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By G. M. Card, K. D. Card, B. V. Sanford

The Canadian Shield and its extensions are traversed by an orthogonal system of north-west and northeast trending arch-style uplifts. These basement arches were formed by repeated vertical movements along pre-existing structures during compressional and extensional tectonism connected with events in surrounding Proterozoic and Phanerozoic orogens and ocean basins. The arches in?uenced patterns of sedimentation and tectonism in the intervening epicratonic basins andmarginal platforms throughout the Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. Movements on the arch structuresalso triggered minor magmatism and controlled the location and timing of alkalic rock-carbonatite, kimberlite, and related intrusions in the Canadian Shield, the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, and West Greenland.

Jan 1, 1997

By P. D. S. St. Pierre

IN REGENT YEARS, blast furnace operators have found it necessary to improve their technology in order to handle increasingly low-grade feed and yet satisfy the demands for greater tonnages of metal. Studies have been made covering several aspects of the problem, and in this connection the slags produced in the iron-making process have been critically examined with a view to discovering the slag with the optimum properties for a given operation. A good slag should combine, as far as possible, the properties listed in Table I. Unfortunately, some of these desirable properties are incompatible. For example, the advantage of the small ?bulk of a low-flux slag is offset by its low desulphurization potential and high viscosity. Similarly, a very fluid slag increases refractory wear. It will be seen, then, that a balance must he struck between these conflicting requirements. In the .present paper only the melting relationships of blast furnace slag ?compositions will be considered in detail. In interpreting the data herein presented, the optimum property requirements listed in Table 1 must strictly be borne in mind. It should also be noted that the discussion presented here always relates to calcined fluxes, since this facilitates reference to the final slag composition. Thus, in making calculations pertaining to the ?burdening of the furnace, due allowance should ?be made for the fact that the fluxes are added as carbonates.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. Convey, S. L. Gertsman

"THE EXPANSION of steel capacity is seldom spectacular. It may be for this reason that the remarkable progress made in Canada has not been generally recognized. In 1950, Canada's output of steel ingots amounted to 3,270,000 tons ( l ), which is a ll8 per cent increase over the tonnage produced in 1939. It can therefore be readily seen that Canada's growth curve for steel production is climbing at a rate paralleling her growth as a nation. It is by no means •an exaggeration of its importance to consider the steel industry as the cornerstone in the economic structure of Canada's manufacturing activities. From the humble diaper pin to the giant members of massive bridges, fortifications, and other steel structures, steel accompanies us as a necessary and inescapable companion in our journey through life. The Age of Steel has a literal meaning, and refinements in the manufacture of the products of steel are adapting it to more and more varied uses as time passes.The integrated iron and steel works of Canada fall into two natural geographical divisions. One has its base on the Great Lakes and draws its supply of •coal and some of its ore from the United States. In this division lie the works of the Algoma Steel Corporation, at Sault Ste. Marie, at the junction point of lakes Huron, Superior, and Michigan; and the works of The Steel Company of Canada, at Hamilton, on lake Ontario."

Jan 1, 1952

By R. Blazej

Machinery Systems Division (MSD) in the Institute of Mining Engineering at Wroclaw University of Technology specializes in belt conveying systems analyzing, calculating and design. Within the division operates the certified Laboratory of Belt Transportation (LTT) and Laboratory of Rollers. Since few years, a group of several people have begun work on developing a comprehensive system for the automatic evaluation of condition of conveyor belts working in the mines. Group uses both magnetic devices developed by specialized companies servicing belts and its own machine vision system developed for assessment of belts covers and edges during belt movement (up to 7 m / s) on the specially designed for this purpose the test conveyor. Recently they have got the research grant funded by the National Centre for Research and Development (NCBiR) for development of the system for automatic diagnosing of conveyor belts? condition and aiding of rational belt management. On the basis of previously created diagnostic tool called ABCDE (Automatic Belt Condition Diagnostic Equipment) the five modules: vision-A magnetic-B, preventive-C, forecasting?D, and determining safety factor-E will be developed. They will automatically interpret data about conveyor belts? condition to indicate the extent and timing of repairs, to prevent failures and to select the optimum moments for their replacements. The system will use results of ongoing research & development and planned research concerning modeling of belt wear using evolutionary genetic algorithms. The reached stage of research can not yet allow to start the implementation work by potential users. It is therefore necessary to pursuit research in real scale, the development of new modules (C-E) and intensive testing of the system in working condition with system calibration to optimize the economic effects.

