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By Paul Martin, R. B. Kelly

Central Texas added 76 producing oil and gas wells during the year, abandoned 378 wells in the same period, and produced 10,359,905 bbl. of oil in the 12 months under consideration. The oil production represents a decline of only 3 per cent as compared to 1934, but it must be remembered that much new production was added during the year. The activity in new work centered in Frio, Bexar, Williamson and Cald-well counties, with development in the Pearsall, Von Ormy and Byersville fields taking first importance. New discoveries in 1935 were confined to Pearsall area of Frio County and an extension to the Darst Creek field in Guadalupe County. The Red Lake field, in eastern Freestone County, proved itself of importance from the standpoint of a gas reserve but no oil production has yet been obtained. In Bexar County, the Von Ormy field, in which the discovery well was drilled early in 1934, completed 22 oil producers during the year. (A map of Central Texas showing location of oil and gas fields was published in Volume 114 of the A.I.M.E. Transactions.) New Fields Pearsal1.—The Amerada Petroleum Corporation, in developing its 60,000-acre block in Frio County, has definitely proved the existence of commercial oil production in four separate horizons; namely, the Navarro, the Austin Chalk, the Buda and the Georgetown. The discovery well, a two million cubic foot gas well, was tompleted in 1934. A test of the Trinity sand at 10,050 ft. found salt water but later was plugged back and finished as an oil well in the Navarro sand. Most recent of their discoveries has been in the Austin Chalk at a depth of 5666 ft., where a 24-hr. gage through 1-in. choke showed 2640 bbl. of pipe line oil. The oil has a gravity of 28.0" A.P.I. and is brownish in color. Because of lack of pipe lines in the area, the wells are produced only for short periods of time, and it is predicted that development will be slow until the district is entered by pipe line purchasing companies. Von Ormy.—In March, 1934, Umbren et al. completed their Wentz

Jan 1, 1936

By Lawrence Addicks

Some three years ago the smelter connected with the Chrome, N. J., refinery of the United States Metals Refining Co. found itself embarrassed by constantly increasing piles of unsmelted blast-furnace flue dust. The charge was fine and 10 to 15 per cent. of it was blown over into the flue. Sulphur was at that time too scarce to make the sintering of the finer part of the charge attractive, and raw-ore smelting in a reverberatory with a partly oxidized charge was not to be thought of. A great many schemes were considered, including leaching, blowing into the converters, and briquetting, the problem finally narrowing down to blast roasting and nodulizing. It was found by experiment that blast roasting would not yield a satisfactory sinter without the addition of coke dust or sulphide fines to augment the fuel value of the flue dust, and on this account, together with the low first cost of a kiln, the latter was decided upon. A couple of tons of flue dust were tried out in the experimental kiln in the laboratory at Yorktown, Va., of J. H. Payne, who acted as consulting engineer in this connection. This kiln was approximately 2 ft. in diameter and 20 ft. long and was fired with fuel oil. A run of several hours yielded excellent nodules. The ki1n showed no tendency to build in and form "nose rings" and gave a fuel consumption of 50 gal, of oil per ton of flue dust. There was no indication of any stack loss. The roasting was strongly oxidizing. A study of what full-size kilns were doing on cement clinker and on nodulizing pyrites cinder indicated that a 60 by 6 ft. kiln would certainly not consume over half of the oil per ton of flue dust shown on the test and as fuel oil at that time was selling around 2 1/2 c. per gallon it was decided to let it go at that. A 60 by 6 ft. kiln was decided on, as that size is standard in cement practice, although fast being replaced by much larger ones with their greater fuel economy, and as it fitted in the building space available. A 6-in. brick lining brought the net diameter down to 5 ft. The inclination

