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By A. L. Peyton

Manganese-oxide minerals occur in irregular pockets distributed through the residual clays of the Cartersville district, which lies 45 miles north-west of Atlanta in Bartow County, Ga. The district produces, or has produced, limonite, barite, specular hematite, ochre, ferruginous manganese, manganiferous iron are, as well as manganese. Bureau of Mines engineers have visited the district on three occasions - in December 1939, February 1941, and October 1942. During the visit of February 1941, 80 tons of samples of manganese-bearing clays were taken from seven properties for ore-dressing tests, which were conducted at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Rolla, Mo. The. October 1942 visit was for the purpose of reappraising the district in the light of knowledge gained from the ore-dressing studies and to prepare a plan for the district's development. Exploratory drilling was begun in March l943 and was continued until June 1945. Nine properties were explored that, roughly follow a line beginning near Cartersville and extend to a point 2 miles northeast of the village of White. The work consisted of bulldozer trenching, rotary bucket churn drilling, sampling, and analytical determinations. The manganese district is 18 miles long with a maximum width of 7 miles at Cartersville, which lies at the center of the district. The work of the Bureau was confined to the northern half of the district between Cartersville and Pine Log. The properties explored comprise but a small portion of the Potential producing area.

Jan 1, 1949

By V. A. Marple, K. L. Rubow, B. A. Olson

"INTRODUCTION Inertial classification, gravitational sedimentation centrifugation, and thermal precipitation arc techniques that can be used to collect particles for subsequent analysis or for particle classification. The inertial classifiers, which include impactors, virtual impactors, and cyclones, are widely used in the sampling or particles. Settling chambers, which include centrifuges as well as gravitational settling devices, are less widely used. Thermal precipitators arc seldom used.Impactors, in particular, have been used extensively, studied both theoretically and experimentally, and arc the instrument or choice for the determination or aerosol mass size distributions. Many versions or impactors arc available commercially and many more have been designed, built, and used in special studies.Virtual impactors are a more recently developed inertial classifier and possess a feature not round in conventional inertial impactors; namely, that the particles remain airborne after classification compared to the conventional impactor, where the particles arc collected on a solid surface. The feature or keeping particles airborne is important for transporting the particles to other particle-analyzing instruments, or to filters, and in concentrating particles larger than the cutsize in a small fraction of the total now."

Nov 1, 1995

By H. C. Miller

Several agencies of the Federal Government are engaged in research and fact finding relative to petroleum and natural gas, and others are concerned with carrying out the provisions of specific laws that affect these natural resources in their broad aspects. The Bureau of Mines, however, is the only Federal agency designated by law to engage in research in oil and natures gas production, chemistry, refining, and

Jan 1, 1941

By F. L. Wideman

This report describes a computer program that is used for the calculation of the coordinates and elevations of subsidence survey pins located by intersection. This program was developed for the Federal Bureau of Mines by the Numerical Analysis Laboratory, University of Arizona. These calculations, although relatively simple, are both tedious and time-consuming when computed with a desk calculator and trigonometric tables. In this survey, a large number of pins were surveyed repeatedly, and it was evident that both time and money could be saved by using a digital computer.

Jan 1, 1962

By Glen C. Reed

"The Avon mica district of Latah County, Idaho, is situated on a heavily forested spur of the Thatuna Range at an average altitude of 4,000 feet. The nearest rail connection is at Avon, a small farming settlement 7 miles to the south. The main supply point is Moscow, Idaho, which is 35 miles by graveled and graded county roads from Avon.Discovery of mica-bearing pegmatites in 1885 was followed in 1888 by exploitation of several outcrop deposits. Although factual data are unavailable, past production appears to have been well in excess of $100,000. Recent production (September 191 to April 1945) amounted to 65,824.78 pounds of trimmed sheet mica and 33,294.17 pounds of punch mica having a total gross value of $434,298.The several properties of the district are variously owned by estates, individuals, and the State. When active, all wore under lease or sublease to individual operators.The deposits are in an area of pre-Cambrian schists adjacent to a small granitic outlier of the Idaho batholith. The pegmatites are nearly concordant in dip and strike to the foliation of the enclosing schists. The more persistent bodies are usually tabular, lenticular, or pegmatite. Individual dikes range in length from 10 feet or less to 300 feet.The recoverable crude mica content of the pegmatites ranges downward from a maximum of 115 pounds per ton of pegmatite mined. Material discarded in rifting and trimming operations further reduces recovery to a maximum of 5 pounds per ton -of pegmatite mined. The average recoverable sheet content of the 'recently operated .deposit is estimated at 2 pounds per ton of pegmatite -mined. Available data indicate that about 21 percent of the district's recent production of trimmed sheet mica has been ""Group A"" material suitable for exacting condenser requirements. A few of the dikes contain local concentrations of beryl.Reserves of the three known major deposits of the district are estimated at about 600 to 1,000 tons of combined ""indicated"" and ""inferred"" crude block mica. One of these deposits is inferred to contain between 150 and 450 tons of beryl.It is believed that those mica reserves are minable only under a cost-market price ratio similar to that established during 1943 and 1944. A small part of the reserves can be ""high-graded"" under the present price structure. Profitable recovery of the beryl would require a market price four to five times that paid in 1944.Preliminary examination of the Avon mica district was made by the Bureau of Mines in the summer and fall of 1942. A study of the Muscovite mine and a brief reconnaissance of the surrounding district led the Bureau to recommend that the district be explored by angle-dozer trenching."

