King et a/., 1988) and has been used in China as a treatment for angina and hypertension. Its possible effects as a tumor-inhibitory substance have also been investigated (Kupchan and Atland, 1973). In addition, there are several lines of evidence to suggest that it is a possible therapeutic agent for the treatment of silicosis. Yu et a/. (1983) have shown that TT inhibits the development of experimental silicosis in rats when it is administered orally after intratracheal instillation of quartz. Other studies have shown that the alkaloid inhibits the synthesis of collagen by fibroblasts and the formation of silicotic nodules in rats exposed to silica (Huang et al., 1981; Liu et al., 1983). In fact, tetrandrine has been used clinically in China as an antifibrotic agent and has been shown to improve both the appearance of chest radiographs and the measurements of diffusing capacity in patients with silicosis (Li et al., 1981).Since tetrandrine may have a potential use as a therapeutic agent for fibrotic lung diseases, its effects on various pulmonary cells and tissues should be studied. Alveolar type II cells are located in the alveolar regions of the lungs and are important because they are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of pulmonary surfactant (Dobbs et al., 1982; King, 1984), regeneration of the alveolar epithelium after lung injury (Kauffman et al., 1974), and metabolism of foreign compounds (Bend et al., 1985). Furthermore, in silicosis, for which TT has been suggested as a treatment, there are increased amounts of pulmonary surfactant produced (Dethloff et al., 1986a,b) as a result of increased rates of surfactant synthesis by type II cells (Dethloff et a/., 1989; Miller et al., 1988). Because type II cells play a critical role in maintaining normal lung function and because type II cells are affected in silicosis, for which 'TT has been used as a treatment, we studied the effects of tetrandrine on energy metabolism in these cells in vitro. Energy metabolism was chosen because it is a basic cellular function which is neces-sary for other cellular processes to occur. Since type II cells depend on mitochondrial metabolism for energy production (Fisher et al., 1980), we examined the effects of tetrandrine on cellular and mitochondrial ATP production and oxygen consumption. Additional experiments were performed in an effort to determine if intracellular calcium levels may be involved in the TT-induced effects. A preliminary report of those results has appeared previously (Ma et al., 1991)."

Nov 1, 1995

By G. S. Scott

[The Duretiu of Kinen, as :) pr<r"Yof its :;encr:rL propan clealini: with the causes, behavior, n.ncl tor-trol of o1:t1?;.?cite-mine fires, hns investic:&apos;lte3 I varionr. Te:.nr, for Je tec tin:: iccj.r)ic:~ t he;, tint; :,:.zqdergro-.:rid and of <~e termining the trend of the hen tir..: once -I i&apos;i re j 7 knnm tr, he nrcsc~t.]

Jan 1, 1938

By G. S. Scott

[The Duretiu of Kinen, as :) pr<r"Yof its :;encr:rL propan clealini: with the causes, behavior, n.ncl tor-trol of o1:t1?;.?cite-mine fires, hns investic:&apos;lte3 I varionr. Te:.nr, for Je tec tin:: iccj.r)ic:~ t he;, tint; :,:.zqdergro-.:rid and of <~e termining the trend of the hen tir..: once -I i&apos;i re j 7 knnm tr, he nrcsc~t.]

Jan 1, 1938

By W. Beckering

In characterizing tars obtained by the low-temperature carbonization of North Dakota lignite, infrared spectra have been an invaluable aid in both qualitative and quantitative examination. Quite, early in the tar-research program of the Federal Bureau of Mines it became evident that the small number of published spectra available for hydroxy-aromatics would be inadequate for comparative purposes when dealing with the wide range of compounds present in coal tar; therefore, compiling a catalog of spectra was begun as a continuing part of the tar program. Because these spectra should be valuable to other investigators in this and related fields, they are being presented in these reports. This supplement to the original publications presents the spectra (figs, I to 32), representing 32 compounds, largely phenolic materials. The major problem of this project has been the availability of materials for examination. Most of the compounds included in this supplement were synthesized at the Bureau of Mines Lignite Research Laboratory. Some were obtained from commercial sources, whereas the compound 2&apos;-hydroxy-l-phenylnaphthalene was synthesized at the Bureau of Mines laboratory in Bruceton, Pa. The spectrum of 2-ethyl-4-methylphenol, figure 32, is a correction of the spectrum presented as figure 26 in the original reports