Jan 1, 1915

those who are to lie in the torn fields of France. Today we read of Lieut. William Hague, whom we said good-by to hardly more than a month ago-—so clean, ao young, so strong—who, abandoning the professional career in which he had won such commendation and which held for him such promise, leaving his wife and his little boy to whom he was so dear, answered at once the call for men of his training, and is now dead "in the service of his country." There are many friends of that courtly and dignified gentleman James D. Hague who recall, both here and in Stockbridge, the parental pride in the promising lad of such a little time ago—the eager schoolboy at Milton, the rather grave youth at Harvard, his entry into new experiences in the Western mining world, and who, seeing him during his stay at Camp Upton, realized that the old Puritan stock was still sound and true—and now with him the struggle is over and the sacrifice made. Captain William Teasdale Hall Captain Hall, who was admitted to Junior Membership in the Institute in 1915, while still a student of mining at the University of Toronto, was killed in action in France on May 19, 1917. Captain Hall was born in Toronto in 1893, and received his academic training at Harbord College, from 1908 to 1911, when he entered the University of Toronto, School of Practical Science. During the three summer vacations of his university course, he was employed by the O'Brien mine at Gowganda, next by the McIntyre Mining Co., at Porcupine, and finally by the Mines Branch of the Geological Survey, which was conducting magnetic surveys to the north of Port Arthur. When war was first declared, Mr. Hall endeavored to join the artillery as an officer, and for the purpose secured a provisional lieutenancy with a Hamilton battery, but he did not receive an overseas appointment, and on being graduated as a mining engineer in 1915, he was offered a position in Chile, which he accepted. He left Toronto on May 27, 1915, and was engaged in Chile as a mining engineer for nearly a year. In the latter part of April, 1916, he decided to offer himself again for service at the front. He crossed the Andes and sailed for LiverpooI, where he landed on May 13, 1916. On May 27, 1916, Captain Hall was given a commission as a lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps, 21st Squadron. He went to the front on Sept. 1, 1916, and remained there continuously. His

Jan 1, 1920

By J. F. Myers, S. D. Michaelson, F. C. Bond

This work was undertaken with the object of collecting plant data on rod milling, making laboratory tests on representative samples of the various ores, and arriving at a basis for comparing the relative efficiencies of different mills operating on widely different materials and under varying conditions. These efficiencies consider only power consumption and do not include the other elements of operating costs. The over-all economic efficiency may be quite different from the consumption efficiencies with which this paper is concerned. It is hoped that these collected data will be of value in indicating the most favorable conditions of rod-mill operation. Operating-plant data on 14 different installations from II plants throughout the United States and Canada were collected, and laboratory tests were made on samples of these ores. The plant rod mills were all operated wet, and either in open circuit or with circulating loads so small as to be negligible. Data were obtained on one roll-crushing operation at the Utah Copper Co., for comparison. The rolls were operated wet in closed circuit with 10-mesh vibrating screens, and with a high circulating load averaging about 600 pct. This particular roll operation can be considered as a model of efficiency. The collected plant data are necessarily incomplete in some instances. Each ore was assigned a code number, and the name and location corresponding to the code number are listed in Table I when permitted. The power data in every instance refer to motor input. Net power was reported by the operator for samples 1-30 and 1-45, and this was increased by 20 pct to compensate for motor losses and power factor. The plant rod-mill data are listed in Tables 2 and 3. In Table 2 the speeds are calculated on the basis of partly worn rod-mill liners 2 in. thick. Where D

Jan 1, 1949

By Joseph A. Holmes

Although Venezuelan production attained a new peak in 1938, passing the 190 million barrel mark for the first time, there was a distinct flattening of the steep upward trend that marked 1937 and preceding years. The annual total of 190,231,780 bbl. was only 31/3 million barrels above the 1937 figure, an increase of slightly less than 2 per cent, which contrasts sharply with the 20 per cent increase of 1937 over 1936. As in the previous year, the Lake Maracaibo fields supplied approximately 73 per cent of the oil produced, Lagunillas remaining the largest single contributor in spite of a 17 million barrel decrease in its annual output. Tia Juana increased its percentage of the Venezuelan total from 14.1 per cent in 1937 to 23.4 per cent in 1938; La Rosa showed little change with 13.7 per cent; Quiriquire in eastern Venezuela was also little changed with 13.2 per cent; Mene Grande, the only other field of real importance, declined from 7.7 per cent of the total in 1937 to 6.6 per cent for 1938. Two new fields, Temblador and Bachaquero, began actively to ship oil during the year, and by November were averaging 7600 and 10,000 bbl. per day, respectively. The former is in eastern Venezuela, and the latter is the most southern of the proven Lake Maracaibo fields. (A map of Venezuela was published in Volume 127 of the Transactions.) Table 1 gives a complete résumé of Venezuelan production by fields for 1937 and 1938, and shows that 1,685,575,663 bbl. had been produced to Dec. 31, 1938. The percentage contributed by each of the principal fields to this total is shown in Table 3, as well as their trends over the past several years. From these data it is apparent that the Maracaibo Basin is the principal source of Venezuelan production, and will probably continue to hold this position for some years. At the year's end 2657 oil wells were producing, of which 2425 were in western and 232 in eastern Venezuela; 36 per cent were on natural flow, 57 ppr cent were pumping, and 7 per cent were on air or gas lift. Out of 523 wells drilled, 507 producers were completed in 1938, five less than in the previous year and nearly 100 less than in 1929. These

