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The regular activities of the Insti¬tute are financed mainly by income derived from members' dues, from advertising in MINING AND METALLURGY, and from the sale of publications to the public. In addition, collateral activities and special projects are financed each year by means of income from endowed funds controlled and administered by the Institute. In the aggregate, the principal sums of these endowments amount to more than $530,000. An active effort is being made to in¬crease the endowment funds of the Institute through a standing committee, of which H. T. Hamilton is chairman, and of which the other members are: W. H. Aldridge, George D. Barron, Cleveland E. Dodge, D. C. Jackling, Henry Krumb and J. V. W. Reynders. This committee feels that there exists a tremendous opportunity for the Institute to be of ever-growing service to the public, to the mineral industries, and to the profession. It welcomes suggestions as to names of men of means who are vitally interested in the mineral industries, and to whom the opportunity to make a contribution or bequest might appeal favorably if presented in the proper light by the committee.

Jan 1, 1942

By Benjamin B. Lawrence

Arthur Launcelot Collins was born at Truro in Cornmall, England, July 8, 1868. His father, J. H. Collins, is well kuown as an engineer, and his books have been widely read in this country: Arthur was the third son. Three of his brothers are engaged, as is his father, in the profession of mining engineering. His education, gained partly at St. Austell, partly at Falmouth, and partly at Nuttall's Collegiate School in Truro, England, was supervised by his father, who was then Lecturer on the Mining Sciences to the Miners' Association of Cornwall and Devon. In 1881, J. H. Collins went to Rio Tinto, in Spain, as chief chemist and metallurgist, and it was there that Arthur began his practical work in the laboratory and continued his studies in chenlistry and mineralogy. To the latter science he was deeply attached; and he never lost an opportunity of adding to his cabinet of minerals, of which he was an ardent collector. In 1883, he became assayer and general assistant to Mr. Nicol, Manager of the Peña del Hierro copper-mines, ncar Rio Tinto. Until 1885 he was associated with his father in the study of the geology of the Rio Tinto belt. In 1885 he retuined

Jan 1, 1904

By Arthur Knapp

The economics of fuel oil must be considered in two aspects; viz., fuel oil as one of a number of competitive fuels and fuel oil as a refined product of petroleum. "Fuel oil" is usually defined as that product of petroleum which is used in furnaces for the generation of heat by simple combustion. It is true that any product of petroleum used in an internal combustion engine is essentially a fuel oil, but such oils are not included in the class known as "fuel oil." Fuel Oil as One of Several Fuels For a number of years, the petroleum industry has believed that the petroleum reserves were very limited and that petroleum products would begin to become scarce within a few years. The industry has believed that there would be a gradual but continual rise in prices as a result of this impending scarcity. The industry, therefore, has informed the users of fuel oil thai., once they were eliminated by price, they were eliminated for all time. The petroleum industry believed and made the consumer believe that there would never be any appreciable recession in price which would make it

Jan 1, 1928

By H. S. McQueen

THE insoluble residue method for the examination and correlation of limestones and dolomites, or other sedimentary rocks containing calcium and magnesium carbonates, originated and was developed in the laboratory of the Missouri Geological Survey. The numerous and ever-increasing problems in the field of applied geology, and the need for a tool or aid in the solution of them, led to experimental work with samples collected from deep wells, in the early part of 1924. The success attained, almost at the outset, with this method was so great that the method has now been developed from the state of the experimental to the realm of large-scale, every-day routine. In a previous paper the writer' described the procedure in detail and the characteristics of the residues obtained from certain Paleozoic forma-tions in Missouri. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the economic application of the insoluble residue method.

Jan 1, 1936

By J. E. Ryan

TRONA, Calif., is a miniature urban community of some 3500 people, located on the northwest shore of dry Searles Lake in the extreme northwest corner of San Bernardino County, approximately 186 miles north and east of Los Angeles. Since it is situated on the Mojave Desert, a typically desert climate prevails with wide variations in temperature between day and night, extreme daytime summer heat, and cool to cold winters. Rainfall averages somewhat less than 4 in. per year, and dust storms are common. The rate of evaporation, however, is great, amounting to 6 to 9 ft of water per year. The extremely low humidity makes the summer heat of 110°F tolerable with only a mild, temporary discomfort.

