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By B. B. Betty

H. L. Burghoff.*—Have the authors any information on the effect of grain size in these materials? There is a material difference in the grain sizes shown for the Monel and the Inconel. Is a wide range of grain size normally found for each material, and, if so, what is its effect upon creep strength? 11. L. Eiselstein.—The grain size for Monel shown in the micrograph is the usual size found in that product. The grain size of Inconel is about the same as that, too. However, we have run tests on Inconel at higher temperatures than those reported in this paper, and have found that the coarser grain size has a better creep resistance; and that the grain size that gives the best creep resistance at 1600°F. is about 0.005 in. in diameter. We have no test on Monel with varying grain size. J. J. KANTER.†-It has been known for a long time that Monel metal exhibits ductility anomalies at elevated temperatures. Even in short-time test, it can be demonstrated in the range of 900°F. that there is a distinct falling off of the ability of Mone1 metal to elongate, and in rupture tests this shortcoming is still further accentuated. Knowledge of this rupture anomaly of Monel metal may be one of the reasons for which designer's approach certain high-temperature applications with reservations. The authors of this paper have merely demonstrated that for 900°F. the alloy has an ability to elongate 1.7 per cent over a period of some 2700 hr. Before any conviction can be expected from designers that Monel metal is applicable to stress design in such range of temperature, I think it is desirable to demonstrate the capacity for the material to elongate over a longer period of time than has been done in this presentation.

Jan 1, 1945

By T. S. Lundy, C. J. McHargue

HE diffusion rate of v48 in single crystals of bee vanadium has been determined at temperatures from 1002° to 1888°C. Standard techniques of lathe sectioning were used for specimens annealed above 1500°C while sectioning by grinding was used for specimens annealed at lower temperatures. As will be seen, the lower-temperature data is enhanced on an Arrhenius-type plot relative to values expected by extrapolation of the high-temperature data. Single crystals were obtained from Linde Co. In Table I the analysis supplied by the vendor is compared with an analysis at Oak Ridge National Laboratory of a sample after a diffusion anneal. The isotope v4' was prepared by the Isotopes Division of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Proton bombardment of a titanium target in the 86-Inch ORNL Cyclotron was followed by a carrier-free chemical separation. Nineteen specimens, 1/2 in. diam and 3/8 in. long, were cut from the as-received vanadium single crystals. Each specimen was machined with the flat face perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. Specimens were polished through 1/0 emery paper and were etched with 25 pct HF-10 pct H2SO4-10 pct HNO3-55 pct H2O. The polishing and etching steps were repeated until a satisfactory surface finish was achieved. The isotope was electroplated onto the specimens from a neutral solution. Counting rates of the deposited layers were approximately 100 counts per sec. At temperatures above 1200°C specimens were annealed in a tantalum resistance furnace under an argon atmosphere. Temperatures were measured with a Pyro micro-optical pyrometer and a Pt-Pt 10 pct Rh thermocouple. At lower temperatures the specimens were sealed in evacuated quartz ampoules and annealed in Kanthal wire-wound horizontal tube furnaces. A severe reaction occurred at 1200°C between the quartz and the vanadium. This

Jan 1, 1965

By Wallace Pratt

THE Philippine Islands. have produced no oil commercially, nevertheless, oil is known to be present at various places in the islands.1 Although all attempts to produce oil commercially have failed, no intelligent, persistent exploration has been carried out. The Richmond Petroleum Corpn. a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of California) and a syndicate, headed by Ralph Arnold are at present engaged in exploring Bondoc Peninsula in Tayabas Province, one of the promising Philippine areas, in a manner that promises to test the petroleum possibilities adequately and intelligently. How can the petroleum resources of an entirely undeveloped area like the Philippines be estimated, where not even the areal extent of the various geologic formations is known? Obviously no calculated figure for assured future production can be derived. Yet a study of the evidence of the occurrence of petroleum, the character of the possible reservoir beds, the probable source rocks, the character and size of favorable structures, and the area over which petroleum-bearing rocks are known to occur, will throw some light on the question. The fact that rocks of the same geologic age and similar composition have been explored and are producing in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the south and in Formosa and Japan to the north also affect the problem, so that one can obtain some idea of the quantity of petroleum that may reasonably be expected from the Philippines. It is this measure of the possibilities rather than a definite calculation of petroleum reserves that is presented herewith. This paper will not attempt to describe, nor even to enumerate in detail, the occurrences of petroleum in the Philippines as such data have already been published. Fig. 1 indicates the localities where

