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Note by the Secretary.-—In the preceding communication of Mr. Rickard, in the present discussion, as printed in Trans., xxiii., the loss of quicksilver at Pestarena, reported on p. 569, as 230 and 234 grammes per metric ton, is stated as equivalent to about 74 pounds per short ton avoirdupois—an obvious error, which escaped correction in my reading of the proofs, and was not discovered until after Vol. XXIII. had left the press. The true equivalent is 0.46 pound or about 7 1/2 ounces (instead of pounds) per short ton.— R. w. R. Philip Argall, Denver, Colo. (communication to the Secretary) : Mr. Rickard's last contribution to this discussion* calls for some reply from me, if only by way of defending myself against the charge (p. 569) that my criticisms of his paper were "unnecessarily hypercritical and occasionally unfair." At the same time I am fully aware that our Transactions are not the place for mere personal controversy, and that the sole object of discussion is to define differences of opinion, and defend opposing views as a means of eliciting the truth. Mr. Rickard disclaims the statement, which he says I attributed to him, that in the slow-crushing Gilpin county mills the pyrites remain longer in the mortar than the other portions of the ore. My understanding of his statement was based on the following passages in his paper: " Particles of ore, which have heen pulverized to a fineness which would permit of their exit through the screen, are enabled to settle towards the bottom of the mortar. It would he expected that the heavy metallic minerals occurring in the ore would, because of their greater specific gravity, be most affected by this feature of the treatment. In practice this is found to be so. The fine slimes contain a large proportion of metallic sulphides, generally valuable on account of their close association with the precious metals, while the coarsest particles to be found in the tailings usually consist of quartz and other minerals forming the less heavy gangue (Trans., xxiii., 139).

Jan 1, 1895

By C. R. Johnson, R. A. Greenkorn, G. W. Widner

This paper describes a short, simple well-testing procedure evolved from unsteady-state concepts to appraise wellbore damage in water-input wells. Input rates are changed at specific intervals over a 30-minute period and the wellhead pressure recorded at the end of each interval. From these data, the pressure drop due to the "skin" can be computed. This pressure drop in terms of psi/B/D of input rate is referred to as the "skin factor". Two of these variable-rate tests are required to determine change of wellbore damage and to evaluate well-treatment techniques. There are several advantages to the variable-rate procedure. The necessary data can be obtained with wellhead gauges and meters. There is little interference with normal operations. The short testing period eliminates many interpretative difficulties that come from interference from adjacent wells. The shut-in period required for standard tests before the plot of pressure vs log of time attains a straight line is often 12 hours or more. Such a time period is incronvenient, especially when a well must be tested repeatedly to evaluate change in wellbore characteristics. This variable-rate procedure has been successfully npplied to water-input wells in three fields. For some of the wells, skin factors were calculated from both the standard and the variable-rate tests. These results show good agreement. THEORY OF THE VARIABLE-RATE PROCEDURE In many waterflood input wells, the pressure in the wellbore differs from the pressure in the reservoir immediately adjacent to the well because of the restriction of flow through the skin of the well. If the true pressure of the reservoir at the well, p,, is that pressure which would exist in the well if no skin were present, and p,' is the actual pressure as measured in the well, this difference, is the skin effect. Fig. 1 shows the change in skin effect with change in flow rate. As the flow is reduced, the skin effect is reduced by an amount equal to the change in wellbore pressure minus the change in reservoir pressure. The equation of pressure change without skin using the point-source solution of the diffusivity equation is (after van Everdingen')