Jul 1, 1946

By E. P. Youngman

This paper is one of a series of digests of foreign mining legislation and court decisions that is being prepared in advance of a general report relative to the right of American citizens to explore for minerals and to own and operate mines in various foreign countries. This interpretation of the mining laws of British Honduras has been prepared from the best available information in Washington and is released subject to amplification or correction, if necessary, by United States foreign-service officers. INTRODUCTION The mining law governing all mineral substances other than oil is ordinance No. 7 of 1927 (Minerals Ordinance, 1927), passed by the Legislative Council on March 25, 1927. The accompanying regulations, No. 3 of 1932 (General Minerals Regulations, 1932), made under the authority of section 66 of the minerals ordinance, were made by the Governor in Council on December 23, 1931.

Jan 1, 1934

By Frank E. Cash, John A. Johnson

"INTRODUCTION The operators of the Lake Superior district iron-ore mines have made tremendous progress in the past 25 years in the transportation of broken ore from the working places to the surface. This progress has paid divi¬dends in increased production and in lower accident-frequency rates. The trend has been toward more efficient use of mechanical and electrical power and abolishment of many of the backbraking tasks formerly required of min¬ers and trammers.ScopeTransportation of iron ore as described in this paper covers (1) movement from the working place to ore raises by scrapers, shaker,conveyors, and belt conveyors, and, loading underground cars from chutes or-by scraping from loading drifts; (2) underground haulage, which includes underground cars trains, locomotives, and tracks; (3) shaft station's and hoisting shafts, which. Includes dumping cars, storage-pockets; auxiliary storage trenches, and shafts; (4) hoisting, which consists of skips, cages and hoists; and (5) head frames, loading into railroad cars, and stock-pile haulage.The 19 underground iron-ore mines discussed in this paper, situated in the Menominee, Marquette, Gogebic, Guyana, Mesabi, and Vermilion iron ranges of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota., shipped about 9,000,000 tons of iron ore in 1945, which constituted 56 percent of the underground iron ore taken from the Lake Superior district."

Nov 1, 1947

By Chas. F. Jackson

The mining literature is replete with descriptions of methods and costs of operation at producing mines. To day the mine manager can find published information bearing upon almost any problem with which he may be faced. From this literature he can familiarize himself with methods employed by otter operators for coping with problems similar to his own, under more or less parallel conditions. Transaction of mining societies, publications of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, technical journals, and handbooks all afford valuable information dealing with operating methods and costs, Very little has been published, however, regarding methods and costs of equipping and developing new properties and bringing them to tae productive stage. There may be some question in the minds of many as to the value of papers on this subject, due to the great variety of conditions encountered. No two prospects are alike. Obviously, it is impossible to forecast what expenditure will be required to develop a mine from a raw prospect or even to predict whether the prospect can be developed into a productive mine.

Jan 1, 1933

By Ronald B. Stotelmeyer

This report summarizes studies of 55 Idaho national forest roadless areas completed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) in the period 1966-1992. These roadless areas have been recommended for addition to the National Wilderness Preservation System, proposed as special management areas, or otherwise recommended for study by the U.S. Forest Service or the Idaho congressional delegation. The Bureau of Mines' studies indicate which parts of the roadless areas contain mineral resources. They also show where mining and prospecting are likely to occur in the future, where mineral production has occurred in the past, and where abandoned mine workings (possible hazards) would be encountered. The number of mine and prospect workings found are a measure not only of surface disturbance, but of areas not wilderness in character.