Jan 1, 1961

PURPOSE: Evaluate practical technological advances in hearing protective devices for use in different mining environments RESEARCH SUMMARY: Previous NIOSH research shows that miners develop hearing loss much more quickly than nonoccupationally noise-exposed individuals and that miners experience a greater severity of hearing loss than would be expected for nonoccupational noise-exposed persons of the same age and sex. As described in the National Occupation-al Research Agenda, problems created by occupational hearing loss include(1) reduced quality of life due to social isolation and unrelenting tinnitus,(2) impaired communication with family members, the public, and coworkers, (3) diminished ability to monitor the work environment (i.e., warning signals, equipment sounds, etc.), (4) lost productivity and increased accidents resulting from impaired communication and isolation, and (5) expenses for workers? compensation and hearing aids.

Jan 1, 2001

By W. H. Pomroy

This report describes research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines to design and in-mine test a rapid response pneumatic fire detection system for multilevel metal mines. The relative merits of pneumatic detection are discussed in the context of typical multilevel mine layouts and environments. The Bureau&apos;s prototype system is described, with emphasis on design features that counter commonly experienced and/or perceived operating problems with pneumatic detection systems. Finally, the results of a 3-year in-mine performance evaluation of the prototype system are discussed.

Jan 1, 1990

Kroemer(1-3) and Kroemer et al.(4) define the isoinertial technique of strength assessment as one in which mass properties of an object are held constant, as in lifting a given weight over a predetermined distance. Several strength assessment procedures possess this characteristic. Most commonly associated with the term is a specific test developed to provide a relatively quick assessment of a subject&apos;s maximal lifting capacity using a modified weight-lifting device.(1,5) The classic psychophysical methodology of assessing maximum acceptable weights of lift is also considered an isoinertial technique under this definition.(6) While the definition provided by Kroemer(1) and Kroemer et al.(4) has been most widely accepted in the literature, some have applied the term "isoinertial" to techniques that differ somewhat from the preceding definition, such as in a description of the Isotechnologies B-200 strength testing device.(7) Rather than lifting a constant mass the B-200 applies a constant force against which the subject performs an exertion. The isoinertial tests described here apply to situations in which the mass to be moved by a musculoskeletal effort is set to a constant. Is Isoinertial Testing Psychophysical or Is Psychophysical Testing Isoinertial? As various types of strength tests have evolved over the past few decades, some unfortunate developments in terminology have arisen to describe and classify different strength assessment procedures. This is particularly evident in sorting out various tests that have been labeled "isoinertial." One example was cited earlier. Another problem that has evolved is that the term "isoinertial strength" has two connotations. The first is the conceptual definition: isoinertial strength tests include any strength test in which a constant mass is handled. In practice, however, the term is often used to denote a specific strength test in which subjects&apos; maximal lifting capacity is determined using a machine and a constant mass is lifted.(1,5) Partially as a result of this dual connotation, the literature contains references to both "isoinertial strength test" as a psychophysical variant(8) and the psychophysical method as an "isoinertial strength test" (4,9) To lay the framework for the next two chapters, the authors will briefly discuss some operational definitions of tests of isoinertial and psychophysical strength. In stating that the isoinertial strength test is a variant of the psychophysical method, Ayoub and Mital(8) refer to the specific strength test developed by Kroemer(1) and McDaniel et al.(5) Clearly, this isoinertial protocol has many similarities to the psychophysical method: both are dynamic; weight is adjusted in both; and both measure the load a subject is willing to endure under specified circumstances. However, while both deal with lifting and adjusting loads, there are significant differences between the psychophysical (isoinertial) technique and the Kroemer-McDaniel (isoinertial) protocol in their procedures and the use of the data collected in these tests. For our purposes, we designate the