Jan 7, 1922

HENRY M. HOWE, Bedford Hills, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary *).-Dr. Burgess would add to the value of this important paper if he would give us the carbon content of the steel made in the several charges, or, if this cannot be done, if he would indicate whether, as might he inferred from his paper, the teeming temperature is approximately constant and independent of the carbon content of the steel, or whether as would be expected, it varies with the content and is materially higher for low- than for high-carbon steel. If he could add to Table 3 the time of the several tests, that would be welcome. His Table 3 leads one to infer that, once the bath is melted somewhat more than flat, the temperature of the roof is nearly constant and is approximately the highest compatible with reasonable longevity. That is to say, the metal is heated by means of a roof and flame at nearly constant temperature. The temperature of the observed upper surface of the slag should reflect that of the roof approximately, and in Table 3 this seems to be true, the temperature of both rising toward the middle of the record, and again falling. The slag as the medium through which the heat passes from roof to metal, should be intermediate in temperature between the two, as it is here. But the temperature of the metal ought to rise continuously, unless when cold additions are charged, and this too seems to be. true, allowing for slight observational errors, the total rise from the first to the last spoon-test being 89°. The temperature drop of from 85° to 135° from the last spoon-test to the teeming is surprisingly great, suggesting that the spoon-tests represent the metal immediately beneath the slag, and therefore appre-

Jan 6, 1917

By Arturo M. Morales

INTRODUCTION Manganese carbonates are nodulized by Cia. Mineral Autlan, located in Ongongo in the state of Hidalgo in Mexico. This kiln is fed minus 15 mm material at the rate of 1870 tpd. About 920 tpd is nodulized into a commercial product having a size range of 15 mm to 12 mm. The kiln also produces about 320 tpd of minus 12 mm fines and 40 tpd of chimney dust. Currently, the minus 12 mm fines are being recirculated to the kiln and the chimney dust is not being utilized. It has been found that there exists a market for manganese to be used as feed to the ferromanganese and silicomanganese furnaces. However, a coarse, lumpy feed can only be used in these furnaces. Accordingly, it has been proposed to screen the fines at 6 mm and agglomerate the minus 6 mm fraction along with the chimney dust and suitable binders. This paper presents the results of a feasibility study and test work aimed at producing an acceptable agglomerated product from the kiln fines for use in the ferromanganese and silicomanganese furnaces. Since the agglomerated product will have to be handled and loaded into trucks in the kiln area and transported over long distances, a minimum strength of 200 N is expected to be necessary. They should also have enough initial strength to be stockpiled and result in a minimum of breakage. A third important requirement is that the agglomerates should be resistant to disintegration during combustion. The recirculating fines were to be agglomerated in their original state, if possible, that is, without grinding. This eliminated the possibility of pelletizing as an agglomeration method. Based on a few laboratory trials, the briquetting method seemed most attractive, and a test program was initiated to explore the briquetting process.