Jan 1, 1939

By B. S. Butler

STUDY of the ore deposits of Colorado has disclosed, in numerous places, sharp changes in both mineralogy and metal content of the primary or hypogene deposits with change in depth. A clear understanding of the meaning of these changes is requisite to form intelligent conclusions that can be applied in the exploration of such ore deposits. This paper is an attempt to set forth some of the geologic and chemical relations of minerals that bear on this problem. The effect of the differing electrode potentials of elements on the order of oxidation and on the order of displacement of one metal by another metal in supergene sulfide deposits has been studied for many years by several investigators. The results all agree rather closely with the original Schürmann series of replacability of metal sulfides, as Wells has shown.1 So far as the writers are aware there has been little attempt from the geologist's viewpoint to correlate the electrode potentials of the elements, other than those of the common metals, with the positions and mode of combination of the elements as found in ore deposits, and in particular in hypogene deposits. Wells' discusses electrochemical activity between solutions and certain ore minerals and mentions the possibility of its effect in precipitation reactions. The senior writer for a number of years has emphasized the importance of oxidation-reduction reactions as a factor in the formation of certain hypogene ore minerals, and as the electrode potentials are a measure of the relative oxidizing and reducing power of the elements and their ions, it seems possible that a study of them may offer some suggestions on certain problems. The data at present available for such a line of attack on oxidation-reduction reactions are too far from complete to offer much help, nevertheless the table of standard electrode potentials

Jan 1, 1929

By N. D. Gerald

The mathematical analysis, which is an essential part of this paper, has revealed the interesting fact that contrary to the opinions of many, determinate and measurable economic factors are largely responsible for the price of crude oil. It should, however, be well understood that the results of this analysis are applicable, without qualification, only to the particular period and market studied. There are certain peculiarities of the petroleum industry which make the consideration of its economics very difficult, and at times practically impossible. Noneconomic factors often become highly important and have serious economic effects, which make unqualified predictions based on economic data extremely hazardous and ill advised. However, in spite of the attendant difficulties there are many problems, especially in price analysis, to which approximate solutions must be made for the proper guidance of public and private policy, but their limitations should be kept clearly in mind. An understanding of the nature of prices is of fundamental importance for a number of purposes. Measurement of the motivating factors giving rise to trends and other price movements is essential to forecasting for the intelligent engineering and financial administration of the industry. The fixing of prices, maintenance of an intelligent industrial dictatorship, or the making of other industrial adjustments, demand, for success, an accurate understanding of their probable consequences. The establishment of a system of equitable relations within an industry, or between industries, by methods other than the natural competitive ones, requires a thorough knowledge of the price structures and the nature and trends of the normal and basic prices of their products. This research has shown that in this case, even though the statistical records are only fair, quantitative economics offers a direct and satisfactory approach to the problems of economic consequences dependent on the reactions of mass intelligence. A consideration of commodity prices naturally leads to costs. The true cost of petroleum is so complex and elusive that its accurate deter-

