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By Dodge, C. E.

ONE of the first mining areas to be developed in Arizona was that in the district centering about Clifton and Morenci. Traces of metals were first noticed by Henry Clifton on an expedition in 1864. Definite copper outcroppings were also reported in the following year by General J. H. Carleton when he led his troops into the district on an Indian raid. Actual mining operations were started in the early seventies. and the first smelter was finished in 1873. Two adequately financed companies acquired most of the property, and both commenced production about 1882. These were the Arizona Copper Co.. owned by a group of Scotch investors, and the Detroit Copper Mining Co., afterwards purchased by the firm of Phelps, Dodge & Co. Later the Shannon Copper Co. acquired and operated a number of claims in the northern part of the district. These three companies all operated underground, mines independently for many years.

Jan 1, 1942

Jan 1, 1943

Jan 1, 1943

[A Editor's Note: Annual Reviews of various subjects and areas are found in February issues of Mining and Metallurgy and Mining Engineering. These Annual Reviews are not listed per se in the Index. Abating Stream Pollution in Anthracite Coal Fields. ME Mar 50 Abbadia San Salvatore mine, Italy. T178, 297 Abbott, C.E.: Limestone Mine in the Birmingham District. With Discussion. T129, 62 ABC Typifies Trend to Mechanized Mining and Coal Preparation. ME Dec 50 Abel, J.F.: Statistical Analysis of Tunnel Supporting Loads. T235, 288 Sulzbach, J. F., and Walker, D.K.: Ice Tunneling in Greenland. ME Jun 59 Aberfoyle tin mines, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, stannite, as intergrowths. T214, 1147 Abnormal Behavior of Some Ore Constituents and Their Effect on Blast Furnace Operation, The. T241, 1 Abrams, C.J.: Industry's Responsibility in Postwar Economy. M&M Mar 45 and Haley, D.F.: History of Crushing and Milling at Climax. M&M Jun 46]

Jan 1, 1972

By W. R. Barclay

IN MY general contact with industry I have become more and more impressed with the need for the closest possible co-operation between engineers and metallurgists, and particularly with the need for appreciation of the work that each group is doing to assist the other. Also, I am convinced that from time to time it. is vitally important to a true perspective of human progress in all its branches, and certainly a salutary corrective of undue optimism and pessimism to endeavor to carry the mind hack over certain periods in the advance of technical knowledge, and form some kind of broad estimate of what has been accomplished in the application of science to industry in the fields with which we, as individuals or groups, may for the time being be concerned. We cannot without some appreciable mental effort realize what our forerunners have dine For us. If the young engineer or metallurgist entering industry today could be suddenly transported to a quarter of a century ago, and be compelled to work with the materials then available and within the limitations of knowledge then attained, he would, on his return to present-day life, have a much greater appreciation of what has been accomplished before lie arrived on the scene, and, what is even more important, a far more acute sense of its inherent value to his profession. I propose here merely to indulge in a general summary of the subject of improved engineering metals and alloys rather than in details, and to deal exclusively with developments within my own experience.

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

UNQUESTIONABLY the Coal Division has never had a meeting in which so many outstanding technical papers were presented of immediate practical application to problems of personnel, mining, safety, preparation, combustion, and carbonization. Should there have been those present with the lingering idea that all that was needed for success in the coal industry was a strong back and a weak mind they must have had a rude awakening.

Jan 1, 1942

By T. V. Moore

DURING 1910, crude-oil production in the United States reached a record level averaging about 3.700,000 barrels daily. Export declined sharply while imports increased with the result that large quantities of crude oil were run to storage during the year. Imports consisted largely of residual fuel oil brought in from South America bit because of a shortage of that product in this country and of Mexican crude. The price of petroleum products followed the declining trend of the last three year resulting in serious disparity between crude and product prices. This condition was aggravated in some areas by the increasing production of distillate by recycling operations and by the high tanker rates prevalent in the last two months of the year. As a result two small purchasers found it necessary to reduce crude-oil price in the Corpus Christie area of Texas.