Jan 5, 1951

By I. Stapf

Systematic investigations on silver-rare earth metal systems have been extended on the Ag-Ce system in order to clarify the discrepancies reported in literature. The phase diagram has been reinvestigated on the base of thermal analyses and of microstructure examination on cast and annealed specimen. All intermetallic phases Ag4Ce, Ag3Ce, Ag2Ce and AgCe show no extended range of homogeneity, they melt congruently fm), or decompose peritectically (d) at 815 °C (d), 1030 °C (m), 855 °C (d) and 855 °C (m), respectively. The system shows eutectics at 793 °C/10 at.%, 780 °C/42 at.%, and about 505 °C/81 at.% Ce. d-Ce dissolves up to 2 at .% Ag and decomposes metatectically at 710 °C. Furthermore, the phase transformation of the intermetallics would be clarified. The phases Ag5Ce and Ag51Ce14 reported in literature could not be verified.

Jan 1, 1984

By C. H. Curtis

The Esperanza mine of the Copper Division of Duval Sulphur & Potash Co. is located in the Twin Buttes District, 32 miles southwest of Tucson, Ariz. Records of mining activity in this vicinity date back to the 1850's. The New Year's Eve mine, which was last active briefly during the years of World War II, made the first actual penetration into what is now Duval's Esperanza property. Duval's exploration department became interested in the Esperanza in the fall of 1954. The first test hole was started on May 8, 1955. Two years of intensive exploration work together with metallurgical studies developed the basis for the decision to establish an operation.

Jan 11, 1961

By Leon Banks

THE- Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn., operating in the Waco district, 15 miles northwest of Joplin, Mo., owns large tailing piles made during milling operations of the years 1918-28 by the Butte-Kansas, Acme, and Barnsdall mining companies, whose holdings have been purchased and consolidated under, the ownership of the Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn. These tailings had been considered too low in value to be worth retreating by the ordinary methods. C. Erb Wuensch, consulting engineer of the Missouri-Kansas Zinc Corpn., noted the difference in the type of tailing from upper-level and lower-level ore. The latter contained hard lime chats. He also found that mill losses had been due to particles of blende on the corners or sides of the chats and to the existence of soft, porous, cellular, lime chats containing varying amounts of blende. He conceived the idea that a quick grind in rolls or ball mills might change the type of the material so that jigging could make a clean tailing for discard and a partly concentrated product sufficient in blende content to justify the expense of fine grinding in ball mills to free the mineral entirely. A laboratory was equipped with the necessary machines and the writers were assigned the problem of developing a method of retreating the tailings.

Jan 1, 1929

By Howard Smith

FOR several years this Institute has recorded in its TRANSACTIONS the various discoveries of potash? in America, and the successive stages in the development of an independent domestic potash industry. This paper is intended primarily to continue the record through the year 1935. In retrospect it is not inappropriate to note that public interest aroused in 1910 resulted in the production of some 1090 tons of pure potash in 1915, as a small beginning in the domestic inorganic potash industry, and that the infant industry thus begun reaches its majority this year, following a record production in 1935 of about 600,000 tons of potash salts and exports to no less than 22 foreign countries, including six countries in Europe. This production, with an estimated 200,000 tons of pure potash, may be compared with a production in 1934 of 430,157 tons with an equivalent of 144,342 tons of pure potash.

Jan 1, 1936

By K. R. Y. Simha

Successful explosive gas well stimulation requires a thorough understanding of explosively driven cracks under confining in-situ stresses. In a previous paper (Simha, et a1 1983) the problem of explosively driven cracks was experimentally investigated to reveal the features of crack propagation. It was observed that the explosively driven crack propagation is the result of two different but overlapping phases. The first phase involving the initiation and early time crack propagation is entirely governed by the explosively generated stress transients. The rapidly decaying stress transients then lead to the second phase of crack propagation largely controlled by the in-situ stresses. The purpose of this paper is to more fully understand the characteristics of the first phase concerning the initiation and early time propagation of explosively driven cracks. Experiments are conducted with plastic models under biaxial compression and the dynamic event is observed with a high speed multiple spark gap camera of the Cranz-Schardin type. The experimental observations are utilized to propose analytical models of crack initiation under explosive loading to aid in the design of multiple fracturing necessary for successful application of modern well stimulation techniques.

