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Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman. GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 6, 1918

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C. STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 11, 1918

By Lawrence Adler

The authors are to be complimented on using a novel and potentially helpful technique to analyze the effects of mine roof trusses. However, some criticisms of their application and analysis seem appropriate to further its acceptance. This discussion will deal with the normal structural analysis format covering: 1) material, 2) load, 3) structure, and 4) analysis. It will then briefly review the testing procedures and finally cover miscellaneous items.

Jan 12, 1978

Following is the personnel of the various society and national committees on which the A I M E is officially represented United Engineering Society Officers of the Board, 1920 JOHN VIPOND DAVIES,, President CALVERT TOWNLEY, 1st Vice-president ALFRED D FLINN,, Secretary WALTER M McFARLAND, 2d Vice-president JOSEPH STRUTHERS, Treasurer Finance Committee House Committee WALTER M McFARLAND Chairman GEORGE H PEGRAM W L SAUNDERS

Jan 1, 1923

By Claude H. P. Lupis, John F. Elliott

IN the recent past, extensive use has been made of the interaction coefficient in treating the thermody-namic behavior of components in solutions at dilute concentrations. The development of this concept by wagner1 and chipman2,3 is sufficiently well-known so that its elucidation here is not necessary. The present discussion is focused on the relationship between E and e. The usual forms of the coefficients are:

Jan 1, 1965

By W. C. Knopf, I. M. LaBaron

In the Carlsbad area potash is dry-mined and wet- concentrated. Wet concentration involves recirculation of saturated brines, with resultant difficulties of brine disposal and inherent losses in recovery through solution of the KC1. A dry beneficiation process for potash minerals would offer many advantages over present methods. International Minerals & Chemical Corp. has been working on development of a dry process for some time. This article is a progress report.

Jan 10, 1958

Executive SIDNEY J. JENNINGS, Chairman GEORGE D. BARRON J. E. JOHNSON, JR. EDWIN LUDLOW ROBERT M. RAYMOND Membership KARL EILERS, Chairman LEWIS W. FRANCIS J. E. JOHNSON, JR. LOUIS D. HUNTOON ARTHUR L. WALKER Finance GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman CHARLES F. RAND BENJAMIN B. THAYER Library E. GYBBON SPILSBURY,1 Chairman ALEX C. HUMPHREYS3 GEORGE C.' STONE2 J. H. JANEWAY4 BRADLEY, STOUGHTON Papers and Publications BRADLEY STOUGHTON, Chairman

Jan 7, 1918

By Clair Upthegrove, Elbert S. Rowland

THE widespread interest in the alloys of beryllium with copper is due principally to the fact that certain compositions show very favorable precipitation-hardening characteristics and are, in fact, the strongest nonferrous alloys known at the present time. Investigations have been conducted by Masing and Dahl and others on the physical characteristics of ternary beryllium alloys, in an attempt to produce precipitation-hardening effects with a smaller amount of beryllium than that required in the binary copper-beryllium alloys (2.0 to 2.5 per cent Be). The results of these investigations show that ternary alloys of beryllium with Cu-Sn, Cu-Al and Cu-Zn, among others, exhibit promising improvements in physical properties after precipitation-hardening treatment and, while the increases in properties obtained are not as high as those realized from the binary copper-beryllium alloys, excellent properties are: obtained with beryllium contents averaging about one-half the amount required in the binary alloys. This paper presents the results of an investigation of the equilibrium relations of certain alloys containing copper, tin and beryllium. The alpha-phase boundary of the ternary system is given for alloys containing from. 0 to 1 per cent beryllium. The equilibrium conditions beyond the alpha-phase boundary are presented for alloys containing up to 32 per cent tin and 1 per cent beryllium. The data were collected by means of

Jan 1, 1935

By Henry J. Miller, Marcella Lindeman

DURING some experiments made by Henry J. Miller, partly in Germany and partly in the United States, in which it was found necessary to melt metals in quantities up to 60 kg. in a vacuum or under low pressures of hydrogen, molybdenum was tried as the resistor in the electric melting furnaces. Molybdenum ribbons 16 by 0.55 mm. and 18 by 0.45 mm. were used as resistors. The furnaces were of the type shown in Fig. 1. [ ] About the heating tube, Y, are wound parallel resistors of molybdenum ribbon from the water-cooled electrodes, E1, E2. The whole is within a copper container having outlets for the removal or introduction of gases and a window, W, for observation, the space about the heating tube and electrodes being filled with insulating material. The life of the molybdenum used as the resistor was found to depend very much on the manner of using it, its failure being due in some cases to thinning by evaporation or chemical reaction and in others to hardening, which prevented it from following the expansions and shrink¬ing of the heating tubing without cracking. As such failures are often rather expensive in commercial work, it was thought worth while to determine the causes. The factors influencing the behavior of molybdenum resistors used in this manner may be briefly stated as follows:

Jan 1, 1928

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station, Annapolis, Md., have been discussed by the writer in several recent paper~.1,2,3,4 In those papers references were also given to the work of Haigh in 1917.= Efforts by the writer to obtain a better understanding of some of the factors involved in corrosion-fatigue finally developed into a general investigation of the effect of time and cyclic stress on corrosion of metals. Corrosion-fatigue of Metals As described in the papers mentioned, rotating-cantilever specimens, conically tapered so that the stress is nearly uniform over a length of about 1.5 in., were subjected to simultaneous fatigue and corrosion. For this purpose a stream of water was diagonally applied so as to sweep the specimen from the outer to the inner fillet and surround the stressed surface with water. The fresh water is a calcium carbonate water, the composition of which has been given in a previous paper.2 The salt water is Severn River water having a saline content about one-third that of sea water. The previous papers described results obtained with ferrous and non-ferrous metals. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at nominal stresses far

By E. A. Anderson

IN another paper1 the writer has shown that the low permissible maximum fiber stress in a loaded zinc sheet demands a much closer support spacing than is used for steel. The limiting fiber stress in 13-gage (0.032 in.) sheets having a 1-in. depth of corrugation was found to be about 5000 lb. per sq. in. on a 37-in. span under a load of 40 lb. per sq. ft. Corrugated steel sheets are commonly laid with spans varying from 48 to 60 in. In order to increase the span in 13-gage zinc to 54 in. (a common spacing) the metal must be capable of withstanding, under long-continued loading, a maximum fiber stress of about 10,000 lb. per sq. in. This is known to be impossible with unalloyed zinc. In this paper the writer describes a series of experiments leading up to the development of an alloy capable of safely sustaining this fiber stress. The effect of alloying on the slow creep of zinc was studied by means of static tensile tests, accurate determinations of apparent elastic limits and finally by means of loading tests on full-size roof sections. Two industrial buildings roofed with alloyed zinc sheets on spans involving fiber stresses in excess of 10,000 lb. per sq. in. have been under observation for over two years without signs of sagging.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. H. Dix, F. Keller

The use of magnesium as an alloying element in aluminum alloys has been limited, in general, to comparatively small quantities. In duralumin-type, strong aluminum alloys, magnesium is present to the extent of 35 to 3/4 per cent. and various grades of Magnalite and the "Y" alloy of the National Physical Laboratory of England contain up to 1 1/2 per cent. In this country small quantities of aluminum alloy sheet containing 4 per cent. magnesium are produced commercially. All commercial aluminum contains sufficient silicon to convert a portion of the magnesium added to the compound Mg2Si. It is well known that the solubility of both magnesium and magnesium-silicide decrease with decrease in temperature. It is, therefore, impossible to separate the age-hardening effect of the magnesium-silicide from that of magnesium, except by the use of aluminum of such high purity that the silicon content is negligible. The present paper is the fifth l, 2, 3, 4 of a series from the laboratories of the Aluminum Co. of America reporting the results of investigations of the equilibrium relations in aluminum-rich alloys made from the high-purity aluminum manufactured by this company. 5 Previous Investigations A number of investigations have been made of the constitution of the complete aluminum-magnesium system and several determinations made

Jan 1, 1929

By F. Keller, E. H. Dix

The use of magnesium as an alloying element in aluminum alloys has been limited, in general, to comparatively small quantities. In duralumin-type, strong aluminum alloys, magnesium is present to the extent of 35 to 3/4 per cent. and various grades of Magnalite and the "Y" alloy of the National Physical Laboratory of England contain up to 1 1/2 per cent. In this country small quantities of aluminum alloy sheet containing 4 per cent. magnesium are produced commercially. All commercial aluminum contains sufficient silicon to convert a portion of the magnesium added to the compound Mg2Si. It is well known that the solubility of both magnesium and magnesium-silicide decrease with decrease in temperature. It is, therefore, impossible to separate the age-hardening effect of the magnesium-silicide from that of magnesium, except by the use of aluminum of such high purity that the silicon content is negligible. The present paper is the fifth l, 2, 3, 4 of a series from the laboratories of the Aluminum Co. of America reporting the results of investigations of the equilibrium relations in aluminum-rich alloys made from the high-purity aluminum manufactured by this company. 5 Previous Investigations A number of investigations have been made of the constitution of the complete aluminum-magnesium system and several determinations made

