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Bahrain's oil revenue increased from $337 million2 in 1916 to $378 million in 1977. Despite the increase in value, petroleum receipts made up only 584 of all Government income in 1877, compared with 74% in 1976 and 83% in 1975. Bahrain became an oil producer in 1932 with the discovery of the Awali oilfield, and since that time, the Awali oilfield has produced over 600 million barrels of crude oil. Awali production in 1977 was 21.2 million barrels. Bahrain shares the revenue from the Abu Safah oilfield, located in the Persian Gulf north of Bahrain, equally with Saudi Arabia. Revenue from the Abu Safah oilfield was approximately $179 million or 47% of oil revenues in 1977. Output from the Abu Safah oilfield was 48 million barrels, an increase of nearly 30% over 1976 output. The Bahrain Petroleum Company (BAPCO). the nation's only oil-producing company, was owned 40% by California Texas Oil Corp. (CALTEX and 60% by the Govern¬ment. The Government established Bahrain National Oil Co. (BANOCO) in 1976 to administer the Government's share of BAPCO, oversee exploration concessions, and manage domestic marketing of petroleum products. The Government announced its intention to acquire 100% control of crude oil and natural gas production. CALTEX was to retain complete control of the 250,000-barrel-per-day oil refinery near Sitrah.

Jan 1, 1981

By J. L. Howell, D. E. Pollock, A. B. Cecala, A. D. O’Brien

Dust from worker,s clothes has been shown to be a problematic source of personal dust exposure. A recently completed effort between NIOSH and the Unimin Corporation has resulted in a quick and effective way to clean worker clothing. The process involves a booth under negative pressure with an air spray manifold to supply compressed air to blow off the dust from the clothing. The overall system is designed to meet MSHA and OSHA requirements. Results of field testing indicated that the manifold cleaned the clothes 10 times faster and removed 50% more dust than cleaning methods used by workers today.

Reduce the danger to personnel and destruction of equipment caused by fires on surface coal augers. Approach: A reasonably priced reliable system which automatically senses a fire and activates dry chemical extinguishers, has been built and field tested. How It Works: Heat sensors mounted in the engine compartment and hydraulic hose areas detect the fire, usually before the operator does. This causes the system to automatically discharge A-B-C class dry chemical extinguisher through a fixed piping system.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. Durkin

The Bureau of Mines has conducted field studies in coal mines throughout the United States to determine the effectiveness of electromagnetic techniques in locating miners trapped underground following a mine accident. Data from these tests have been used to generate models of expected signal and noise distributions as found above these mines. These distributions have aided in placing the expected performance of a through-the-earth electromagnetic communications technique into a probabilistic framework. Results show that at a 10% false-alarm rate, the expected probability o detecting a miner's signal" from a depth of 1000 ft is 54% at 500 ft it is 95%. These depths exceed the actual depths of 90 and 50%, respectively, of United States coal mines. Sensitivity studies have shown that at depth of 1000 ft, the probability of detection will improve approximately 2% for each dB of increase in signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio.

As part of its research and development activities concerning coal mine operational/emergency communications sys terns, the Bureau of Mines commissioned several contractors to conduct electromagnetic (EM) noise studies and measurements that would aid the development of improved coal mine operational/emergency communications systems. The bulk of the noise studies and measurements were conducted in 1971. The Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center (PMSRC) inherited the responsibility for monitoring the electromagnetic noise activities by mid-to-late 1971, and initiated a review and evaluation of the current and planned electromagnetic noise work. Arthur D. Little, Inc., (ADL) was asked by PMSRC to assist it in performing this review and evaluation by placing stronger emphasis on certain tasks of existing Contract No. H0122026. This technical memorandum report presents the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of our review and evaluation of the electromagnetic noise measurements of the five contractors we were asked to examine. Our review and evaluation effort included meetings and telephone discussions with technical staff of each contractor; serving as Technical Discussion Leader of a "Contractor's Round Table Meeting on EM Noise, Surface and Subsurface, Operating and Non-Operating Mines" called by the Bureau of Mines; examination and discussion of contractor reports and relevant open literature; sample verification calculations; and the documentation of our findings, conclusions, and recommendations by this report.