By George W. Hezzelwood

THE Balatoc mine, one of the Haussermann group,[t] is on the Island of Luzon, the largest of the Philippine group, about 260 km. north of Manila, and 12 km. from the city of Baguio. The Baguio district is the most important gold-mining area of the Philippines, with 14 producing mines in 1939, milling 2,3;8,894 tons of ore, yielding [P]40,881,048, approximately 55 per cent of the total Philippine production of [P]74,131,216. PRODUCTION HISTORY The Balatoc mine began production in January 1929 with a 150-ton cyanide mill. Increases in mill capacity have taken place as follows: March, 1932, to 350 tons June, 1933, to 470 tons December, 1933, to 515 tons July, 1934, to 700 tons December, 1934, to 1000 tons May, 1935, to 1200 tons October, 1938, to 1300 tons April, 1939, to 2000 tons January, 1941, to 2150 tons Production during the period of expansion has steadily increased in total value in spite of the fact that grade of ore milled has dropped-from $31.06 in 1929 to $5.78 in 1940. Annual reports give production as shown in Table 1, the average values being based on gold at the old price of $20.67 per ounce. [ ] GEOLOGY The ore occurs in quartz-calcite veins that vary in width from narrow stringers to mineralized zones 40 to 50 ft. wide. Wall rocks consist largely of diorites, with some andesite, and a fragmental breccia called locally the "Balatoc plug." Texture of the ore varies widely in the different veins-from a soft, highly altered, gouge material filled with quartz fragments through a soft, unaltered quartz-calcite to a hard, massive quartz ore. Three major vein systems have been extensively developed, and smaller amounts of work have been done on several others. These veins strike east-west to N. 60°, dipping south from 50° to 90°, and are essentially tension breaks between a series of faults or shears striking N. 30°E. to N. 50°E. and dipping southeast from 50°to 90°. The shear veins and tension veins probably formed more or less simultaneously,

Jan 1, 1942

By R. E. H. Pomeroy

THE statistical data given in this paper are taken from the actual performance of the No. 2 reverberatory furnace of the Nevada Consolidated Copper Co., Me Gill, Nev., for a period of four months, from April to July, 1914. The principal furnace dimensions are: Length, 132 ft. ½ in. at the skim-line level; average width, 18 ft., 10 in. at the skim-line level. The roof is 7 ft. above the skim-line level at the firing end. The average area in the uptake flue is 36 sq. ft., and the area above the skim line under the vulcatory arch is 24.3 sq. ft. Fig. 1 shows a diagrammatic plan and sectional elevation of this furnace. The furnace is equipped with two 400-b.h.p. Stirling waste-heat boilers set in parallel. California crude petroleum is used for fuel and has a specific gravity of 16.5° B., flashing in open test at 199° F. The oil is heated to about 200° F. in a steam heater before going to the burners, requiring about 9 b.h.p. per furnace day to heat it from the line temperature to the burning temperature. Measurement is made by oil meter, checked daily by reservoir readings. The oil is fed by gravity (34 lb. static pressure) to seven low-pressure blast burners of the Steptoe type (Fig. 2). The blast for these burners is supplied at about 40-oz. pressure by a motor-driven Connersville blower of 42 cu. ft. capacity per revolution. The air supplied by the blower through the burners for atomizing the oil amounts to about 10 per cent. of the theoretical air necessary for complete combustion of the oil. The remainder of the necessary air enters the furnace through the burner openings in the firing wall. No checker holes are provided, and the charge holes in the roof are equipped with slide gates and "dog houses? to minimize air leakages. The combustion of the fuel, as shown by gas analysis at the front of the furnace, is practically complete, the carbon monoxide in the gases being less than 0.5 per cent.

Jan 2, 1915

By W. P. Haynes

No wildcat operations are recorded from France during the past year, and no new discoveries have been made. In northern Africa, in Morocco, some prospecting continued in the Gharb and Tselfat regions. Only very small production or shows were found. At the close of the year one cable-tool well (depth 400 meters) was drilling in the Tselfat district, and one rotary well in the Gharb. In Tunisia one well was drilling at Sloughia. Refinery building has been active under the new petroleum law, no less than six plants now being under construction. At Pechelbronn, it is estimated 130 wells were drilled, of which 73 wells, or 56 per cent, were productive. Total drilling was 45,000 m. One new Jurassic horizon was discovered. In the mining area approximately 17,500 m. of new gallery were driven. Production at Pechelbronn for the first nine months was as follows: From wells, 233,013 bbl.; from mines, 164,815 bb1.—a total estimated production for the year of 532,000 bbl. Production at Gabian was 3780 bbl. for the year. In Algeria production from Tliouanet was small, being estimated at 6510 bbl. This production is from Helvetian sands (Miocene) around a salt plug. Italy Production for the year was 211,500 bbl., an increase of 62 per cent over that of last year. Drilling to the extent of 97,000 ft. was done mainly by the A. G. I. P., the government company in the Province of Emilia. More locations are being tested in this area, where geophysical results have shown indications of buried uplifts. Oil has been encountered on two of these structures, at Fontevivo and Podenzano, but the wells have given trouble with salt water. The chief producer is the Societa Petrolifera Italiana at Salsomaggiore and Valezza. The production is from sand lenses at relatively shallow depths. New concessions of 2000 hectares were granted at several points in the Po Valley, and geophysical work is being carried on. The A. G. I. P. is working on a five-year program of exploration to test new areas.