Jan 1, 1929

By W. H. A. Timm

Lake Dufault Mines, Limited, is located ten miles north of Noranda, Quebec, Canada. Following discovery of a copper-zinc orebody late in 1961, metallurgical investigations of diamond drill core were conducted by Lakefield Research Limited during 1962 and 1963. These were followed by pilot-plant tests in May and June of 1964, utilizing underground development ore. Milling operations commenced on August 16, 1964, and reached rated capacity of 1300 tpd by October 1, 1964. Since that time, tonnage was gradually increased to a maximum of 1400 tpd and since January 1, 1968, gradually decreased to the present rate of 1100 tpd due to an increase in the hardness of the ore. The ore milled from start-up until January 1968, was mainly massive sulfides, consisting of a complex mixture of iron, Copper, zinc, and minor amounts of lead sulfides with important associated values in gold, silver and cadmium (average specific gravity of 3-8). From January 1968 until the present, the ore being processed is described geologically as a boxwork of sulfide stringers of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite with some local dissemination in siliceous rhyolite (average specific gravity 2.9) supplemented by the massive copper-zinc ore. The limited size of the orebody and the mining method employed (open stoping by blasthole and slash benching methods) would have

Jan 1, 1970

By E. Furubayashi, T. Taoka, S. Takeuchi

Recrystallization textures developed from artificial nucleation around indentations were compared with spontaneously recrystallized textures in two rolled 3 pet Si-Fe single crystals with (111)[112] and (100) [011] orientations. Orientation of individual grains in some stages of their growth was also directly determined by a microetch-pit method. In both the crystals, the recrystallization texture was characteristic of each orientation regardless of any nucleation conditions, artificial or spontaneous, though artificially nucleated grains were more randomly oriented in finer stage. These results support the concept that the process of selection of growing grains controls the formation of the prejerred recrystallization texture. Discussion is given on the factors controlling the mobility of grain boundaries. Recrystallization textures are formed through a number of stages which are customarily called by the terms recovery, nucleation, and grain growth. Many experiments have been done to clarify the mech- anism of formation of recrystallization texture but no fully successful explanation has been proposed. The texture consists of oriented grains which nucleate at many sites of the deformed matrix and grow at the expense of the matrix during annealing. The current theories on the formation of recrystallization texture are based on the following two extreme hypotheses: 1) the oriented nucleation theory by Burgers et al.;1, 2 2) the oriented growth theory by Beck et al.3-5

Jan 1, 1968

By C. M. Tucker, Kent R. Van Horn, W. P. Sykes

RECENT investigations of the molybdenum-carbon alloys have been reported by Becker and Ebert1‡, Westgren and Phragmén2, T. Takei3, and H. Tutiya4. Takei3 studied the Mo-C system by employing metallographic and X-ray methods, and the other publications described the determination of the crystal structure of the molybdenum carbides. In exploring this system by a technique previously applied to the tungsten-carbon series5, the results of Takei were confirmed with two definite exceptions; i.e., first the composition of the eutectic, and second the nature of the carbon-fish intermediate phase. Consequently, a more thorough examination of the molybdenum-carbon constitution was initiated in an effort to correlate the data supplied by the microstructures, diffraction patterns and chemical analyses. METALLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION A briquette of molybdenum powder when heated in a carburizing atmosphere at 1500° to 1600° C. for several hours develops the carbon-rich layer shown in Fig. 1. The carburization was accomplished by placing the briquette in a carbon tube, which was heated in the hydrogen atmosphere of an alundum muffle wound with tungsten resistor. While the macrostructure indicates two distinct shells, and suggests the possibility of two carbon-rich phases, no evidence of this condition could be detected by the microscope, which revealed but one high-carbon constituent. This carbide forms next to the molybdenum as a relatively