Jan 1, 1977

By Wallce E. Pratt

The Philippine Islands have produced no oil commercially; nevertheless, oil is known to be present at various places in the is1ands.l Although all attempts to produce oil commercially have failed, no intelligent, persistent exploration has been carried out. The Richmond Petroleum Corpn. (a subsidiary of the Standard Oil Co. of California) and a syndicate headed by Ralph Arnold are at present engaged in exploring Bondoc Peninsula in Tayabas Province, one of the promising Philippine areas, in a manner that promises to test the petroleum possibilities adequately and intelligently. How can the petroleum resources of an entirely undeveloped area like the Philippines be estimated, where not even the areal extent of the various geologic formations is known? Obviously no calculated figure for assured future production can be derived. Yet a study of the evidence of the occurrence of petroleum, the character of the possible reservoir beds, the probable source rocks, the character and size of favorable structures, and the area over which petroleum-bearing rocks are known to occur, will throw some light on the question. The fact that rocks of the same geologic age and similar composition have been explored and are producing in Borneo, Sumatra, and Java to the south and in Formosa and Japan to the north also affect the problem, so that one can obtain some idea of the quantity of petroleum that may reasonably be expected from the Philippines. It is this measure of the possibilities rather than a definite calculation of petroleum reserves that is presented herewith. This paper will not attempt to describe, nor even to enumerate in detail, the occurrences of petroleum in the Philippines, as such data have already been published. Fig. 1 indicates the localities where

Jan 1, 1923

By R. W. Jenkins

RACKLESS equipment is being used by the T Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co. to develop a folded limestone deposit economically and safely with inexperienced men. Cost and quality of development stone results in a saving when it is used instead of outside sources of limestone. This favorable cost has been attained by following a methods development and training program described in this paper. It is expected that further savings in favor of the mined stone will be made when stopes now being prepared are in production. The present equipment will be used for loading from stope draw points. The limestone is blended with quarried cement rock to serve as raw material for Portland cement, first produced in this country by Coplay Cement Manufacturing Co. from a process developed by its president, David 0. Saylor, in 1873. For many years the cement rock alone or with a small amount of added limestone was used for raw materials. Later as specifications were raised and the richer portions of quarries were depleted, limestone from outside sources was required in increasing amounts. In 1925 D. J. Uhle, the general manager, began to prospect company property for limestone. It was known that the argillaceous cement rock was underlain by crystalline high calcium limestone. After an extensive drilling program it was found that there were large reserves of limestone underlying a recumbent syncline exposed in the south wall of the company's No. 3 cement rock quarry. A quarry was started on the vertical limb of this fold in 1927, and by 1930 the full requirement of the plant was met. After 1945 production diminished because of the occurrence of dolomite beds in the south wall. The quarry floor was then 135 ft below the cement rock level and 285 ft below surface. In 1949 Gerald I?.

Jan 1, 1955

By George Smith

IN the utilization of natural resources owner, operator, and consumer should share the attendant benefits. Development needs to be planned under terms recognizing fully the interests of all concerned, for any undue advantage given to any one of these participants is apt to involve even greater and disproportionate injury to one or both of the others. For this reason it is well to preface any consideration of needed reforms in legislation affecting the disposition of public land with a survey of certain fundamental principles that determine the general conditions of all land transfers preliminary to development, utilization, and production. The disposition of any undeveloped natural resource, whether timber, oil, coal, or water power, as a transaction to which hand owner and prospective developer are parties, must be based in theory upon a division of expected returns. Whatever the terms of such disposition, neither party can reasonably ask for anything other than an equitable division of the returns. Under this analysis three and only three questions need to be discussed ; namely, what are those profits, how is this division to be accomplished, and what is the equitable basis of division ? The answer to the third question should probably be found by applying to the problem the principles of theoretical sociology, and' the question need not be mentioned further at this time, inasmuch as it does not involve the practical considerations to be kept in mind in connection with the other questions, which are concerned with only the measure of returns and their division. That is to say, whether the land owner's equity is to be stated as 95 per cent. or as 5 per cent. of the profits attending the development of the particular resource, no change would be necessary in the method to be adopted of arriving at the closest approximation of the prospective total profit.