Jan 1, 1984

By W. E. Horst

During the past few years of operation at Kings Mountain, N. C., full-scale flotation has generally yielded poorer metallurgical results than those obtained in the laboratory or pilot plant. After 2 min in each size of Denver flotation machine in the spodumene rougher circuit, pilot recovery (41.7 pct) was almost three times that of the plant (13.6 pet) and about twice that of the laboratory (21.0 pet). Pilot and commercial plant data are based on continuous operation, and laboratory results on batch testing of rougher performance. The ore is a pegmatite containing spodumene, feldspar, quartz, mica, and amphibolite. Data were accumulated to evaluate the scale-up relationships between laboratory, pilot plant, and plant flotation cells. Flotation rate constants and dimensional analysis were used to define the relationship existing between flotation behavior and scale of operation.

Jan 11, 1958

By F. Lynwood Garrison

The enormous growth of the manufacture of Bessemer steel in this country within the last few years, due to the almost constant large demand for steel rails, renders it very desirable that our knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of a material upon which we place so much dependence should be increaqed by every possible means. It was with this end in view, and also in hopes of learning something of the causes affecting the regularity of the Bessemer product, that I took up the subject of this paper a short time ago. The lise of the microscope as an instrument of research in the metallurgy of iron and steel is now fairly well established;

Jan 1, 1887

By F. Rosenblum, P. Spira, F. Kitzinger

The possibility of increasing the efficiency of mineral processing plants by means of computer control has prompted metallurgists to examine their flowsheets more critically in order to develop practical control strategies. Control schemes in use to date generally rely on the automation of traditional and previously manually regulated control loops, e.g., the addition of reagents to maintain a constant assay or a constant pH. This approach is predicated on the availability of well established primary sensors such as pH electrodes or on-stream analyzers. Noranda Research Center, in cooperation with Noranda Group concentrators, has developed a froth level monitor and a pulp density meter adaptable to this type of control. Although some of the basic principles on which they are based have been known for some time, their incorporation into the design of reliable, direct-reading instruments which can be interfaced with a computer is believed to be novel.

Jan 1, 1980

Jan 4, 1951

Soil Testing for Engineers. By T. W. Lambe. Published by John Wiley & Sons. 165 P. $5.00.-Filling a need for a text for the teaching of soil testing in the laboratory, this book is also of value as a reference for practicing engineers and for personnel in soil laboratories. Following an introductory chapter on general laboratory procedures are chapters devoted to the individual laboratory soil tests which are commonly employed. Apparatus, supplies, recommended procedures, discussion of procedure, calculations results, and numerical examples are provided for each test. Brief derivations of formulas and explanations and discussions of calibration procedures and special techniques are given in the appendix. Mesabi Pioneer. Copyrighted 1951 by the Minnesota Historical Society.- Publication of this book has been made possible by a generous gift to Society from the E. J. Longyear Co. of Minneapolis. This book covers the evolution of the Mesabi Range from a wilderness into the nation's greatest iron producing area. In this book is found the first hand experiences of Edmund J. Longyear who saw the development of the range from its beginnings, and who himself took a notable part in it. In 1890 Edmund J. Longyear sank the first diamond drill hole on the Mesabi. During the next two decades he sank pits and holes- 7133 of them-throughout the length and breadth of the Mesabi Range, exploring for iron ore. He saw roads and railroads built. He watched the range communities--Hibbing, Chisholm, Biwabik, Mountain Iron and the others change from exploration camps to

Jan 11, 1951

I. PRESIDING OFFICERS. At all Business meetings of the Institute the President, or, in his absence, the Vice-President, or, in the absence of both of them, any other member of the Board of Directors to be chosen by the meeting, shall preside. At all other meetings of the Institute the President of the Council or, in his absence, one of the Vice-Presidents, if present, shall preside II. ORDER OF BUSINESS. At each Business meeting of the Institute the order of business shall be as follows 1. Reading of minutes of preceding meeting. 2 Report of the President. 3. Report of the Treasurer. 4. Report of the Secretary. 5. Election of Directors. 6. Election of Members of the Council. 7. Reports of Standing Committees. 8. Reports of Special Committees. 9. Special Orders 10. Miscellaneous business. This order of business may be changed by a vote of a majority of the Members and Associates present in person or by proxy. The usual parliamentary rules shall govern all meetings of the Institute except in cases otherwise provided by the Constitution or the By-Laws. At all sessions of the Institute other than business meetings, the order of proceedings and the time of adjournment, shall rest in the discretion of the presiding officer