Jan 1, 1934

By E. H. Hamilton

WHEN starting a series of experiments on the use of powdered coal in lead blast furnaces to replace coke, I realized that in copper smelting the problem is simpler because the sulfur recovers the copper in the form of matte. In lead smelting there are greater difficulties because a reducing atmosphere must be maintained in the active, zone corresponding to each tuyere in order to get the best recovery of lead. Therefore, the feed of powdered coal must be quite regular, uniform and under control. The molten products issuing from the taphole are the resultant of the work of all the tuyeres and it can readily be con-ceived that one part of the furnace may be forming slag with a higher lead content than the slag formed in other parts of the furnace. At first, we used only one tuyere situated on the back of the furnace. This was for the purpose of getting all of our regulations under the regular operating conditions. We tried every known system of feed and found they were not dependable and our present system was finally worked out, and so far as we know, is the only working system that will give uniformly good saving in lead blast furnaces. We placed a Bristol self-recording thermometer on the feed floor. This gives a 24-hr. continuous record of the temperature of the gases leaving the furnace. We put a self-recording gage on the "15-lb." air used in the injector. A second recording Bristol gage was put on the low-pressure air (40 oz.). I realized that it was necessary that we should know the exact weight of coal going into each tuyere and that it should 'be under observation at all times. L. W. Kirk was assigned to the problem and developed the open sight feed and the distributor, so that we now have the coal being fed into each tuyere in sight of the men in charge. We have an apothecary's balance beside the furnace, and the operator takes the pan and inserts it under the stream of falling powdered coal for one minute, and places the pan on the scale, the other scale pan having weights indicating the desired amount to be fed to each tuyere per minute.

Jan 10, 1922

By A. W. Hahn

ALTHOUGH enormous tonnages of sulfide lead and lead-silver ores are treated by flotation, the products of flotation mills treating oxidized ores of lead and silver are almost negligible. However, each year there is a slight tonnage increase, and it is possible, should a sizeable oxidized lead ore tonnage be developed, the field will become an important one. In 1918, the Shattuck-Arizona Copper Co. erected a plant at Warren, Ariz., for the treatment of oxidized gold-silver-lead ores. Glenn L. Allen worked out the metallurgy for this plant, employing tabling, followed by flotation concentration. The Shattuck-Denn Mining Co., successors to the Shattuck-Arizona Co., now employs straight flotation in the same mill, treating about 200 tons daily. In 1922, the San Diego mill of the American Smelting & Refining Co., in the Parral district, Chihuahua, Mexico, started operating a 600-ton mill on a mixed sulfide-oxide gold-silver-lead ore. Tables and flotation are used here, and about 200 tons of oxidized slime treated by flotation. In 1923, the Eureka Holly Mining Co. started operating a 90-ton mill at Eureka, Nev., using tables and flotation, on an oxidized lead-silver ore. In 1924, the American Smelting & Refining Co. started a 250-ton mill in northern Peru, to treat a high-grade oxidized gold-silver ore with very low lead values. In 1924, the Grand Central Mining Co. started a 200-ton flotation mill on old oxidized gold-silver-lead tailings at Fairbank, Ariz. In 1926, the Compania Internacional Minera, a subsidiary of the Union Corporation of London, started a 250-ton flotation mill on oxidized lead-silver ores, and during April of this year, the Phelps-Dodge Corpn. will probably start a 250-ton mill at Warren, Ariz., on oxidized lead-silver ores, similar to those being treated in the Shattuck-Denn mill. METHODS All of these mills use sodium sulfide for filming the oxide minerals, with the possible exception of the North Peru mill, and all use oily reagents. The total tonnage of strictly oxidized lead-silver ores concentrated by flotation is probably less than 2500 tons daily. The following figures give the various types of ores being treated:

Jan 1, 1928

THE compiler, or author, of the Probierbücblein is not known, and the date of its first printing is uncertain. It was obviously not written by an assayer who wished to give a coherent description of his craft for the instruction of others; this was left for Biringuccio first to do. It is easy to believe that originally the Probierbücblein was a random collection from various sources of information useful to an assayer, probably gathered by one of the profession for his own use. It must remain a matter of speculation whether this was shown to a printer, who recognized the opportunity to turn an honest penny and made an inept attempt to give the manuscript the appearance of a coherent account by writing a preface and arranging the various items in somewhat logical sequence, or whether the assayer him- self started this job and was prevented from finishing it. That some sections of the book, especially near the be ginning, present an almost continuous story, while others are chaotic in their arrangement; that several paragraphs are printed more than once in different places; that there are paragraph headings, for which the text was never written, or lost, followed by irrelevant information-all this seems evidence of a job unfinished and points to a publisher's offering for the public's quick money. The demand must have been brisk, for metal working was a profitable profession, and the jeweler who was working with metals but did not care to become completely trained in assay methods would jump at the chance of acquiring easy knowledge. Even the great Agricola has whole sections obviously plagiarized from the Probierbücblein. Neither Biringuccio nor Ercker shows any direct influence, though they and all subsequent metallurgists will in some degree be affected by