Jan 10, 1913

By Frank Alfred Fahrenwald

A complete list of the elements as given for 1915 includes 18 that melt above 1,700" C. There does not exist one complete thermal equilibrium diagram for any pair of these 18 elements. Several of these elements have been combined, in relatively small proportions, with metals of lower melting point: e.g., tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium, in steels, or with nickel and cobalt; but of this refractory group, platinum is the only one that has been extensively studied in this connection. When one considers that, with few exceptions, the industries have made use of alloys to the exclusion of pure metals, it is reasonable to expect that alloys of this refractory group will invade fields in which the pure metals have found little application. The past neglect of this class of metals has, no doubt, been partly due to the rarity of some of them, for even though alloys of very valuable properties should be developed, their cost, unless in exceptional applications, would be prohibitive. There is also a well-founded reluctance to undertake research involving very high temperatures which, in the case of most of these elements, must be accompanied by an inert atmosphere as well. This combination of high temperatures*and control of atmosphere within the heating chamber of any furnace of present design is a difficult problem. It is the purpose of this paper to give results,' of an investigation of one binary series of this group, in which methods were employed that avoided the usual difficulties accompanying high-temperature alloy investigation. , Historical.—The alloys of tungsten and molybdenum have received very little consideration during the past. A review of available literature reveals very little regarding this system, and that which has been recorded seems to be at fault. Mennicke2 writes, "Die bekannteste Verbindung

Jan 1, 1917

By A. Taylor

IN a previous communication,l the quaternary system Ni-Cr-Ti-A1 was described in detail and it was shown how certain alloys used for high-temperature applications could be construed as consisting of Ni,Cr suitably modified by the addition of aluminum and titanium in relatively small amounts. With the correct aging treatment, the ordered face-centered-cubic Berthollide phase, y'-Ni,Al, could be precipitated from the face-centered-cubic primary y-solid solution. By increasing the proportion of titanium with respect to aluminum, it was also possible to precipitate the very brittle hexagonal-close-packed Daltonide phase, ?-Ni,Ti. From the nature of the system it seems reasonable to expect the y and y'-phases to take appreciable amounts of cobalt and iron into solid solution. In the case of the present investigation it was decided to confine the work to iron additions only. This element may be introduced in two quite distinct ways: 1) as a simple replacement for nickel; and 2) as a replacement for chromium, titanium, and aluminum. The second method of iron addition forms the basis of the present investigation, which is, in effect, a study of the pseudo-quaternary system Ni,Cr-NiPe-Ni,Ti-NLAl. For purposes of reference, Figs. 1, 2, and 3 have been included and illustrate the quaternary system Ni-Cr-Ti-A1 described in the previous paper along with sections through N&Cr-Ni,Ti-Ni,Al at 750" and 1000 "C respectively. As will be shown below, the pseudo-quaternary system with components Ni,Cr, NiPe, Ni,Ti, Nihl is remarkably similar in many ways to the face defined by Ni,Cr-Ni,Ti-Ni,Al because of iron re-

Jan 1, 1958

By H. Hubert

THE first attempts at direct utilization of blast-furnace gas in engines were made in 1895. For a considerable time the gas had been burnt in Cowper stoves for heating the blast for the furnace, and under the boilers which supplied steam to the blowing-engines, and others serving the furnaces. It was natural, therefore, that the idea of directly employing it in gas-engines should have occurred simultaneously to several engineers, notably to Lürmann and to Lencauchez, who had pointed out the blast-furnace as a powerful -gas-producer. Nevertheless, nowhere had any attempt been made to apply it to this purpose up to the end of 1894, when Thwaite proposed it to Mr. James Riley, of the Glasgow Iron & Steel Company. About the same time investigations were being made in Belgium and in Germany, independently of Thwaite's experiments, which were not generally known on the Continent. The industrial world, which up to that time had hardly favored the idea, had thus been gradually prepared to receive it. The gas-engine, long restricted to small sizes and dependent upon the use of an expensive fuel obtainable only in large centers, now began to make headway. At the Paris Exhibition of 1889 two engines of 100 h.p. were shown and excited much interest among engineers. One had four cylinders, and was made at the celebrated works of the Deutz Company, and the other was a single-cylinder engine, exhibited by two French designers, Messrs. Delamare-Deboutteville and Malandin. In the meanwhile the design of gas-producers had made important progress, completely freeing the new engine from its