Jan 1, 1923

By D. M. Spratt, O. R. Bell

In Australia's remote northwest are located the operations of Cliffs Robe River, one of the world’s largest iron ore projects. initial project cost was $US300 million and required the construction of a deepwater port, two towns for 3000 people, a 105 MW power station, and 170 km of railroad, all in harsh, arid country over 1300 km from the nearest industrial center. The ore occurs as goethite cappings on scattered mesas and averages 57% iron. All aspects of the project are reviewed from pre-operational research, through project construction to current operation.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. J. Fischer

COMPOSITES containing cold-drawn, high-strength steel wires have shown promise for normal and slightly elevated temperature applications, particularly where strength-to-weight ratios or corrosion resistance are important.'-3 Although tensile strengths up to 500,000 psi may be obtained by cold drawing these wires, processing the composite at elevated temperatures will result in a rapid decrease of the wires' strength. In wrought maraging steels, high-strength levels can be obtained by aging at 900' . Because these alloys do not rely on heavy cold working to achieve their strength, and because they do not overage readily, they are of potential interest for use in composites. In view of this, the tensile strengths of composites containing The total heat effect thus represents the heat of formation, AHf of the compound at 273' . Since the heat of solution of tin in the tin solvent bath is zero, AHz = 3( - H273)Sn and Hf is given by: For LaSn3, AH3 had a measured value of 11,285 i 380 cal per g-atom while for La2Sn, the corresponding value was 33,658 870 cal per g-atom. Using the measured data for the compounds and pure lanthanum, a value of -15,150 200 cal per g-atom was calculated for the heat of formation of LaSn, at 273°K, while Hf for La2Sn3 was found to be -28,090 400 cal per g-i&om. The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Army Research Office, Durham, North Carolina. under contract No. DA-31-124-ARO-D-384.

Jan 1, 1969

By B. J. Dotson, P. N. McCreery, R. L. Slobod, James W. Spurlock

A core sample porosity-check program is described. A number of laboratories participated in the investigation. which comprised measuring the porosities of ten selected natural and synthetic core samples. Each laboratory employed its own method (or methods) of measurement. These included Boyle's Law, water-saturation. and organic liquid-saturation methods. Brief descriptions of each method employed are given. In general, the measured values of porosity were in reasonably good agreement. The average deviation of porosity from the mean or average values for the group of samples was ±0.5 porosity per cent. The results of these measurements are compiled and presented in graphical form. INTRODUCTION The total hulk volume of a porous sample is derived from the sum of two volumes, the void or pore volume and the solid* or grain volume. The porosity fraction of the sample ia defined as the ratio of the void volume to the bulk volume. Multiplication of this ratio by 100 converts it to per cent porosity. Distinction is made here between total porosity and effective porosity. The former includes all void space, both interconnected and isolated, while the latter includes only those voids which are interconnected. This investigation deals only with the effective porosity.* Numerous cases had been noticed in which there appeared to be appreciable discrepancies in the results of porosity determinations on core samples. Differences of as much as 10 to 15 porosity per cent had been reported from different sources

Jan 1, 1951

By John D. Gill

The purpose of this paper is to invite attention away from the obvious. direct monetary costs of oil-field overdevelopment (as distinguished from "social costs") to a consideration of the role played by the exercise of freedom to create even allegedly excessive1 plant facilities in contributing to the maintenance of equilibrium in the wholc economy and in promoting material progress. The obvious and most commonly discussed effect of overdevelopment of oil fields is illustrated by the allegation that already the excessive development of the East Texas field has cost upward of $162,000,000;2 in other words, the drilling of 12,500 wells more than the number estimated as the requirement for economical recovery of the reserve has unnecessarily raised the total cost of development that amount. Many other illustrations of so-called excessive development of oil pools could be presented. Some of them, like Cushing, Powell and Long Beach, might be drawn from the era antedating widespread discussion in the trade of such matters as optimum well spacing, reservoir energy, the conservation rate of depletion of reserves, etc. Numerous other cases can he found in the records of the current era, which began with the introduction of rationalized restriction of production. Besides East Texas, there may be mentioned Oklahoma City, Centralia and. more recently, the town-lot development of Bloomingdale, Michigan.

Jan 1, 1940