Jan 1, 1949

By D. E. Furman

The thermal coefficients of linear expansion for several stainless steels have been determined over the temperature range from —300° to 1000°F. The steels studied include types 301, 304, 316, 347, 310 and 330. This wide selection of compositions allows an insight into the effects of austenite stability and alloy content on the expansion characteristics. THE recent increased use of materials in low temperature applications has created a field for which the properties of austenitic iron, chromium, nickel alloys are particularly suited. Tensile and impact values of stainless steels at subzero temperatures have been made available in the technical literature but, as yet, little information has been published with respect to expansion characteristics. In order to supply this need, a study was made of several of the more common compositions. Those selected were types 301, 304, 316, 347, 310 and 330 stainless steel. Both the mean and instantaneous coefficients of linear expansion were determined over the temperature range from —300°F to 1000°F. Procedure The materials used were commercial grades with the exception of type 301 which was made in a 10# high frequency furnace. The compositions are listed in table I. All steels were given an anneal at 1950°F for 30 min and water quenched prior to machining the expansion specimens. Expansion readings were taken on specimens 0.250 in. in diam by 4.000 in. long with a fused quartz tube expansion apparatus similar to that described by Hidnert and Souder.1 Temperature measurements were made with a chromel-alurnel thermocouple calibrated for use at subzero temperatures. A bath of propane was used for temperatures from —300° to —100°F and one of alcohol from —100°F to room temperature. These baths were contained in large mouthed Dewar flasks and cooled to the desired temperature levels by passing liquid nitrogen through glass cooling coils placed in the flasks. The baths were stirred constantly for temperature equalization and were heated by immersing metal rods which were replaced frequently enough to give a heating rate of approximately 150°F per hr. A resistance wound furnace was used for heating from room temperature to 1000°F and throughout this range rates of about 450°F per hr were maintained. The furnace was designed so that the temperature gradient over the specimen was within 5°F. In most instances, the expansion readings were taken during heating from —300° to +300°F at

Jan 1, 1951

By Z. T. Bieniawski

The efficient and safe design of room-and-pillar coal mines still remains as one of the pressing problems facing the mining industry in the United States. Present day design is a trial-and-error approach based mostly on experience. Although much research has been directed to stability of mine roofs and coal pillars, no generally-accepted design method has been formulated. This paper reports on a three-year research effort directed to an improved design of room-and-pillar coal mining in the U.S.A. Essentially the study consisted of three aspects: (i) determination of stable roof spans; (ii) determination of the strength of coal pillars; and (iii) determination of safety factors for room-and-pillar coal mining in the United States. Furthermore, three novel approaches were utilized during this research: i) the "petite sismique" technique was assessed for possible determination of coal pillar deformability ii) the "Geomechanics Classification" was extended for determination of safe roof spans in room-and-pillar coal mining. iii) a national survey of the current design practice and mining dimensions was performed with the aim of assessing factors of safety for room-and-pillar coal mining The outcome of this work, which is summarized in this paper, is a design code for room-and-pillar mining in the United States.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. P. Rothwell

AT this our first meeting I beg to call the attention of the members of our Institute to what is certainly a question of the greatest possible importance to the industries we represent; and more particularly to the welfare of the coal and iron trades: I refer to the enormous waste of coal in mining and in its preparation for market, as now practised in our anthracite coal-fields. I t is a fact which many of you can certify to, that we are wasting fully me-half of all the coal in the veins we are now working, and there are cases, which might be mentioned where this proportion, immense as it is, has been greatly exceeded. The popular belief that our deposits of anthracite coal are "practically inexhaustible," is very far from being founded on facts. On the contrary, supposing the present rate of increase in the production to be maintained, it is probable that a maximum yield for our coal-fields would be attained in about fifteen years ; there are in fact some of our smaller basins where the principal veins are nearly exhausted and the production has already attained its maximum. There are others, again, where the depth attained-and it must be borne in mind that we commenced working at the surface outcrop moderate though it is (scarcely ever reaching eight hundred feet), has so increased the cost of mining as to imperil the capital invested, and though it requires but little foresight to predict the time when the difficulties of mining will be very considerably increased by reason of the greater depth, greater quantity of water, fire-damp, and other fruitful sources of cost, yet, ignoring these recognized facts, we continue to waste more than one-half of the coal where it is obtained with the least danger, expense, and trouble, that is, near the surface-either above water-level or at a moderate depth . below it. The inspection of almost any accurate mine map will satisfy you that, on an average, we leave fully one-third. of the coal in the ground as pillars to support the roof; in some places more than one-third thus remains, while it is very rare that less than one quarter is left. In almost every case this coal is absolutely lost, for it will very rarely pay to reopen gangways and lay roads to it after that portion of the mine has been abandoned. Is it necessary in all cases to support the roof, and where it is, may not some artificial