Jan 1, 1972

Combine the MSHA and OSHA versions of the HazCom Helper into one easy-to-use software tool.

Jan 6, 2007

By F. G. Scott

This document is a proposed program plan for mining environmental research to be conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in support of industrial oil shale mining and processing. This program plan is one of three research alternatives being considered by the Bureau, each based on a different level of anticipated funding. This report documents the mid funding level program plan.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. C. Johnson

This circular is one of a series published by the Bureau of Mines describing mining and beneficiation methods and costs at various mining operations throughout the United States. Inclusion of the Abbott mine in this series is of particular interest, as the complex geology and the character of the deposits make their exploitation a unique operation. The mine operates on a high-cost, comparatively small-scale basis, and only the persistence of an aggressive management has enabled it to maintain its rank among the major mercury producers of California. Rising costs and decreasing metal prices, which continuously threaten the low profit margin, are reflected in increased efficiency of operation. This report summarizes past operations and describes, in detail, the geology and ore deposits; exploration and mining methods; and furnacing and condensing operations. It covers the entire operation from initial exploration to the actual production of mercury. Comparative production costs for 1944 and 1958 are of special interest.

Jan 1, 1962

By James R. Aggson

This Bureau of Mines report describes floor heave ground control problems that have been encountered in a new underground coal mine in West Virginia. Previous experience in the coal seam, the results of physical property investigations, and in situ rock stress determinations are discussed. The apparent cause of the ground control problems is the existence of a high, biaxial, horizontal stress field coupled with a floor member that has time-dependent deformation characteristics, A theoretical analysis of the failure process is developed. The analysis is assisted by finite element techniques. Mine design recommendations based on this analysis are presented.

Jan 1, 1978

By William H. Pomroy

The Bureau of Mines, through a 4-year program of combined in-house and contract research, has developed the necessary hardware and software technology to provide rugged, reliable automatic fire protection for surface mining mobile equipment. One element of this program was a continuing effort to help foster rapid mining industry acceptance of the technology by keeping end user costs reasonable. This report is an analysis of the economic impact of surface mining mobile equipment fires and the cost benefit of utilizing automatic fire protection systems to abate these losses.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. A. Kearns

Biennially the Bureau of Mines issues a list of equipment that has been accepted as approved or permissible during the two calendar years immediately preceding the date of publication of the listing. By so doing the mining industry is kept informed of the availability of the latest equipment for safe use underground. This list supplements Bulletin 543, Permissible Mine Equipment Approved to January 1, 1953; Information Circular 7722, Permissible Mine Equipment Approved During the Calendar Years 1953-54; Information Circular 7840, Permissible Mine Equipment Approved During the Calendar Years 1955-56; and Information Circular 7957, Permissible Mine Equipment Approved During 1957-58. This list includes equipment meeting those standards that have been revised since Information Circular 7957 was .issued. Schedule 16E,4 a revision of Schedule 160, was approved May 19, 1960.

Jan 1, 1961

By D. A. Wilson

A cyclic leaching process was developed for selectively leaching and recovering cadmium from nickel-cadmium scrap battery waste. The six major steps in the process are the following: (1) washing the plates to remove KOH electrolyte, (2) roasting at 550° to 600° C to oxidize metallic cadmium and decompose cadmium and nickel salts, (3) leaching with an ammonium nitrate solution, (4) precipitation of the leached cadmium from solution as cadmium carbonate using CO2 gas, (5) removal of CO2 from the lixiviator by adjusting to pH 4.5, heating, and evacuating the system, and (6) removal of small amounts of leached nickel from the lixiviator using a solvent extraction technique. The regenerated lixiviator is then recycled to leach additional plates. Cadmium extraction was 94 percent and the cadmium carbonate product contained 0.14 percent nickel and 0.12 percent cobalt impurity. The leached plates were smelted to a high nickel-low iron alloy with no detectable amounts of cadmium.