Jan 1, 1941

From the historical account of the coal industry set forth in the preceding pages the reader will have learned that coal is extremely widely spread throughout the United States, and in most places it has been easily found, that it has been remarkably easy to develop, and, where the deposits were available to streams on which it could be transported to markets, it was opened almost as soon as the country was settled. Such were the mines along the James, Susquehanna, Monongahela, Ohio, Kentucky, Cumberland and Big Muddy Rivers. In other localities where such easy means of transport were not convenient, the early production was confined to local use, or to places to which it could be hauled by wagons, but everywhere small mines were established almost as soon as the country was settled, and these increased both in number and size as the available markets grew. These early mines were nearly always opened by local people, and the industry was so far-flung that its growth attracted little or no attention excepting when a labor disturbance or a breakdown in transportation occurred. Had it been concentrated in a few places as most metal industries were, or as the petroleum industry was for many years after it started, it is probable that much better records of its progress would have been kept. When the canal era began, in the eighteen twenties, coal was at first not considered as a valuable source of freight revenue, and much surprise was expressed that the receipts of the Schuylkill Canal were very largely from coal after the first few years, as was the case of the Union Canal though not to such an extent. Even the early railroads to the coal fields did not realize the extent to which the products of mines would figure in their revenues, and it was many years before railroads were built practically solely for prospective coal traffic; indeed this did not happen until some years after the Civil War. Map 12 shows the extent of the canal system in the United States in its relation to the coal fields at the time of its maximum development. It will be seen that only the coal areas in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and to a very small extent in Indiana were able to ship by canal at all, and that only a very small portion of such fields could do so. Looking backward, it is hard to understand the great hopes entertained of canals by their pro-

Jan 1, 1942

By AIME AIME

TECHNICAL achievement in mining will be rewarded at the forthcoming Annual Meeting of the Institute when the William Lawrence Saunders Gold Medal will be presented to Herman C. Bellinger. Mr, Bellinger was unanimously selected on the first ballot of the Medal Committee. Mr. Bellinger has had notable technical success as vice-president in charge of operations for the Chile Exploration Co., a position he has held since 1920.

Jan 1, 1941

By F. G. ROCKWELL

ALTHOUGH the diamond as a gem stone dates back many hundreds of years its use industrially, at least to any extend is recent. The old adage: "Use a diamond to cut a diamond" indicates that some industrial use was made of this material in cutting and polishing many years ago. It also put to various other industrial by the Romans. General industrial use however was never developed to any considerable extent until about the time of the first World War. It is definiely known however, that a Swiss watchmaker, M. Leschot by name, invented a diamond drill in or about the year 1862, Today, some 75 or 80 per cent of the total didamods produced are used in industry. There are two main classifications of diamonds : (1) carbonados or "black diamonmds," and (2) diamonds proper.

Jan 1, 1944

By J. E. Nelson, R. J. Bonnis

Recent completion of Cyprus Bagdad's $240-million modernization and expansion program has registered a 700% increase in ore production with only a 50% increase in labor. Elements of this remarkable achievement include the application of large-scale mining equipment as well as the selection of the latest in processing hardware. Most important, however, was the early recognition that Bagdad's labor personnel is its most important asset.

Jan 4, 1978

By C. E. Lawall

ONE of the most important developments in the coal industry during 1940 was the continued uptrend in the production of bituminous coal. Estimated production for the year is 450,000,000 tons, with an additional production of anthracite of 50,000,000 tons making a total of approximately 500,000,000 tons. This is an increase of 12.5 per cent over 1939. Despite an estimated decrease of about 3.5 per cent in anthracite production, all of the major coal-producing states had increases in production for 9140. The national defense program, with the consequent increase in industrial activity, undoubtedly had an important effect on the increased demand for coal.

Jan 1, 1941

By Jay A. Carpenter

WAR?S impact on Nevada mining and rnetallugrcal operations has brought about a rapid rise in the gross value of the ores mined and milled for the atratezic metals, and a sharp decrease in that for the precious metals. The State?s total production over the present war years will averaged out 10 per cent above the good record of $39,000,000 in 1937. However. this annual production is low in contract to that of nearly $47,000,000 in 1877 in the days of the great bonanza on the Comstock, and that of nearly $49,000.000 in 1918 during the last World War..

Jan 1, 1944

By Howard A. Meyerhoff

AS a source of mineral wealth, the larger islands of the West Indies have never had an enviable reputation. The Spaniards took possession of them in the sixteenth century hopeful that they would yield gold; but it was not long before they knew the rather rigid limitations of Antillean gold production and were seeking-and finding ---richer deposits of the precious metals in Mexico and on the west coast of South America. Although a great deal of wealth changed hands in the West Indian islands in subsequent years, the fact may be laid to the abundance of pirates and privateers and not to the richness of local ore bodies.

Jan 1, 1941

MINING ENGINEERING presents the annual membership report of the Society of Mining Engineers; see page 109.