By R. M. Rose, D. P. Ferriss, J. Wulff

The effect of orientation on the stresses, nctivation energies, and activation volumes for yielding and plastic flow of tungsten single crystals was investigated. Tensile tests showed the proportional limit to be a function of orientation: crystals whose tensile axes were near the [I10} direction were roughly three times as strong as [loo] crystals. The [ 1101 crystals showed low strain hardening and displayed yield phenomena, whereas the other orientations yielded smoothly and showed considerable strain hardening. The fracture mode was cleavage, except for crystals near the [1101 , many of which gave "chisel" fractures at 300°and 373°K. The activation energy for yielding was approximately one- half an electron; volt at all orientations, and the volume of activation was (12 to 14)b3, except near the [1101, where it was 7b3. Activation volumes generally increased after yielding. The most common theoretical models for yielding and strain hardening of bcc metals were. found to be insufficient to the intepretation of the observations here in. An explanation is proposed, based on the dislocation reaction dislocation networks and jogs, md jogs formed during plus tic flow. PRECLSE knowledge of the Drocesses involved in the yielding and plastic flow of the refractory metals is essential to the formulation of models for their flow and fracture. Despite this need, the single -crystal investigations, especially of tungsten, have been sparse. Slip occurs at low temperature, according to schadler,i in <111> directions on {110) planes; as the temperature rises to room tempera-

Jan 1, 1962

By Alexander B. Morris

In a recent paper on the intermittent injection of gas in gas-lift operations as opposed to continuous injection, Morgan Walker presented a comparative table showing the effect on oil and gas production from the same wells under the two methods of operation.&apos; This table carried a column showing the formational gas-oil ratios under each method, computed by deducting the volume of input gas from the volume of trap gas. During the entire spring and summer of 1928, the present writer had been engaged on some extensive test car tests of rich gas in Glenpool, seeking, primarily, for an explanation of the apparent loss of gasoline during the summer season between the field meters and the plant master meter. Tests at several of the field meters where the richest gas was obtained regularly failed to check with other tests on the same gas made farther along the line, and the difference was not made up by the quantity of drip gasoline collected between the points. In the course of these tests, the final outcome of which is immaterial to the present purpose, an attempt was made to construct a curve representing the relationship between gasoline content of the gas in gallons per thousand cubic feet and the shrinkage in the volume of gas treated as a result of removing the condensible fractions. Such a curve was made, expressed in units of gallons per thousand cubic feet on the abcissa and the ratio vapor volume to liquid volume on the ordinate. This curve is a rectangular hyperbola and shows that 3 gal. of gasoline taken from 1000 cu. ft. of raw gas as a vapor occupied much less space, per gallon, than did 1 gal. of gasoline taken from 1000 cu. ft. of another sample of gas. This is, in general, corroborated by converting to the same units the residue settlement curves prepared by the Tidal Oil Co. and by the Natural Gasoline Manufacturers Assn., though the three curves, when plotted together, occupy entirely different positions on the paper, as shown in Fig. 1. The bearing of all this on Mr. Walker&apos;s discussion of gas-lift is this: if the formational gas is to be computed by deducting the input gas from the trap gas, some correction must be made for the vapor volume