Aug 1, 2013

By J. Dennett, M. Faris, M. Antonio, M. Collins, N. Tuffrey, R. Ellenwood, V. Reddy

"In January 2012, AngloGold Ashanti Córrego do Sítio Mineração, with assistance from Sherritt International Corporation, commissioned a new autoclave for pressure oxidation of refractory gold concentrate at the Córrego do Sítio operation in Brazil. Start-up of the plant occurred in a few weeks and enhanced gold recovery was realized almost immediately, with 94% gold extraction achieved in carbon in leach (CIL), compared to less than 70% without pressure oxidation. This paper describes start-up and commissioning of the plant and provides an overview of plant performance over the last five years.INTRODUCTION In 2008, AngloGold Ashanti purchased the former São Bento property from Eldorado Gold, which, along with AngloGold Ashanti’s existing Córrego do Sítio mine, was renamed AngloGold Ashanti Córrego do Sítio Mineração (AGA Mineração). Later that year, the Sherritt Technologies division of Sherritt International Corporation (Sherritt) was contacted to begin batch and continuous pilot plant tests to determine the amenability of the AGA Mineração refractory gold concentrates to the pressure oxidation process. Based on the results of the batch and pilot plant tests, AGA Mineração requested basic and detailed engineering studies to be conducted by Sherritt, eventually leading to commissioning of the plant in January 2012. AGA Mineração’s plant is located in southeastern Brazil in the state of Minas Gerais, near the city of Belo Horizonte. AGA Mineração`s Phase 1 mine plan covers three sites in the Laranjeiras, Carvoaria Velha and Cachorro Bravo ore bodies, and is designed to process 60,000 tonnes of refractory gold concentrate per year to produce 140,000 ounces of gold per year with an 11 year life of mine (AngloGold Annual Financial Statements, 2010). Recovery of gold at AGA Mineração is based on Sherritt`s pressure oxidation technology for refractory gold concentrates (Berezowsky et al., 1991; Collins et al., 2011a; Collins et al., 2011b). This process had previously been applied to the recovery of gold at the São Bento site (Carvalho et al., 1988; de Silva et al., 1989), in a plant that was operational between 1986 and 2007 (Silva et al., 2004)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Selwyn G. Blaylock

I.-THE HISTORY OF THE SYSTEM TO trace the history of the development of the Co-operative Committee System in The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, one must look backward about twenty years. In 1915 and 1916, the first years of the W ar to really affect Canadian life, there were sixteen hundred men working in the Trail plant. These men were, on the whole, a splendid body of men and pa trio tic to the core. They were almost one hundred percent organized, ninety-five percent of them be-longing to the Union of the Western Federation of Miners. Most of the tradesmen belonged to their craft unions as well. For example, there were ? local machinist, steel workers', electrician, boiler maker, bricklayer, and carpenter unions. The Company had always maintained an open-shop policy and refused to enforce membership in any union, but recognized the right of every man to belong to unions. The only exceptions have been the I.W.W. and the One Big Union. Both of these organizations have always been fought by the Company. By 1916, membership in the Western Federation being practically 100 per cent, the Company recognized this organization's authority to make agreements, and a wage and hour agreement was drawn up and signed by the Company and the local officials of the Union, and ratified and signed by the Head Office of the Union in Denver, Colorado. This agreement was for the duration of the war.

Jan 1, 1936

By Jack Parker

"The original design of mine openings and pillars at White Pine was based upon traditional assumptions; i.e., that the principal load is due to the weight of overburden, and that horizontal stresses are equal to one-. third of the vertical.Beginning January, 1964, borehole deformation measurements confirmed suspicions that the principal stress is horizontal and several times greater than the vertical.Vertical stress appears to be directly related to depth, but lateral stresses vary considerably in direction and magnitude. The direction of major principal stress lies parallel to the bedding and is apparently parallel to tension joints. Lateral stresses appear to originate from an igneous intrusive.Mining induces stresses which add to the primitive stresses, in some areas precipitating failure. In this paper, rock failures are illustrated, methods of measurement and typical results are given, and measures to counter or utilize the lateral stresses are described."