Nov 1, 1906

By N. G. W., Cook

When an excavation is made underground the original rock stresses are removed from the surfaces of the excavation. These surfaces converge to partially close the excavation and the superincumbent rock mass moves down towards the excavation. If the convergence of the surfaces of the excavation were controlled, energy generated by their motion against the controlling forces could be extracted. Since the total forces in the rock mass are not significantly affected by the excavation, stress concentrations arise around the excavation, which compensate exactly for those stresses no longer transmitted through the excavation. These phenomena give rise to two general principles which provide the basis for analyzing the effects of making any underground excavation. The first of these is that the total force resulting from the stresses across any plane in the rock, including any plane through the excavation, must be the same before and after the excavation is made. The second of these is that energy must necessarily be released as a result of making an underground excavation.

Jan 1, 1969

By Thomas Leonard Watson

I. HISTORICAL. BARITE has been mined for many years in various parts of Virginia, probably the earliest mining-operations being in Prince William county, within 600 ft. of the Fauquier county line, about 4 miles south of east from Catlett, a station on the Southern Railway. It is claimed that the mineral was mined here as early as 1845. Mining-operations in Campbell and Pittsylvania counties in the Piedmont region, and near Marion in Smyth county, in the southwest Virginia Valley region, were begun about 30 years ago. The mining and milling of barite on a commercial scale in Tazewell and Russell counties are more recent, and commenced about 15 years ago. II. GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION. Barite occurs in many counties in the State, as shown in Fig. 1, but the industry has been confined to only a few of them. Its occurrence is noted in two of the three major divisions of the State-namely, the Piedmont region east of the Blue Ridge, and the Paleozoic area west of the Blue Ridge. In the Piedmont region the mineral has been mined in the following counties:, Bedford, Campbell, Louisa, Prince William, and Pittsylvania. In the region west of the Blue Ridge, composed of Paleozoic sediments, barite has been mined in Montgomery, Russell, Smyth, and Tazewell counties. Of the counties mentioned, Bedford, Campbell, and Pittsylvania of the Piedmont region, and Russell, Smyth, and Tazewell of the Valley region, have been the principal producers. In 1906, operations were confined to five counties-Bedford, Louisa, Pittsylvania, Russell, and Tazewell-but in the first two counties named there was no production, the work being solely development.

Jan 9, 1907

By LIONEL E. BOOTH

ORE tests are made for the purpose of determining the correct methods of treatment for any particular ore. They should be conducted so as to insure that the results obtained in actual mill practice, on ore of similar grade and physical nature, will duplicate the results obtained in the test work. As the expenditure of many thousand of dollars may be involved in the building of the necessary mill, the testing of ores calls for extreme care and skill in handling laboratory machines, and a knowledge of actual practice to guard against the danger of obtaining results in test work that would be impractical to duplicate on a commercial scale. The importance of a correct sample of the ore is at once apparent. No matter with what degree of care the test 4rk is done, it loses its value when made on an unrepresentative sample. It is the first safeguard against future disappointments in the loss of capital and time. A number of failures in the past have been traced directly to faulty or lax methods in obtaining the ore sample.