Jan 1, 1930

By John J. Egan

THE present list of problems relating to the physical chemistry of steelmaking has been prepared by the Committee on the Physical Chemistry of Steelmaking, from answers to a questionnaire Submitted to a number of metallurgists engaged in both industrial and educational work throughout the United States. The purpose of the project is to make available to research laboratories a list of problems, all reduced to their simplest terms, the solution of which would aid in creating a better understanding of the steelmaking process. It is not intended to restrict the problems to practical steelmaking. The list also includes the study of the properties, and their correlation, as well as the physical and chemical reactions, of all Substances that occur or that may be in any way associated with steelmaking operations, Such as metallic substances, refractories, nonmetallic inclusions, and the constituents of slags. Many of the problems can be carried out in university or other research laboratories. Others may be most successfully attacked by cooperation of the research men with the operating personnel. It is the Committee&apos;s earnest wish that this cooperation be fostered. It is requested that investigators who are working on any of the problems listed and who anticipate future publication of their results, notify the Secretary of the Committee that such investigation is in progress. Suggested additions to the present list are also requested. The Committee is undertaking to act as a clearing house for information regarding the topics in this field that are being actually studied. Interested persons are invited to correspond with the Secretary. I. Data involved in the state of equilibrium for the various systems (laboratory work, almost entirely). A. SPECIFIC HEATS, HEATS OF FORMATION, ENTROPIES AND FREE ENERGIES OF VARIOUS PURE ELEMENTS OR COMPOUNDS; ALSO CERTAIN TYPICAL SLAGS AND REFRACTORIES. I . Determination of specific heats and entropies of oxides, sulphides, nitrides, etc. over a wide temperature range. 2. Determination of free energies of oxides, sulphides, nitrides, etc. over a wide temperature range. 3. Determination of the heats of formation of the oxides, sulphides, nitrides, etc. 4. Determination of the thermodynamic properties of the more important mineralogical constituents of the basic open-hearth slags such as calcium silicates, calcium phosphates, calcium ferrites, manganese silicates, FeO and Fe2O3. 5. Determination of the specific heats of open-hearth slags, including liquid silicates, if possible.

Jan 1, 1941

By W. P. Haseman

The well method of producing oil and gas is universally used in the development and operation of oil and gas properties. It consists essentially in the spacing of a number of wells on a given tract, and in drilling and operating them in accordance with established practices. The method is based on a fundamental energy principle. This principle governs the state and the change of state of fluids or fluid mixtures confined under pressure within a porous and permeable reservoir in such a way as to direct a flow from the reservoir into and out of a drilled well with a reduction of potential energy. The application of the well method of producing oil has given data which prove that the total yield of oil from a reservoir through wells is, in general, only a small fractional part of the total oil that is contained in the reservoir. It is generally recognized that a spacing of one well to each 160-acre tract of any good oil pool is too wide. However, one well to this 160-acre tract will yield a large quantity of oil and in time will dissipate most, if not all, of the potential energy that was originally stored and retained in the fluids by pressure. Two wells spaced and drilled on this 160-acre tract would yield approximately twice the quantity of oil, while four wells would yield approximately four times the oil. A well spacing is soon reached, with the addition of wells to this 160-acre tract, in which the drainage interference of offset wells will materially affect the yield of oil per well. The increased yield of oil, therefore, is not directly proportional to the added number of wells but the increased costs of development are directly proportional to the added number of wells. It is evident that while an added number of wells to this 160-acre tract yields an increased quantity of oil, there is an economic limit to the number of wells to be added. The yield of oil and the costs of development and operation are of such a nature, and are so related, that

Jan 1, 1930

SMALL things are customarily moulded in two ways (unless they have undercut parts which hold them in the moulds); that is in clay, or with natural or which artificial earthern powder made in halves in either wooden boxes or bronze frames. This also depends on whether the object is larger or smaller. Now if you wish to mould with moist clay, you must grease your relief with oil or pig fat; apply a dusting of charcoal, ashes, or cuttlebone on it; or gild or silver it dry with gold, silver, or tin foil. Then, first make with moist and somewhat firm clay a plate as, thick and large as can conveniently hold your relief, and carefully set the latter halfway into this and let it dry. Then, greasing or dusting it again, make the other half. When both are well dried, take out your relief and at the top make its gates and vents. If plastering is needed, do it. Finally, bake the halves, fit them together, and tie them well, as you wish, using the procedure that I taught you in the discussion of brass. But if one has to make a large quantity of works of one kind, he should for the sake of convenience use the method with powder [120] because it is short and requires less time and expense. Therefore if you wish to do this, you need to have several pairs of bronze frames or wooden boxes, higher than half the relief that you wish to mould, and of convenient length. On a flat board always keep half of one of these frames full of powder that has been slightly moistened for moulding, as I told you, so that by pressing with the ends of the fingers and with the hand it holds together as well as possible. Level it off with a cutting tool and when leveled put a flat board over it and turn it over. Turn it on to a dusting of ashes so that it will not stick, dust it on the other side, and remove the excess by blowing it off Then mould the thing that you wish to mould, pressing it halfway in once or twice, always taking it out and putting it back again. Then the other frame is fitted in its place and filled with earth by pressing and squeezing it carefully. Then it is leveled off on the outside with a sharp tool as you did with the other part, and then one of the parts of the frames is lifted up with the point of a knife or some other tool and,