Jan 1, 1971

By E. C. Hoeman, W. C. Stoecker, R. C. Redfield

"INTRODUCTION Industrial sands, characterized by specific physical and chemical proportion, are,essential new materials for the manufacture of glass, sodium siliante and other products. Sands of suitable characteristics are used extensively for molds and cores in the casting of metals as a granular medium in municipal water filters, as abrasives, as traction sand to prevent the slipping of driving wheels of self-propelled vehicles on trucks and in various ceramic and other structural forms. In addition to the use of common silicon sands in concrete, cement, and mortar, special sands find use in sand-lime brick oxychloride cement, and flooring, for coating prepared roofing, and for placing ware in saggers although sand for sandpaper has been mostly displaced by other harder mineral or synthetic grains, other abrasive uses are numerous and include sandblasting stone sawing, glass burnishing and finishing."

Oct 1, 1945

By Paul L. Campbell

Investigations by the Federal Bureau of Mines of methods of upgrading tar obtained by low-temperature carbonization of lignite showed that ß,ß?-oxydipropionitrile, ß,ß?-iminodipropionitrile, and ß,ß'-thiodipropionitrile were effective solvents for extracting aromatics (aromatic hydrocarbons plus polar compounds) from coal-tar neutral distillate fractions. Batch extraction showed that these solvents extracted approximately the same percentage of aromatics from various neutral oil fractions boiling between approximately 170° and 350° C. In continuous countercurrent extractions using oxydipropionitrile and iminodipropionitrile, approximately 30 to 35 vol.-pct, and 65 to 70 vol.-pct, of the aromatics in 170° to 350° C. neutral distillate oil were extracted at room temperature when solvent-to-oil ratios were 2:1 and 12:1, respectively. As the concentration of aromatics in the neutral distillate oil fraction decreased, the capacities and, to some extent, the selectivities of these solvents for the remaining aromatics decreased. Aromatics were isolated from the extracts and the solvents recovered by washing the extract fractions with a low-boiling paraffinic hydrocarbon such as heptane, using hydrocarbon-to-extract ratios of at least 2:1. The heptane wash removed most of the aromatics but only part of the polar compounds (compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen) from the extracts. The recovered oxydipropionitrile and iminodipropionitrile, containing polar compounds, were effective in extracting aromatics from neutral distillate oils. The contaminated solvents showed essentially the same capacities and selectivities as the pure solvents.

Jan 1, 1961

By F. S. Karn

Conditions necessary to obtain optimum yield of useful products when coal is rapidly heated to extreme temperatures by laser irradiation were determined by the Bureau of Mines. Product distribution and yield were investigated as functions of several variables. Low-rank coals with high-volatile matter gave highest total gas yields. Medium-rank coals gave the highest yields of H2 and CA and low-rank coals gave highest yields of CO and C02. Macerals gave gases of approximately the same composition, but the total gas yield increased in the order fusinite, micrinite, vitrinite, and exinite. Total gas and C2H2 yields varied inversely with particle size. The addition of nominally inert gases such as Ar, He, N2 increased yields of H2, C2H2, and total gas. Metals such as nickel and platinum had little influence on the rate of coal decomposition. Total gas yield increased with total energy of irradiation, and the ratio of C2H2-CH4 increased with concentration of energy. A study was also made of the irradiation temperature, and a material balance was calculated.

Jan 1, 1970

By Joseph Gersic

MINFO has been developed to serve as a frontend for three databases created to store basic minerals information gathered during the minerals resource assessment conducted by U.S. Bureau of Mines(USBM) for the Malheur and Jordan resource areas of southeastern Oregon(MJRA). The primary database is the Minerals Location Inventory (MLI.DBF) which contains of information assembled from field work performed during this project, the USBM Minerals Availability System/Mineral Information Location System(MAS/MILS) database, the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral lndustries(DOGAMT) Mineral Information Location(MILOC) database, and the U.S. (Geological Survey(USGS) Mineral Resource Database System(MRDS), In addition, assay results are contained in the geochemical database (ELEMENTS.DBF) and modified X-ray diffraction analysis information is contained in the minerals database (MINOR.M.DBF). MINFO includes four types of program modules: ? Enter/Edit Data was developed to allow the addition of new information and to encourage correction of errors by providing a convenient means of entering and editing data and a large degree of automatic checking and filtering of entries. ? ACAD/DBF Link links each site symbol posted on the map in the drawing file to a record in the database. This provides the user with the ability to use a mouse or other pointing device to graphically select a site for viewing and editing. Edits are performed directly in the database file, ? Reports contains 7 formats of data output for creating files for printing, transfer to other database formats, and exporting to other software packages such as spreadsheets and word processing programs. ? Maps includes 5 programs for creating AutoCAD script files which can be used to create maps of selected information in conjunction with AutoCAD. Mineral location mapping files derived from MLI.DBF can be created in 2 formats. Mapping files can be generated from each of the 2 sets of geochemical analyses contained in ELEMENTS.DBF. X-ray diffraction analyses can also be translated into instructions for creating and posting piecharts at sampling sites.