Jan 1, 1966

By R. J. R. Schaller

NO. 3 winze, the sixth shaft to be sunk on the San Antonio property, is practically a duplicate of No. 3 shaft, which was the main shaft prior to the installation of the larger hoisting equipment in 1939. It is collared on the tenth, or 1,500-ft., level, and goes down vertically to the sixteenth, or 2,500-ft., level, with a loading pocket, spill pocket, and sump below this. It is 1,000 feet east of No. 3 shaft. All ore, men, and materials are handled through the latter. The winze location with reference to the rock formation is shown in Figure 1. (In plan, this section strikes N.30°E. and cuts most of the main orebodies of the mine normal to their strike.) It is collared eighty feet inside the footwall contact of the basalt and cuts through it before reaching the eleventh level. In this location there will be no ore tied up in shaft pillars, as the closest ore to the shaft is on the tenth level, and here it is eighty feet northeast of the collar. The winze headframe and hoist-room straddle the main haulage to the No. 3 shaft, on the tenth level (see Figure 2). At no time during the excavation for the headframe and hoist-room was the general routine work of this haulage held up.

Jan 1, 1941

By R. A. McGuire

THE recorded production of the Sheep Creek camp from 1900, when the Yellowstone Mining Company first put its mill into operation, to the present day is in excess of $17,500,000. Of this total, $2,500,000 can be attributed to the early period from 1900 to 1916, at which time increased costs of labour and material due to the Great War forced abandonment of any operations on a large scale for a number of years. Since the camp was revived in 1929, at which time the Reno mine started large-scale operations, and the early 'thirties', when the increased price of gold induced the commencement of operations on other properties in the district, total gross production has been in excess of $15,000,000. In addition to the above totals, intermittent shipments were made by lessees and small operators, principally during the period of inactivity from 1916 to 1929, but no records of this production are available. The Sheep Creek camp would rank fifth in the Province-behind Rossland, Portland Canal, Bridge River, and Hedley-in gross gold production, but, because of relatively inexpensive mining and milling costs, would occupy a more prominent position in regard to total dividends paid. Operating mines at the present time include Reno Gold Mines, Gold Belt Mining Company, Kootenay Belle Gold Mines, and Sheep Creek Gold Mines. Each one of these companies, with the exception of Kootenay Belle, represents a consolidation of several smaller properties, all of which were in existence for a number of years prior to 1929. These four companies, at the present time, own, or hold options on, practically all the important claims in the district with the exception of a very few claims and fractions still held by private owners.

Jan 1, 1942

By W. Graham

"IntroductionEFFLORESCENCE is herein considered to be any deposit of salts on the surface of a masonry structure that is brought from within or through the structure by capillarity and deposited by evaporation. Usually, efflorescence is white although green, yellow, and brown efflorescence is sometimes observed.The common white efflorescence almost always consists of sulphates of the alkali and alkaline earth metals and calcium carbonate, although sodium chloride is frequently present in structures erected near the sea shore.The first and most obvious result of the presence of soluble salts in masonry is the unsightly accumulation of these salts on the surface. This is particularly noticeable early in its life and is frequently fugitive ( 1), as much of the salt is soluble and is gradually washed away by rain. This removal can usually be facilitated by scrubbing; the structure with dilute hydrochloric acid.A more serious effect is the continuous accumulation of soluble salts as a result of ingress of sulphur acids in rain water or water from the ground. This may eventually cause spalling and disintegration by crystallization of salts in the pores of brick and mortar. An example of this type of failure, resulting from the crystallization of calcium sulphate, is discussed by Hardesty (2). Butterworth (3) describes similar failure resulting from •crystallization of magnesium sulphate."

Jan 1, 1954

By C. Fleming, J. R. Goode

ABSTRACT: Data were produced from two uranium project studies that were conducted in 2008, both involving uranium recovery from leached slurry by resin-in-pulp (RIP) with strong base resins. In both studies, excellent metallurgical results were produced. The loaded resins were eluted with strong sulphuric acid and recycled through RIP circuits in an integrated process. Resin losses by either abrasion or mechanical breakage were immeasurably low. Metallurgical results from these two campaigns are presented, along with a case study economic analysis of RIP versus the alternative processes of counter-current-decantation or filtration and solvent extraction.