Jan 1, 1994

By Charles B. Carpenter

For many years, studies of ground movement and subsidence accompanying subsurface mining operations have been part of the research program of the Bureau of Mines. Periodic observations by engineers of the Mining Division of the Bureau of man-built structures beneath which mining operations are conducted offer indisputable evidence of subsidence in the form of creeks in masonry structures and fractures and depressions in the surface of the earth. As the removal of subsurface rock and earth material by mining, especially by the room-and-pillar method, is equivalent to withdrawing some of the foundation of a building, subsidence of the formations above, the mining levels in certain areas is easily understood as a gravitational adjustment of the overlying earth formations.

Jan 1, 1940

By S. H. Ash

THIS REPORT covers the second in a series of five projects into which the Conowingo tunnel system has been divided for geographical and practical reasons. It outlines the construction work contemplated-to sink two shafts on the line of the main tunnel that are designated the Nos. 9A and 11 shafts, to turn off from the No. 9A shaft the Lansford and Lykens laterals, and to drive portions of the main tunnel. An emergency pumping plant, consisting of 2 separate pumprooms, each containing 3 horizontal-type centrifugal pumps of 100,000-gallons-per-minute (g. p. m.) capacity, will be constructed at the No. 9A shaft. From the No. 11 shaft will be turned off the Trevorton lateral and portions of the main tunnel, which will connect with the section driven from the No. 9A shaft. Under the proposed project, the Lansford lateral will be driven for a distance of 2 miles, the Lykens lateral for a distance of 10.56 miles, and the Trevorton lateral for a distance of 20 miles. To drive the Lykens and Trevorton laterals for the distance indicated, several construction shafts and slopes must be sunk to permit efficient and safe construction.

Jan 1, 1955

By J. B. Janus

This report, the 22d in a series, gives analytical data showing composition and quality of tipple and delivered samples of coal collected during fiscal year 1972. This coverage lists mines located in 20 States. Ultimate analyses are given for most of the coalbeds listed. Tipple samples were collected by Bureau of Mines engineers at tipples as coal was being loaded into railroad cars or trucks. The deliveries were sampled in accordance with instructions issued by the Bureau of Mines, and the samples were analyzed in the Bureau laboratory at Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1973

This manual provides instructions for installing, operating, and maintaining a protective canopy on the Galis Mfg. Co. face drill. The instructions are based upon an actual installation made in the mine on face drill model 460-S. The parts list and engineering drawings for the protective canopy are included at the end of the manual. And a discussion of some alternative design concepts is also included. The manual can also be used for retrofitting other face drills with similar protective canopies. Skilled mechanics can determine if the instructions herein would be applicable to the other face drills and can determine any necessary modifications if they are not.

Jan 1, 1973

By J. Dean Warner

Alaska contains many critical and strategic minerals that are scarce in the conterminous United States. Among these are tin, tantalum, and columbium. This Bureau of Mines report summarizes available data on the production, reserves, and occurrences of these minerals in Alaska. Alaska produces about 200,000 lb of tin per year, with historical production since 1901 estimated to have totaled 5,830,600 lb. Measured, indicated, and inferred tin reserves total over 140,000,000 Ib. Much of the tin production has been from the placer mines of the western Seward Peninsula; however, most of the reserves are in that area's lode deposits. Alaskan tin occurrences are part of a belt of tin mineralization that extends along the western coast of North and South America. The Alaskan portion of this "tin belt" comprises placer occurrences and lode occurrences of five major types: greisen, vein, skarn, pegmatite, and volcanogenic massive sulfide. Greisen and vein occurrences are the most abundant, but skarn deposits have historically been the most economically important. Columbium and tantalum have not been produced in Alaska; however, they may be recoverable as byproducts of tin, tungsten, gold, or uranium mining. Approximately 135,000 Ib of columbium oxide (Cb205) are inferred within the Tofty placer deposits in the Manley Hot Springs district.

Jan 1, 1985

By D. Bienstock

The use of alkalized alumina in removing sulfur dioxide from a coal-combustion flue gas at 625° F was investigated on a pilot plant scale. The absorber was 26 feet long and 1.6 inches ED. Counter-current gas-solids flow at gas velocities of 8 to 15 ft/sec in the presence and absence of baffles, as well as solids entrainment at gas velocities of 20 to 23 ft/sec with solids recycle, were employed. The spent absorbent as regenerated as fixed bed with the reducing gases--reformed natural .7.7d hydrogen. Of absorption-regeneration were successful completed using the alkalized alumina rolled into spherical granules 10 to 16 mesh. There was no loss in activity of absorbent toward SO2 with a modest attrition equivalent to 0.l percent of the solids feed. Supporting studies were conducted on the effect of the sodium content in the absorbent, the composition of the reducing gas, thermal treatment to increase absorbent hardness, and removal of absorbed chlorine from the absorbent. A mathematical model was formulated to describe the removal of SO2 by alkalized aluminum from fixed and falling beds.