Jan 1, 1933

By William P. Blake

A recent paper by Prof. George P. Merrill, Curator of the Department of Geology of the U. S. National Museum, Wash-

Jan 1, 1897

Jan 1, 1965

By H. W. Imholz

Active interest in the North Central Texas area centered in the development of the Palo Pinto limestone-producing zone, near the town of Avoca, in the northeast part of Jones County. This producing horizon was discovered in 1937, in the Iron Mountain Oil Company's well No. 1 Olander, in sec. 196, B.B.B. & C. survey, at 3238 to 3250 ft. During the development of this pool, it was generally referred to as the Avoca pool. As a second pool has been discovered in the same producing zone, also near the town of Avoca, the writer has taken the liberty of changing the name of the original Avoca pool to Avoca-Olander pool. Forty producers had been drilled in the Avoca-Olander pool by the end of 1938; their initial ranged from 28 to 300 bbl. per hour. Stimulus was given to the interest in the development of the Palo Pinto limestone when the Ungren-Frazier No. 1 Griffin, in sec. 199, B.B.B. & C. survey, Jones County, found the limestone from 3225 to 3250 ft., with an initial production of 931 bbl. per day. (This new pool has been given the name of Avoca-Griffin pool, by the writer.) The best well to be completed, up to the present time, is the Bert Fields No. 1 Taylor in sec. 199, B.B.B. & C. survey, which had an initial production of 748 bbl. in 3 hours. The Owen-Snebold No. 1 McKeever in sec. 158, B.B.B. & C. survey, in northwest Shackelford County, added to the interest in the Palo Pinto limestone when it extended the Ivy pool with a well in the Palo Pinto limestone from 3145 to 3183 ft., and was estimated good for 6,000,000 cu. ft. of gas and 6000 bbl. of oil per day. During 1938, Stonewall County obtained its first commercial producer when the Stonewall Oil Co. in No. 1 Parriott discovered the Palo Pinto limestone saturated from 5169 to 5176 ft. and tested 371 bbl. per day. Two new producing horizons were discovered about 2 miles east of the old Noddle Creek pool, Jones County; the first, the Humble Oil & Refining Co. No. 1 Irvin, in sec. 48, block 18, T. & P. R. R. Co. survey, which had saturated limestone from 2550 to 2567 ft. and was good for 100 bbl. per day; the second, in the Humble No. 1 Horton, sec. 40, which

Jan 1, 1939

By H. W. Imholz

Active interest in the North Central Texas area centered in the development of the Palo Pinto limestone-producing zone, near the town of Avoca, in the northeast part of Jones County. This producing horizon was discovered in 1937, in the Iron Mountain Oil Company's well No. 1 Olander, in sec. 196, B.B.B. & C. survey, at 3238 to 3250 ft. During the development of this pool, it was generally referred to as the Avoca pool. As a second pool has been discovered in the same producing zone, also near the town of Avoca, the writer has taken the liberty of changing the name of the original Avoca pool to Avoca-Olander pool. Forty producers had been drilled in the Avoca-Olander pool by the end of 1938; their initial ranged from 28 to 300 bbl. per hour. Stimulus was given to the interest in the development of the Palo Pinto limestone when the Ungren-Frazier No. 1 Griffin, in sec. 199, B.B.B. & C. survey, Jones County, found the limestone from 3225 to 3250 ft., with an initial production of 931 bbl. per day. (This new pool has been given the name of Avoca-Griffin pool, by the writer.) The best well to be completed, up to the present time, is the Bert Fields No. 1 Taylor in sec. 199, B.B.B. & C. survey, which had an initial production of 748 bbl. in 3 hours. The Owen-Snebold No. 1 McKeever in sec. 158, B.B.B. & C. survey, in northwest Shackelford County, added to the interest in the Palo Pinto limestone when it extended the Ivy pool with a well in the Palo Pinto limestone from 3145 to 3183 ft., and was estimated good for 6,000,000 cu. ft. of gas and 6000 bbl. of oil per day. During 1938, Stonewall County obtained its first commercial producer when the Stonewall Oil Co. in No. 1 Parriott discovered the Palo Pinto limestone saturated from 5169 to 5176 ft. and tested 371 bbl. per day. Two new producing horizons were discovered about 2 miles east of the old Noddle Creek pool, Jones County; the first, the Humble Oil & Refining Co. No. 1 Irvin, in sec. 48, block 18, T. & P. R. R. Co. survey, which had saturated limestone from 2550 to 2567 ft. and was good for 100 bbl. per day; the second, in the Humble No. 1 Horton, sec. 40, which