Jan 1, 2011

By James H. Cobbs

Blind boring of shafts is becoming an increasingly important part of shaft sinking. Blind-bored shafts have reached diameters of 25 It in Europe and 16-1/2 ft in the United States. Much of the technology developed for blind boring has evolved from the technology of drilling wells for oil and gas production. Blind boring offers economic advantage in a number of situations where conventional shaft sinking either is extremely difficult or very expensive by virtue of large-capacity aquifers which must be penetrated, unstable ground or where very rapid sinking is required. In sedimentary rocks, blind boring is cost competitive with conventional sinking, in diameters of about 12 ft or less. Blind boring is not competitive with raise boring where conditions are favourable for raise boring. Blind boring does, however, offer greater flexibility than raise boring and can be performed in situations where raise boring is inefficient or impossible. Combination machinery has been developed to perform both blind boring and raise boring, so that the machine can be used effectively in situations where only the near-surface portions of the shaft are unfavourable for raise boring. Development work is being supported by the United States Bureau of Mines for blind boring equipment capable of boring shafts up to 30 feet in diameter.

Jan 1, 1979

By James D. Bamburak

Total mineral production in Manitoba has averaged C$1 billion over the past ten years. Industrial mineral production has comprised almost 10% of the total, with more than half coming from the aggregate sector. In southeastern Manitoba, tantalum, spodumene and amblygonite concentrates, cesium and rubidium ores, cesium formate, dimension stone and sphagnum peat moss are produced. Gypsum, high-calcium limestone and lime are produced in the Interlake area. Early industrial mineral production consisted of tools and implements, salt and pottery. Historical production has included: salt, building stone, aggregate, lime and dolime, lignite coal, gypsum, natural and Portland cement, calcium bentonite, brick, light-weight aggregate, caustic soda and soda ash, and silica sand. Future industrial mineral production may come from reactivated quarries, pits and wells or from new producers of current commodities. Newproducts may include: stainless steel master alloy, silicon metal, titanium and magnetite, lithium carbonate, float-plate glass and ferrosilicon, "marble" dimension stone, magnesium metal, potash and kaolin.

Jan 1, 2001

By I. Farr, M. R. Mock, J. C. Robison

"HPAL and POX autoclave vapor-space gasses are vented through an autoclave PCV (Pressure Control Valve). The downstream steam-born mist of liquid droplets and solid particles travels in excess of 1000 m/s with megawatts of kinetic power at temperatures up to 160 C. The characteristics of downstream states often result in problems with corrosion, erosion, noise and vibration. Comprehension of those and related characteristics aids in improved pressure control, overpressure control and autoclave level control. We introduce compressible multiphase flow concepts and constructs germane to such flow including choked flow, continuous phase change, shock waves and supersonic flow plumes. Flow modeling based on first principles quantitatively predicts such flows providing a tool for component sizing and a method to estimate effects of water injection on flow. Insight deduced from modeling aids in mitigation of afore mentioned problems of which we share some from-site examples.INTRODUCTION First principles related to fluid thermodynamics and compressible flow have been employed akin to their application in the rocket industry. We will present the results of the application of those principles conceptually and authentically without mathematical rigour while using language of the pertinent disciplines. The autoclave (AC) vapor space over the slurry of a POX (Pressure Oxidation) or HPAL (High-Pressure Acid Leach) system (depicted in Figure 1) is vented via a PCV (pressure control valve) followed by certain ducting, and perhaps a nozzle, before exiting at atmospheric (typically) pressure. As indicated by its name the PCV controls the AC pressure as the flow control component of a pressure control loop."

Jan 1, 2017

By Barbara Kirby

Mining Industry Human Resource Council Who we are: National Sector Council for the Minerals and Metals Sector 18-person Board of Directors Over 100 Industry Volunteers PPP - Funded by HRSDC and industry What we do: Identify national HR challenges and opportunities for the Canadian mining industry Create national solutions through collaboration, partnerships and Synergy

Oct 1, 2010

By Alan Bauer, Melvin A. Cook

Measured detonation pressures of "prills and oil" (94/6 ammonium nitrate/fuel oil) and three of the new "slurry" blasting agents are presented and compared with computed, ideal detonation pressures and with detonation pressures expected from the measured detonation velocities. Results seem to show that the peak pressure in the detonation wave in these cases is the Chapman-Jouguet pressure and that no "spike" exists in these detonation waves. The absence of the Zeldovich-von Neumann "spike" is noteworthy in view of the very long reaction zone lengths of these mixtures. The measured detonation pressure of one of the slurry blasting agents (DBA-3") under steel confinement ( 172 kilobars) is shown to be considerably greater than the ideal detonation pressure of 75 per cent gelatin dynamite (p. = 135 kilobars) despite the fact that the detonation was still somewhat non-ideal in "DBA-3," its computed ideal detonation pressure being 180 kb. The popular 94/b AN /FO blasting agent exhibited a detonation pressure of only 13.5 kb in 5" paper tubes, but 37.5 kb in 5"• steel pipe compared with a computed ideal pressure of 40 kb.