Jan 1, 1967

By Charles B. Carpenter

For many years, studies of ground movement and subsidence accompanying subsurface mining operations have been part of the research program of the Bureau of Mines. Periodic observations by engineers of the Mining Division of the Bureau of man-built structures beneath which mining operations are conducted offer indisputable evidence of subsidence in the form of creeks in masonry structures and fractures and depressions in tie surface of the earth. As the removal of subsurface rock and earth material by mining, especially by the room-and-pillar method, is equivalent to withdrawing some of the foundation of a building, subsidence of the formations above, the mining levels in certain air-as is easily understood as a gravitational adjustment of the overlying earth formations.

Jan 1, 1940

By W. T. Wertman

LABORATORY research has been started at the Bureau of Mines Morgantown Petroleum Research Laboratory, Morgantown, Va., to investigate the possibilities thermal-recovery methods for producing crude oils of high API gravity found in oil reservoirs of the eastern United States. This bibliography on thermal methods of oil recovery was compiled as a part of the work. Crude oil discoveries to December 31, 1958, in the United States were estimated to exceed 270 billion barrels. Cumulative production of crude oil through 19.55 was about 60 billion barrels, and the American Petroleum Institute estimates that an additional 30.5 billion barrels are economically recoverable by present methods. On this basis, about two-thirds of the oil that has already been found can be classified as economically unrecoverable for lack of a satisfactory method. The rap icily rising costs of proving new deposit; of domestic petroleum, the lack of new discoveries of large oilfields in the united States, and I he growing demand for crude oil have caused an acceleration of research to develop new or improved methods fur producing "unrecoverable" oil in known reservoirs.

Jan 1, 1960

By F. W. Smith

To determine whether preheating coals before carbonization would improve the coking properties of the coals, particularly the weaker coking coals, 3 coals, 1 each from Illinois, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania, and a blend of the Illinois with a Pocahontas coal were preheated before testing for coking properties in the Bureau's BM-AGA pilot oven. The effects of preheating on the chemical and physical proper-ties of the coals and on the yields of carbonization products and strength of the coke produced from the preheated coals were determined, as were also the effects of bulk density, gaseous atmosphere, and residence time during preheating. Most benefit from preheating was found with weaker or oxidized coking coals, whereas the more strongly coking coals and blends showed little effect. Direct charging of preheated coal to the coke oven without cooling gave better coke, increased yield of tar, and decreased yield of gas. INTRODUCTION Although 94 percent of today's coal production comes from fields east of the Mississippi, the Eastern States have only about one-third of the Nation's recoverable reserves. West Virginia, which now produces more than any other State, has much smaller reserves than Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming.5/ However, the manufacture of iron and steel in Western States, which has increased greatly since World War I, is handicapped by the scarcity of high-grade coking coals, such as are plentiful in the Appalachian region. Unless a practical method of improving the cokemaking property of local coals is developed, ferrous metallurgical industries in the West must continue to use inferior coking coals and to pay high shipping charges for better coals.

Jan 1, 1958

By F. D. Stevenson

Thermodynamic properties of metal halides and, in particular, vapor pressures have become of great importance in recent years owing to increased application of chemical processing to extraction of metals from their ores. Vapor pressure data serve not only as a valuable source of latent heat of vaporization and fusion values but also differences in metal-halide vapor pressures often provide the basis for their separation by conventional mass transfer operations. This literature search was made to provide a ready reference to experimental vapor-pressure data of metal halides and oxyhalides. Results are reported in two main sections: (1) A tabulation of vapor- pressure references for each of the metal halides (listed by metal) for which actual experimental data are reported (table 1), and (2) a bibliography of the citations. Metal halides and oxyhalides are listed by chemical formula and chemical name, based on the stock4 system. To facilitate location of the references, a listing of the journal titles and their abbreviations follows the bibliography.

Jan 1, 1963

By Paul M. Ambrose

ADVANCES in mining and processing technology made it possible to reopen the De Beers diamond mine in South Africa, originally located in 1871 by Cecil Rhodes and closed in 1908. Radioactive material was used to indicate the efficiency of hydro-cyclones used in diamond concentration. Added interest was shown in recovering diamond from the sea off the coast of South-West Africa. Production of crude artificial abrasives declined because demand was paritally met by withdrawals from stocks. The value of graded grain-coated abrasives and grinding wheels surpassed those of 1962.

Jan 1, 1964