Jan 1, 1939

By R. I. Jaffee, H. R. Ogden

AT the present time, there appear to be two conflicting opinions on the solubility of boron in titanium. P. Ehrlich' has indicated from X-ray diffraction work that boron is soluble in titanium up to TiB0.8 (17.8 wt pct, 44 atomic pct). The X-ray diffraction pattern for titanium was found in compositions up to TiB0.05_0.07 (1.1 to 1.6 wt pct); then, without a phase gap, superlattice lines appeared up to TiB0.8 On the other hand, Craighead, Simmons, and Eastwood' have estimated the solubility of boron in both alpha and beta titanium to be less than 0.1 wt pct, based on results of metallographic analysis. In some recent work done at Battelle, results were obtained which shed more light on the titanium-rich end of the titanium-boron system. Iodide-type titanium and high-purity crystalline boron were used in this investigation. The boron was prepared by hydrogen reduction of boron tri-bromide and deposition on a hot tungsten wire. The alloys were prepared by arc melting in an argon atmosphere of 10 cm Hg pressure on a water-cooled copper hearth. The ingots were hot rolled to strip at 850°C. Alloys containing up to 1 pct B could be hot rolled. Those containing 2 pct or more B could not be hot rolled. Metallographically, it was found that a second phase was present in alloys containing as little as 0.4 pct B, and that the quantity of second phase increased with increasing boron content. This is illustrated in Figs. la and lb, which show the microstructures of a Ti-0.4B and a Ti-1B alloy annealed in argon at 850°C. X-ray diffraction patterns of alloys containing 1 and 5 pct B revealed the presence of extra lines which correspond to the superlattice lines reported by Ehrlich.' However, no evidence was found of a shift in the lattice constants of alpha titanium indicating that there is very little, if any, solubility of boron in alpha titanium. This fact, coupled with the fact that the alloys were definitely two-phase, indicates that the extra lines are not superlattice lines, but are more probably the result of a second phase of a hexagonal structure almost identical in cell

Jan 1, 1952

By A. P. Herring, M. Hoover, D. W. Fuerstenau

The dissolution of nickel, copper, and cobalt from five different samples of well-characterized deep sea manganese nodules was measured as a function of temperature, pH, leaching time, and particle size. Nickel, copper, and cobalt extraction each respond to these variables in a different manner. The results of this investigation indicate that copper and nickel can be selectively dissolved from iron and manganese at moderately low pH, provided the reaction is given sufficient time. A high dissolution of cobalt with dilute sulfuric acid can only be achieved from nodules that have a low iron content (<5%). The most probable rate-controlling step for copper and cobalt dissolution is diffusion through the pores of the nodules, and for nickel dissolution chemical reaction appears to be rate-controlling.

Jan 1, 1974

CHICAGO SECTION CHARLES H. MACDOWELL, Chairman, LUTHER V. RICE, Vice-chairman, HENRY W. NICHOLS, Secretary-Treasurer, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Ill. ALEXANDER K. HAMILTON, G. P. HULST, HENRY P. HOWLAND, FREDERICK T. SNYDER. A meeting of the Chicago Section was held at the Chicago Engineers&apos; Club on the evening of March 30, 1918, on the occasion of the visit of the President, Vice-president. and Secretary of the Institute. The meeting was called to order by Henry W. Nichols, Secretary of the Chicago Section. The first speaker of the evening was Mr. Allen, Deputy Fuel Administrator for the State: of Illinois, who spoke on the problems and difficulties encountered by the Fuel Administration during the past -winter, He paid high tribute to the spirit of cooperation shown by the