Jan 1, 1935

By J. E. Coyne, L. E. Tanner, J. E. Boyd

In recent investigations of the isothermal transformations of the retained 0 phase in a titanium alloy having 13 pct V, 11 pct Cr, and 3 to 4 pct Al, there have been indications that the w transition phase is the initial decomposition product at temperatures below about 950°C (510 c).' This metastable phase, found in a number of titanium-base alloys rich in stabilizing elements and known to have an adverse effect on their ductility and toughness, is not easily observed by the usual experimental techniques. Since wis coherent with the /3 matrix,495 distinct interphase boundaries are not revealed metallographically. However, in some cases, an etching effect (i-e., a "mottled" /3 surface) poorly resolved by light microscopy has been found to correspond with the presence of w.6 X-ray diffraction examination has generally been the most suc- cessful means for identifying this phase and crys-tallographic determinations have been made.4'5 Dynamic elastic modulus7 and electrical resistivity measurementse have also aided in the identification of w. In the current study, the electron microscope was utilized to examine microstructures in aged Ti-13V-11Cr-3A1 that were unresolvable by light microscopy techniques. Using negative parlodion replicas (shadowed with chromium at 27 1/2 deg) examination was made of various transformation

Jan 1, 1962

By W. J. Heck

The need for a better understanding of the effect of fluid pressure on the strength of intact and jointed rock has long been recognized. The behavior of pore fluid pressure was first pointed out by Terzaghi 1 who suggested the application of the effective stress concept to rock and concrete. While the effective stress concept has been used for some time in the design of mass concrete dams, it only recently has been applied to rock. Robinson 2 and Handin et al.3 evaluated the effects of pore pressure on a variety of sedimentary rocks and demonstrated the validity of the concept. Work using pore fluids other than water has been done by Boozer, et al.4 who considered strain rate and temperature as additional variables. According to the effective stress theory, the effective stress, [a], is the difference between the total stress, [a], and the pore pressure, u, and is the controlling factor influencing frictional strength of rock, other parameters remaining constant. Assuming the Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria applies, the shear strength, T, is given by the equation [r=d+ (a-u)tan ¢](1) where [~F], the angle of internal friction, and c, the cohesion intercept of "no load" shear strength, are the effective stress parameters.* Robinson,2 Handin,3 and others have demonstrated that moderately porous sand-

Jan 1, 1972

By Alden B. Grenninger

The time-honored description of the growth of metal crystals to form polycrystalline aggregates is one in which two important steps are considered: (1) nucleation, and (2) dendritic growth, each dendrite starting from its individual nucleus and resulting (upon slow cooling, assuming no solid phase changes) in a macrograin. This picture of the process of crystallization is incomplete, and it is with the hope of enlarging upon it that the following summary and correlation of experimental results are given. Mosaic Structure For an exact definition of the mosaic structure of metal crystals—if, indeed, one can be found that will hold for all metals—one must await the results of much experimental work in this field. The writer's investigations have been confined almost entirely to copper and a few of its alloys. The following terms are proposed, and will be used in this report: Macromosaic Structure1.—Large-scale mosaic structure; more specifically, mosaic structure of a scale large enough to produce splitting of Laue spots on back-reflection Laue X-ray patterns2. The deviation from exact parallelism of neighboring macromosaics varies from a few minutes to a few degrees3. Just as there are no exact dimension limits for macrograins, so the dimensions of a macromosaic vary considerably. Macromosaic structure may often be seen on copper single crystals if they are examined carefully with critical illumination4. However, back-

Jan 1, 1936

By L. W. Kesler

Kansas produced 41,966,773 bbl. of oil in the year 1927, thereby taking fourth place among the oil-producing states of the Union. The daily average production decreased from 121,609 bbl. in January to 110,244 bbl. in December. Due to excessive flush production and the resulting decline in the price of crude during the year, operations, both in proved and outlying districts, were reduced materially from those of 1926. There were 2338 completions in 1926, but only a total of 1333 in 1927. Regardless of this decrease in the total number of completions, Kansas made a slight gain in total production for the year, producing 620,262 bbl. more than in 1926. This is accounted for, in part, by the comparative long life of the settled production from the Bartlesville sand areas to the east of the Nemaha granite ridge, and by prolific production in eastern Summer County from horizons new in their importance in the state, productive here at two localities along the axis of the granite ridge (Table 1 and Figs. 1, 2 and 3.) For convenience in further consideration, the state is divided into Eastern and "Western" Kansas. Special emphasis will be placed on those areas in the state of which but little is generally known, and which have not been given detailed consideration in previous publications.

Jan 1, 1928