Jan 1, 1994

By R. W. Van Dolah

A premature detonation of an explosive charge occurred on January 30, 1961, at a face being prepared for blasting in the underground Jefferson Island Salt Mine, Diamond Crystal Salt Co., Jefferson Island, Iberia Parish, La. The accidental blast injured the powderman fatally; his helper was injured also, but recovered. The accident represents the first fatality reported to the Bureau of Mines in connection with the use of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (AN-FO) blasting agents in underground mining in the United States. Representatives of the Bureau of Mines Explosives Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh, Pa., and field representatives of the Bureau's Health and Safety Activity conducted the investigation, upon request of the manufacturer of the ammonium nitrate being used and with concurrence by the mine management.

Jan 1, 1962

By G. R. Hopkins

The average heat requirement per barrel of crude processed in the United states rose from 555,000 B. t. u. in 1939 to 579,000 B. t. u. in 1940, although crude runs increased from 1,237,840,000 barrels to 1,294,162,000 barrels in that period. Thus the almost invariable rule that the average amount of heat needed to refine a barrel of crude oil declines when total crude runs to stills increases was broken. (See fig. 1.) The reasons underlying the apparent loss in fuel efficiency in 1940 are quite obscure. There is little question but that the principle of heat exchange, the most important fuel saver, was used as extensively in 1940, as in 1939. A few companies replaced purchased power with electricity made at their plants, but for the country as a whole purchased electricity increased 7 percent, as compared with a 5-percent gain in crude run to stills. Furthermore, the premise the more complex the products the more fuel required -does not hold, as the yield of ?complex" products, including gasoline, declined in 1940.

Jan 1, 1942

By G. R. Hopkins

The average heat requirement per barrel of crude processed in the United states rose from 555,000 B. t. u. in 1939 to 579,000 B. t. u. in 1940, although crude runs increased from 1,237,840,000 barrels to 1,294,162,000 barrels in that period. Thus the almost invariable rule that the average amount of heat needed to refine a barrel of crude oil declines when total crude runs to stills increases was broken. (See fig. 1.) The reasons underlying the apparent loss in fuel efficiency in 1940 are quite obscure. There is little question but that the principle of heat exchange, the most important fuel saver, was used as extensively in 1940, as in 1939. A few companies replaced purchased power with electricity made at their plants, but for the country as a whole purchased electricity increased 7 percent, as compared with a 5-percent gain in crude runs to stills. Furthermore, the premise -the more complex the products the more fuel required -does not hold, as the yield of ?complex" products, including gasoline, declined in 1940.

Jan 1, 1942

By George J. Carter

Data obtained from field and laboratory examinations were used by the Bureau of Mines to evaluate 82 silica deposits in the Pacific Northwest. A total of 94 field samples was taken from 64 deposits, and an additional 18 deposits were investigated that did not warrant sampling. Of the 37 deposits found to be of high quality, only 16 were large enough to be classified as industrial silica resources. Another 27 deposits did not meet quality requirements. Methods of simple low-cost beneficiation and rapid classification of a large number of samples were investigated in the laboratory. These tests indicated that high-intensity electromagnetic separation was equal or superior to either high-or low-intensity electrostatic separation. In general, the electromagnetic method gave higher recoveries and produced equal or better grade concentrates. A glass button method developed for estimating iron oxide content of silica samples proved to be highly satisfactory as a means of classifying field samples and evaluating beneficiation tests.

Jan 1, 1962