Jan 5, 1918

By Walter R. Crane

PAGE I. Apparatus and Methods.......... 406 1. The Magnetic Circuit...........406 2. Apparatus Employed in the Traction-Method...... 406 a. The Coils............409 b. The Pole-Pieces..........409 3. Methods of Testing Fields Produced by Different Pole.Pices.. ..409 c. Testing with a Search.Coil........410 d. Testing with Iron-Filings and Glass Tube.. .. .410 4. General Forma of Pole-Pieces.........411 e. Flat Poles............411 f. Conical Poles........... 411 g. Spherical Poles...........411 h. Chisel-Edged (Chamfered) Poles.......412 II. Magnetic Fields...........412 5. Methods of Testinq for Magnetic Permeability...... 421 i. The Rod-Method..........423 j. Method Employed in These Experiments......424 k. Difference in the Results of the Two Methods..... 425 l. The Traction-Method.........427 m. Effect of Loosening the Charge.......430 n Corrections...........432 6. Theory.............433 o. Effect of Varying Weight on Tractive Force..... 434 p. Effect of Varying Pole-Distance.......436 q. Effect of Varying Magnetization.......436 T. Effect of Varying Size.. .......437 a. Summary,........... 441 III. The Relative Magnetic Permeability of Various Minerals,. 443 The form and strength of magnetic fields have attracted much attention. especially in connection with the designing of dynamo-electric machinery—an art which has been revolution-

Jan 1, 1902

THE 127th meeting of the Institute was held in New York, Feb. 19 to 22, 1923. In addition to the usual large volume of technical matters under consideration, the meeting was particularly noteworthy for the amount of attention given to its business session; the convention of local section representatives also was full of interest. The total registration was 1201. The annual business meeting on Feb. 20, President Dwight presiding, was attended by 125 members, who listened with marked attention to the reports and addresses of the several officers. The chairman departed from the stipulated order of business in order to allow more time for the presentation of remarks on the state of Institute affairs. The previously pub-lished reports of the officers were accepted, as printed. On the report of the tellers, the following officers were declared elected: E. P. Mathewson, Director and President-District 0 T. T. Brewster, Director and Vice-president-District 6 Frank M. Smith, Director and Vice-president-District 11 W. H. Aldridge, Director-District 0 G. H. Clevenger, Director-District 1 A. N. Diehl, Director-District 3 Reno H. Sales, Director-District 7 Seeley W. Mudd, Director-District 10

Jan 3, 1923

By O. Lietard, J. Yvon, R. Mercier, J. F. Delon, J. M. Cases

INTRODUCTION Fineness is one of the main characteristics of powders and this parameter is the object of several definitions based on criteria connected with their uses as well as their determination methods. In trying to obtain the best reaction surface, fineness is characterized by the determination of the specific surface, but in other cases, particle size analysis is used. These two main methods are not, in fact, entirely independent and their complementary nature provides information concerning the morphology of the particles. In the case of a product formed by isodimensional spheres, the relationship between the specific surface and the diameter is well known: [S = 6 spd] where p is the specific weight of the material and d the diameter of the spheres. With no monodimensional spheres, but rather a granulometric distribution whose occurrences follow a mathematical law (1), the relationship is more complicated. The relationship between the specific surface measured by gas adsorption and the data of the particle size analysis is much more difficult to predict in the case of asymmetric porous particles, whose particle size distribution curves do not correspond to a known statistical law.

Jan 1, 1980

By F. P. Haver, M. M. Wong

The Federal Bureau of Mines has developed a leach= electrolysis method for recovering lead from galena (PbS). Flotation concentrate is leached with ferric chloride (FeCl3) solution to obtain lead chloride (PbC12) and elemental sulfur, PbS + 2FeC13 -+ PbC12 + 2FeC12 + Sº. Over 99% of the P~S in the condentrate is converted to PbC12. The leach solution, composed of brine (NaC1) and FeC13, dissolves the PbC12 as it is formed, leaving a residue of elemental sulfur plus gangue. Very pure PbC12 (>99.9%).is crystallized from the leach filtrate on cool- ing and is subsequently electrolyzed in a fused-salt bath to obtain molten lead metal (>99.9% Pb). Spent leach solution (FeC12) is regenerated for further use by reaction with the chlorine obtained in the electrolysis of lead chloride, and other values, such as Ag, Cu, Zn, and Sº, are recovered by additional treatments of the leach solution and leach residue. This paper discusses results and conditions of the leaching and electrolysis operations.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. J. K. Daemen, C. Fairhurst