Jan 1, 1942

By F. T. Havard

The present truce in litigation between Western smelting and ranching interests gives opportunity for a summary of the results achieved by metallurgists in condensing fume and de-acidifying furnace-gases. In the absence of complete records of past experiments, there ha&apos;s been a good deal of unliecessary duplication of attempts and failures. Yet, especially uilder the recent policy of our large corporations, looking to the economic recovery of the values of by- and waste products, . original and, in some cases, effective measures have been developed by American metallurgists. In the case of Bliss us. the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., the Montana Suprenle Court, recognizing the progressive efforts made to render the flue-gases innocuous, and the value to the community of the smelting company&apos;s operations, refused to hamper its work, and returned a verdict in favor of the defendant. In the trial, the experimental farms of the company ill the so-called "aff&apos;ected region" were proved to be thriving perfectly, showing that immunity was guaranteed to vegetation and stock by tlle wide distribution of the sulyhurous acid gas in the dry air of Montana. Indeed, L. S. Austin has proved that by the time the fume is 4,000 ft, distant from the stack, the percentage of sulphurous acid has been diminished from 2.28 to 0.00045; and Angus Smith has shown that rain must contain 40 parts per million of free acid before vegetation is affected. The arsenic in the stack-gases is but a very small part of the original content of the ore, of which 80 per cent. and over is rejected in the coilcentrator and furnace waste-products or recovered in the flues, Nevertheless, neither the peace in Montana nor the armistice

Jan 1, 1911

By Prince Lazarovich Hrebilianovich

I was asked by the chairman of one of the Sessions on Employment Problems to talk about the viewpoint of the foreign workingman. I am not a workingman. I have never done what a work-hand might call an honest day&apos;s labor; that is, I have never been in a factory or manufacturing plant or in a mine, though in truth, hard work and I are well acquainted. I was a soldier, am an engineer, have long been actively interested in the most important waterway construction in the near East, have served politics and diplomacy, written books and lectured at universities. My knowledge of the foreign workingman in this country comes from the fact that my own compatriots here at various times came to me and appealed for advice and help, and last year I was asked by the employment manager of a corporation to undertake a welfare job at one of their plants. I went out, saw the plant, talked with the superintendent and outlined certain of my ideas which he personally heartily approved, but which did not find favor with those higher up. I approach the subject of the foreign workman&apos;s point of view with the understanding that the industrial employer&apos;s effort is for the maximum of efficiency. I am conversant with labor conditions abroad both in industry and agriculture. What I have learned of industrial conditions in America as they affect the foreign immigrant has been chiefly gathered from the cases referred to of foreign workmen who from time to time have come to me with their troubles. In the course of those investigations, in order to give whatever help or advice was possible, I have been impressed with the fact that the great United States industries evidently had not yet sufficiently recognized the value of studying the conditions of the workingman in the lands of his origin across the seas. A careful study of that which could be called the moral element in connection with its foreign labor would give industry a knowledge of the man&apos;s reason for coming, what grievances he brings with him, his hopes for a future, and the peculiar character of his capacities. The employer would thereby be enabled to meet the man, to be helpful to him, to aid him and at the same time promote industrial efficiency, inasmuch as a workman who believes that he is being dealt with humanly and squarely is contented and satisfied and will give willingly, and even with pride, the best that is in him; justice and a &apos;air deal is all the man wants.

Jan 1, 1918