Jan 1, 1998

By K. O. Bennington

The thermodynamic properties of aegirine, of composition [(Na0.869Fe30+7362 Fe20+16Mn0.03Ca0.1121)(A10.141Sil 9738)(06)], were experimentally determined at the Bureau of Mines as part of its efforts to advance minerals technology. The standard enthalpy of formation determined by hydrofluoric acid solution calorimetry is AHf298 = -641.12±0.73 kcal/mol. The standard enthalpy of formation from the oxides is AH298 = -37.136±0.509 kcal/mol. Low-temperature heat capacities were determined by adiabatic calorimetry from 19.1 to 304.6 K. The derived standard entropy is S298 = 38.03±0.14 cal/mol?K. The heat capacity was measured over the range 348 to 1,198 K by differential scanning calorimetry. These experimentally determined data were combined with data from the litera¬ture to calculate the Gibbs energies of formation and equilibrium constants of form¬ation over the temperature range of the measurements. Standard enthalpies of forma¬tion are given as functions of temperature. The standard Gibbs energy of formation at 298.15 K is AGf298 = -600.36 kcal/mol.

Jan 1, 1984

By E. H. Denny

The subject of haulage and heisting hazards is one that merits the attention of everyone engaged in mining. The purpose of this circular is to the importance of such hazards as are shown by Bureau of Mines accident figures, to give some examples of recent accidents and briefly analyze the immediate contributing causes, and to discuss some general means found by metal- and coal-mining companies to minimize those hazards. Haulage and hoisting accidents collectively constitute the second most common cause of accidents in and about coal mines and the third most common cause in and about metal mines. In both these types of mines falls of ground cause more accidents than haulage, and in metal mines falls of persons in raises and similar openings also exceed haulage accidents in number.

Jan 1, 1942

By C. B. Daellenbach

A prototype particulate size analyzer system was developed that would rapidly determine size distributions of homogeneous and two-mineral materials in the 74-micrometer (200-mesh) to 7-micrometer size range. The system sizes particles in a series of hydrocyclone elutriation steps and senses the weight of the five sized fractions by nuclear attenuation techniques. Size distribution of materials was determined from experimentally developed mathematical relationships that existed between particulate weight and the measured transmittance of gamma rays from an Americium-241 source. In the developmental phases, size distributions of three minerals (quartz, magnetite, and hematite) and a laboratory prepared two-mineral mixture of quartz and magnetite were accurately determined by the prototype system. In later stages of the investigation, semiconcentrates, an intermediate magnetic product from a taconite plant, were evaluated. Using 25-gram feed samples of this industrial material, the analyzer system was found to predict weight percentages for individual size fractions with an accuracy of ±0.85 percent or better at a 95-percent confidence level.

Jan 1, 1974

By D. Harrington

Most of those in the Health and Safety Branch, Bureau of Mines, necessarily participate in activities associated with essentially all phases of the mineral industries, including coal and noncoal mines, quarries, smelters, metallurgical plants, and various petroleum operations. One of the strictly war activities of the branch - the Explosives Control Division, which administers the Federal Explosives Act of December 26, 1941 - has functions that require contacts not only with nearly all phases of the mining and allied industries but also with those engaged in scores of other occupations that manufacture, store, use, or possess explosives, or many of the ingredients of explosives. The field men of the Health and Safety Branch (approximately 300 in number) Are occupied full time in health and safety activities and annually make thousands of contacts with people in the mineral industries as well as the plants in which they work. From these they formulate several thousand written reports containing sources of thousands of conclusions and recommendations aimed at reduction of health end safety hazards in these industries. Although such activities have been greatly increased during the war and immediate pro-war periods, they have been in effect to a considerable extent since the Bureau of Mines was created in 1910.

Jan 1, 1944

By H. A. Dierks, H. B. Link

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a practical feeder apparatus to introduce comparatively large pieces of coal and similar material into a pipeline under pressure in connection with the vertical hydraulic transportation of solids , termed " hydraulic hoisting . " This method of hoisting the precrushed run - of - mine product of an underground mine has been given unusually wide attention abroad and could be of considerable significance to the U.S. mining industry in its search for operating improvements and cost reduction . A lock-hopper assembly was developed after a series of sinking velocity tests were made by dropping anthracite in a column of water . The system functioned reliably as an automatically operated feeder apparatus .

Jan 1, 1964