Introduction The stress field around a supported tunnel can be considered as being composed of: i) the virgin (pre-mining) stress in the rock ii) the (elastic) change in this stress field caused by creating the opening iii) the (time-dependent ) change in the stress field produced by (i) and (ii) as a section of the rock breaks up iv) the (time-dependent) influence of the stress build-up in the support. Several authors have examined the conditions necessary to produce static equilibrium between the support, the rock, and the regional (in-situ) stress field. The analysis used by Labasse (1) is typical. Consider a circular tunnel radius R in a hydrostatic stress field (P), and a radial pressure pi exerted by the support. According to Labasse, the radius ‘b’ to which the rock will break* for a given support pressure, pi, can be calculated from: - the equilibrium equation: [ ] As a zone of broken rock develops around the opening, the stress circle for a point on the elastic-broken rock boundary moves to the right in the Mohr diagram until the radial stress in the broken zone s equal to the radial stress in the elastic zone.

Jan 1, 1971

By E. K. C. Williams, Nathaniel Arbiter

INTRODUCTION The surface processes involved in preparing ores for flotation and for operations depending on their flocculation/dispersion characteristics * vary widely in agitation dependence. Most of the reagents used for these purposes are added to grinding circuits, pump sumps, launders, or directly to flotation cells with the turbulent flow conditions usually adequate both for mixing reagents and for surface reactions without special conditioners. However, some reagent systems do require specific control of agitation intensities and reaction times, the more important of these being the following: 1. Activation of ZnS with CuSO4. With the usual conditions pH about 10, with collector added with the CuSO4, Cu 2+ is almost completely precipitated as basic compounds and as collector salt. As a result the levels of reagent in solution are extremely low which probably accounts for the need for separate conditioning. The agitation intensities are at about the 0.01 HP/ton level.** 2. Flocculation with natural or synthetic polymers. In this case the agitation problem is two-fold; first, to insure adequate initial mixing of the viscous stock solution of the

Jan 1, 1980

By James B. Cathcart

The potash mine of the International Minerals and Chemical Corp. is about 18 miles east of Carlsbad, New Mexico, in sec 1 and 12, T 22 S, R 29 E, N.M.P.M. Potash is produced from two zones in the Salado formation of late Permian age. The lower zone, consisting of a mixture of sylvite (KCl) and halite (NaCl), lies at a depth of about 900 ft, and the upper zone, in which the principal potassium mineral is langbeinite (K2S04.2MgS0d), lies at a depth of about 800 ft. Because of the plastic nature of the material, fractures in the Salado formation are extremely rare and have been noted only on the 800 ft level of the International mine. The open fracture described below is almost unique. Only one other open fracture has been noted, and it was on a working face in the same general area as the one described, but was destroyed before the writer had a chance to examine it. According to J. E. Tong, foreman on the 800 level, this fracture was similar to, but smaller than, the one herein described.

Jan 1, 1949

By L. O. Howard

MUCH work has been done recently on the lead-antimony system1 in connection with lead-rich alloys of commercial importance containing less than 20 per cent. antimony. Dean, Zickrick and Nix have called attention to the perpetuation in the literature of several erroneous data, such as a eutectic temperature of 228° C. at 12.5 per cent. antimony, instead of 247° at 13 per cent. The series is given as a classic example of a straight eutectiferous series in such late books as those of Heyn and Grossmann,2 Jeffries and Archer,3 Guillet and Portevin4 Pulsifer,5 Rosenhain,6 and Liddell,7 as well as the somewhat earlier works of Hofman (1918), Wang (1909) and Williams (1920). The work of Dean has definitely showed a solid solution of antimony in lead at about 2.5 per cent. antimony. While lecturing to a class in general metallurgy at the University of Idaho, the writer had the students prepare a series of lead-antimony alloys for the purpose of illustrating methods of thermal analysis. Proper proportions of powdered antimony (sold as C.P.) and test lead were mixed and melted in graphite crucibles under a reducing cover. Cooling

Jan 1, 1928