Jan 1, 1924

By Lysle E. Shaffer

INCREASING attention has been given in the last decade to the possibilities of mine leasing in the West. The practice as described in this article does not refer to the leasing of entire properties for corporate operation. It is intended to deal rather with the advantages and problems incident to leasing portions of properties to individuals who themselves, individually or in groups, do the actual mining and transportation of the ore. These individuals are sometimes called "leasers" and sometimes called "tributors." The contracts under which they work set up an independent relationship of lessor and leaser, between themselves and the mineowner or operator. This relationship has many advantages to both sides over those created by the ordinary relationship of employer and employe. From the standpoint of the owners there is no liability on independent contractors for industrial injuries, social security taxes, unemployment taxes, or the manifold restrictions of the Federal Labor Relations and Wage Hour Acts and similar state acts where they exist. As the leaser's income depends on the quantity and quality of ore produced, there is a distinct incentive for maximum production of a good grade of ore. This in turn promotes careful mining of the areas under lease. Ordinarily in mining, labor cost is a high percentage of the total cost of operation. Under a leasing system, even if the leasers be allowed to retain half of the gross values that they produce, and the owner or operator gets half, in the case of marginal ore bodies this is ordinarily more than the lessor would realize if the property were worked by day labor. In some instances mineral deposits under a leasing system may become ore, whereas under a day-labor system they would

Jan 1, 1948

By James A. Clem

Approximately 2000 years ago, the Lord admonished the scribes (lawyers) and pharisees (religious leaders of that time) that they had paid the tithe but had omitted the weightier matters of law, judgment, mercy, and faith. (Matt. 23:23) I want to talk about "The Weightier Matters of Law." In a situation where big government is trying to have an effect on even small details of a work activity, otherwise simple situations become complex. Regulations are written to such detail that constant compliance with strict interpretations can be a nightmare-not to mention off the target of the intended purpose for the regulation. One soon recognizes the onerous characteristics of federal statutes. Another admonition the Lord gave those lawyers and pharisees back then was that they tended to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel! He meant that the pharisees were given to devoting themselves to the strict interpretation of law by writing hundreds of subrules or interpretation to law. In doing so they eventually lost sight of the original purpose of the law. I think they were being told, keep the law-but don't neglect to humanize it Keep it simple Recognize the purpose of why the law. "Mix in" a common sense approach. Someone once said, "Common sense is instinct -enough of it is genius." Today, as 2000 years ago, we need more "genius" displayed by legislators in considering the weightier matters of law. First of all true legislature genius calls for a declarative statement about the purpose of the statute and a fair, objective analysis of the ground rules by which it will be implemented. In the Health & Safety Act of 1969, the "findings and purpose" as set forth in Section 2 do define its purpose. I believe most of us affected can be in accord with the reasons advanced for the legislation. However, beyond those well-intentioned few paragraphs, we very quickly run into trouble. Congress complicated the simplicity of the statement of purpose by mandating government intervention into areas that cannot be effectively legislated, nor even should be legislated. The Act provided for broad gaged regulation which is unnecessary, inappropriate, and tremendously costly. Frankly, it detracts from a constructive, cooperative effort by the parties involved. These are strong negatives which characterize inappropriate legislation. Appropriate legislation and subsequent regulation, which is realistically conceived and practically enforced must be born of an honest desire for improvement, based on a working knowledge of common problems which are thoughtfully analyzed. Then the legislation must be written in clear concise language so that there can be little or no doubt as to its literal meaning and intent. To be practically enforced, it must be understood by all who will enforce it and by all who are subject to it. That is to say, an effective law or standard cannot be fixed or inflexible so that it cannot be tempered in human judgment. There must be an elasticity in the statute to provide for consideration of all of the relevant facts of a given situation. Such elasticity makes the compliance effort as meaningful as it can be for the time and dollars invested. Meaningful compliance requires room for common sense. Today, we in business along with our associates in government and labor, urgently need to pause, and assess our current situation. The problems arising from the 1969 Act have been intensified through the Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977. After reading the "findings and purpose" of this legislation, and by process of elimination, we should all clearly see what is and is not the purpose of the Act. 1) It is not to turn the management of private industry over to government. 2) It is not to impair the efficient operation of business. 3) It is not to reduce productivity and profits. 4) It is not to reduce national unemployment. 5) It is not to perpetuate the bureaucracy. 6) It is not to increase the tax burden on an already overburdened people. 7) It is not to increase our balance of payments deficit. 9) It is not to replace management/labor relations in working together to solve problems.