Jan 1, 1961

By G. F. Flaherty

THE property of Tashota Goldfields, Limited, in the Lake Nipigon area, Ontario, is located about 4 miles west of Onaman lake and 16 miles by winter road south-southeast of Tashota station on the transcontinental line of the Canadian National railways. The mine, formerly developed to a limited extent under the name of Tashota Gold mine, has, since late in 1933, been under the management of Minefinders Limited, who, in 1935, brought it into production on a 60-ton per day basis. During the winter of 1934-35, the writer was geologist at the property. The geological structure in the immediate vicinity of the mine workings lends itself well to analysis on the basis of the mechanical principles of folding. Since structure is of prime importance in the localization of the ore-shoots and of the host shear-zones at the property, the correlation of all structural details and their mechanical interpretation forms a working hypothesis of structural control for the direction of exploration and development work. It is believed that the structural relations here set forth may be found applicable in part, or at least suggestive, in working out the relations of ore-shoots to structure in the Sturgeon River area to the south, and in the Little Long Lac area to the southeast (Figure 1).

Jan 1, 1936

By E. Herrera Alarcón, L. Mariscal Samaniego

The Teniente Converter (wet charge type) was commissioned in august 1995 and was designed to smelt 744 tpd (metric tons per day) of dry copper concentrates. Its products are white metal (73% Cu) that is sent to the Peirce Smith converters, slag that is cleaned in Reverberatory Furnaces and the process gases that are sent to the Sulfuric Acid Plant. Since its start up, the Teniente Converter smelting capacity was increased 1.6 times, from 800 tpd to 1,280 tpd using 33% oxygen-enriched air, and reaching an operative availability of 97%. By the other hand its campaigns have reached a record duration of 530 days without hot patching tuyeres and a partial refractory lining repair in the last four campaigns. This paper describes the most relevant improvements, as well as the strategies that had been used to reach these achievements.

Jan 1, 2007

By H. J. Oterdoom

SMS Group (SMSG) has always been concerned about safety aspects of electric smelter plants for the ferro-alloy and non-ferrous industry. The awareness for safety increased significantly over the past decades and also SMSG contributed with its design features to a safer operation. Today, safety aspects are not only part of the smelter design but also of the overall plant layout. Explosions in electric smelters are rare, but have a huge impact on peoples’ lives, on equipment and on production. For this reason, SMSG wanted to have a better overview of explosions within the smelting industry in order to see if useful statistics could be extracted. Generally, there is a lack of statistics regarding explosions in the electric smelting industry, and not enough information is collected or published. A significant portion of the explosions seems to be water related. Many companies, both operating and engineering, are trying to handle the risks of water, and apply methods to detect water leakages. Installing such a system is a management decision and management has then to make sure the system is properly implemented. The disadvantages and limitations of these systems should be carefully considered and communicated to operators and authorities.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Dupuis

In the present study, the heat balance of the Hirakud smelter aluminium reduction cell has been accurately assessed using only a surface thermocouple and a pyrometer, As it is well known that using a single linear or quadratic relationship to estimate the heat flux from the measured surface temperature does not provide the accuracy required to close the cell heat balance, this approach was not used in this study, Instead, the fundamental natural convection and radiation heat flux equations were used systematically for each measurement point, Practically, this means that the ambient air temperature and at least one ambient radiative temperature must also be known in addition to the surface temperature for each measurement point. Sometimes, the radiative heat flux could not be accurately estimated using a single ambient radiative temperature, In those cases, a more accurate estimation based on two ambient radiative temperatures and corresponding view factors has been used instead, It turns out that although at least three temperature measurements are required to estimate a single heat flux, it takes a lot less time to make those temperature measurements using a pyrometer than directly measuring the heat flux using an expensive heat flux meter, Furthermore, no loss in accuracy was detected when using this approach as the cell heat balance could be closed within 5%, the level of accuracy typical of cell heat balance assessment using heat flux meter.

Jan 1, 2004