Jan 7, 1963

By Robert Mehl

A STUDY of the structures arising from the decomposition of the a solid solutions in the Cu-Zn and the Cu-Al systems is of peculiar interest in the study of the mechanism of precipitation from solid solutions. It is possible in these alloys, by varying the composition within the ß field, to precipitate from the same basic lattice phases having different lattice structures. It has been rather generally assumed heretofore that the type of structure originating from the decomposition of a solid solution-the Widmanstätten structure-is determined by the lattice structure of the parent solid solution alone. In the first paper of this series1 evidence was advanced which threw doubt upon this hypothesis; but definite proof of the correctness or incorrectness of the hypothesis should be forthcoming from a study of these alloys, for if the structures originating, for example, from the precipitation of the a phase from ß and of the -y phase from the ß in the Cu-Zn system should be shown to be crystallographically different, the hypothesis would necessarily be held as definitely disproved. Furthermore, the newer proposal enunciated in the first paper of this series-that the origin of the Widmanstätten structure lies in a cooperation between the lattice of the parent solid solution and that of the precipitate-which at present seems the only alternative hypothesis, would in such an event be given added weight. The work here reported shows that the Widmanstätten structures originating in the precipitation of the a phase from the a and in the precipitation of the -y phase from the ß in the Cu-Zn system are indeed crystallographically different; and incidentally presents some new descriptive information on the Widmanstätten structure from a more general point of view.

Jan 1, 1931

By Michael Tenenbaum

THE importance of semikilled steel as a high tonnage grade has long been recognized. The increasing severity of the applications for which semikilled steel is used makes it desirable to obtain further information regarding the features of open hearth practice and ingot structure that can affect steel performance in subsequent rolling and fabricating operations. Accordingly, an investigation is being carried out studying the structure of various types of semikilled steel ingots. This paper reviews some of the observations made and information gathered in this investigation. By definition, semikilled steel may be considered to include all nonrimming steels in which the natural shrinkage occurring during ingot solidification is offset to an appreciable degree by gas formation. Accordingly, this type of steel includes the entire range intermediate between rimmed and fully killed steel. The resultant ingot structures range from those of steels that have been capped to suppress a weak rimming action to those steels that have been killed in the furnace or ladle to the extent that no mold deoxidizer is required. A survey reported to the 1946 AIME Open Hearth Conference' reviewed the practices being used at 28 major plants for the deoxidation of semikilled steel. It was found that most plants divide the deoxidizing additions between the ladle and the mold many of the plants adding only minor amounts of deoxidizer to the bath or none at all. Silicon, aluminum and titanium were the only elements used for ladle and mold deoxidation. Mold deoxidizers were added as capping additions or as uniformly fed additions. Several practices were reported in which the steel was deoxidized in the ladle to the extent that little or no mold deoxidation was needed. No reference was made to grades capped by using special mold designs or special closures over the top of molds. Accordingly, specific examples of this type of practice will not be considered in this paper. It appeared from this survey of deoxidation practice that semikilled steel can be divided into three types, namely, capped semikilled, in which aluminum is added near the end of pour or after shut-off, intermediate semikilled steels, in which aluminum is fed uniformly throughout the pour, and semikilled steels requiring no mold deoxidation. In an attempt to cover the ingot structures obtained by the range of practices reported in the preceding survey, three series of experimental heats were made using increasing amounts of aluminum, silicon and titanium for ladle deoxidizers. The ladle deoxidizers were added as stick aluminum, 50 pct ferrosilicon and 20 pct ferrotitanium (4 pct carbon), respectively. Two methods of studying ingot structures were used. Ingots were removed from production, burned longitudinally and machined to allow observation of the central pipe and coarse blowholes. During the machining operation much of the finely porous subsurface structure was obliterated. Accordingly, observations were also made

Jan 1, 1947

Jan 1, 1978

By Wilson Lundy

THE history of the production of sulfur from salt domes in Louisiana and Texas originated with the operations of the Union Sulphur Co. at Sulphur, La., followed by the Freeport Sulphur Co. at Bryanmound, Tex. Including the present development of Grande Ecaille by the Free-port Sulphur Co., which constitutes the tenth dome to be equipped for the production of sulfur in the Gulf Coast, less than 10 per cent of all the known domes have proved to contain sulfur in commercial quantities. The Grande Ecaille salt dome is in the tidal marsh of the Mississippi River delta in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. It is 10 miles southwest of the right descending bank of the river approximately 45 miles below the city of New Orleans and is within 4 miles of the shore line of the Gulf of Mexico.

Jan 1, 1934

By AIME AIME

CONVENTION plans for the A.I.M.E. Regional Meeting to be held on the Minnesota Iron Range Aug. 12 to 1.5 are being completed to give the visiting member?s from all parts of the country a wide variety of technical and recreational features. High spots of the social events are the official dinner, dance, luncheon and golf: and of course, special provision is being, made for the entertainment of visiting ladies. The technical sessions will fit in with scheduled trips to view all phases of mining, beneficiation and transportation of iron ore. Men from the West and Southwest will find much of interest in the detail of the mining operations. A trip to the steel plant of the

Jan 1, 1941