Jan 1, 1981

By Clinton H. Crane

DR. TILNEY, the great expert on the study of the development of the brain of human beings and animals, tells us that the greatest difference between the human brain and the brain of animals is that man alone has shown evidence of being able to predict the future. Just why he throws overboard the busy bee who lays up honey for the winter, the squirrel who gathers nuts, and the humble ant, I do not know. At any rate, it is nice to be assured by an authority that we have this power of prophecy. My own experience with attempting to prophesy the future has convinced me that our only possibility of being good prophets is to be good students of history.

Jan 1, 1940

By B. T., Colley

AS always when metallurgical operations are conducted within or close to agricultural and stock-raising regions, the question of damage due to fume and smoke presented itself when the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation's new smelter commenced to operate in La Oroya in 1922, For more than twenty years the Corporation had operated its old plant close to Cerro de Pasco without encountering difficulties from smoke claims, owing to the fact that it was in an open plain where more or less constant air currents carried and dissipated the smoke over large areas, affording ample dilution. But Oroya is in a deep canyon formed by four contributing valleys up and down which the smoke travels for long distances in a more or less concentrated form. Though the altitude of Oroya is more than 12,000 ft., and the surrounding country rises to much greater elevations, nevertheless there exists there a large and important stock-raising industry and also a considerable development in agriculture, consisting of the cultivation of potatoes, barley, etc.

Jan 1, 1945

By Paul Queneau

FEW of us who waded ashore on the Norman beaches realized the importance of coal to a successful invasion. General Eisenhower and his staff had been aware of the essential need for coal and an able Solid Fuels Section had been set up under the direction of Colonel Robert P. Koenig, of Indiana. This organization met the requirements of the invading armies on their march to the Rhine. East of the Siegfried Line enemy territory, the Army Engineers were called upon for assistance. When the Engineers were advised that, in addition to their normal duties, they were to occupy and place in operation the coal mines in the Twelfth Army group area, plans were drawn up overnight and action was initiated immediately. The Sixth Engineer Special Brigade, a versatile outfit which made a notable record D-Day on Omaha Beach, was selected to handle the operation. Within 48 hours of the new assignment an advance command post was set up cm the west bank of the Rhine at Homberg, just below German-held Duisburg. The 368th Engineer General Service Regiment was assigned to the Brigade, and the British 44th Pioneer Group, including specialist personnel, was also attached. This large British unit was added because most of the mines would shortly come within the British zone of

Jan 1, 1946

By AIME AIME

THE convention which met in Washington at the call of the Joint Conference Committee was called to order at ten o'clock on Thursday morning; June 3, by Richard L. Humphrey, temporary chairman, member of the American Society of Civil Engineers, who made a brief statement of the reason for the meeting. Lieut. Col. Charles W. Kutz, Corps of Engineers, U. S. A., and Engineer Commissioner of the District of Columbia, then welcomed .the engineers composing the convention on behalf of the District of Columbia and, the Washington engineers. Although an elaborate program had been prepared on which were many well-known speakers on interesting and important topics, , it was voted to intersperse this to fill in the usual and unavoidable hiatuses in the business program of such a convention[ Calvert Townley, president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, was elected permanent chairman, and J. C. Hoyt, of Washington, was elected secretary of the convention. The following committees were appointed: Consti¬tution and by-laws, Richard L. Humphrey, chairman; resolutions, Philip N. Moore, chairman; and program, F. H. Newell, chairman. Then, Gardner S. Williams, member of the, A. S. C. E. and the Grand Rapids Engineering Society of. Grand Rapids, Mich., and one-time member of the American Association of Engineers, offered the following resolutions:

Jan 1, 1920