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IT is a somewhat curious circumstance that the newest of the Institute's several awards should be conferred in the oldest of our several professional fields-for there is little question that geology and mining have antedated metallurgy and petroleum. Perhaps so did geophysics. After all, one geophysical instrument, the magnetic compass, has been success- fully employed for many centuries. Young in years the Jackling Award may be, but in distinction-whether in terms of the title it bears or in terms of the first three medalists (Reno Sales, E. D. Gardner, and the late Father Mace1wane)-the Jackling Award is already one of the ranking awards of the Institute. The name of the 1957 medalist will bring added luster to an already illustrious roll.

Jan 5, 1957

By Earle J. Klohn

Mining operations have been carried out in British Columbia since the time of the first settlers in the area. The early developments were mainly small volume, high-grade operations, producing small quantities of tailings wastes. In these early days the nearest stream was a logical first choice for tailings disposal. Where streams suitable for accepting the tailings were not available or where streams crossing the International Border could not be used for this purpose, the nearest convenient land site was selected for storing the tailings. Old tailings waste piles exist at many locations in the Province and are readily evident, for example, in the Princeton and Hedley areas. Figs. 1 and 2 are photographs showing the present condition of two of these old tailings dams. [ ]

Jan 1, 1972

Electrowinning U.S. 4,066,520 - Recovery of copper from copper sulfide ore. Finely divided ore concentrate is leached with moderately strong sulfurous acid to solubilize copper ions, the leach solution treated with calcium sulfite to reduce the copper ion concentration by forming copper-precipitate solids therein, the solids filtered off, and and the filter cake dewatered to obtain a slurry of copper-precipitate solids amenable to direct electrowinning of copper therefrom using a described electrolysis apparatus which utilizes high current flow with a minimum of mechanical agitation. R. C. Emmett, Jr., J. K. Dicksa. B. C. Wojcik and F. A. Baczek, assigned to Envirotech Corp. Jan. 3, 1978. 14 pp. (204- 108). Filed: 9- 1-76 (7 19,867).

Jan 1, 1979

By S. J. Noesen, J. R. Hughes

Several four-inch-diameter tungsten ingots were arc melted in vacuum or in hydrogen atmospheres. Melting pressures, melt-off rates, effect of atmospheres, and other pertinent factors were examined. Two of these ingots were extruded at 1650°C. Subsequently, forging and rolling were carried out at lower temperatures. For a 60 per cent area reduction by rolling, a one-hour recrystallization temperature of 1250°C was obtained. This temperature is considerably lower than those reported in previously published work, and can probably be attributed to the extreme purity of the as-cast ingots (N, H, 0 all less than 1 ppm). EVER since W. D. Coolidge, in 1909, described his process for producing tungsten metal of high density and good workability via the powder metallurgy tech-

Jan 1, 1961

By S. M. Bishoff

The disturbance of surface land to support the underground mining of coal requires several hundred acres to produce easily in excess of $1 billion in sales at a moderately sized mine over 20-30 years. Due to the recent influx of environmental legislation, these surface operations must now undergo complete reclamation upon permanent cessation of production. This reclamation procedure has become so complex that the cost of reclamation must be a major consideration in the design of a new mine. This presentation will discuss these costs as they may be methodically evaluated and surcharged as a percentage of the product price. When placed in the proper, logical perspective, it is anticipated that the obstacles involved in this process may be minimized.

Jan 1, 1985

By W. L. Zeigler

THE gravity concentrator of the Hecla Mining Co. was originally constructed in 1888 by the Milwaukee Mining Co., which was operating the Gem of the Mountains mine. It was purchased by the Hecla Mining Co. in 1900, and placed in operation 2 years later. At that time FIG. 1.-HECLA MINING CO. GEM CONCENTRATOR, GEM, IDAHO. the capacity was only about 200 tons a day, but many additions and changes in equipment have been made so that the present capacity is about 800 tons. One of the outstanding improvements made was the substitution of Callow flotation cells for vanners, which occurred in 1915. The recent building of a flotation plant for treating jig tailings, and the construction of a modern surface plant at the mine, following the

Jan 1, 1927

Conquista, the uranium mining and milling complex owned jointly by Continental Oil Co. and Pioneer Nuclear, Inc., has begun operations in Falls City, Texas. The mill has been designed to produce 1.5 million lb of U3O, from 600,000 tpy of ore mined. Currently, the plant processes a maximum 2000 tpd of ore. Mine Planning Texas ore deposits are small and scattered in comparison to other uranium mining districts. Those to be mined at Conquista range from a few acres to more than 100 acres in size. Ore thickness ranges from a few inches to over 15 ft, and depth from less than 20 ft to more than 170 ft below ground surface. Distance from the mill ranges up to 35 mi.

Jan 8, 1972

By K. P. Stricker, H. Keddeinis, K. Grebe

Recent investigations by Mannesmann Research have shown that disintegration of sinter with widely varying quality levels is subject to a much more complex set of influences than was previously assumed. It was confirmed that disintegration at temperatures between 300° and 600°C (570°and 1,110°F) is triggered by the degradation of hematite. The specific tendency of hematite to disintegrate is, however, not constant: sinters containing the same amount of hematite can show widely differing disintegration tendencies, depending on structural homogeneity, porosity, and gangue quantity. Sinters with heterogeneous structures transmit stress to the hematite phase and this favors disintegration. Another factor is the brittleness of the glassy silicate phase, which can be influenced even by small modifications of minor gangue constituents.

Jan 1, 1984

By Fred C. Bond

IN crushing and grinding the larger particles are more exposed to the work input. They absorb most of the work and protect the smaller neighboring particles from destructive contact with the crushing surfaces or grinding media. The importance of this exposure differential upon the reduction efficiency and product size distribution has long been recognized. Unfortunately, there has heretofore been no direct method of evaluating it, and such indirect methods as observing the slope of the plotted product size distribution line have been used as an indication. In this presentation the Third Theory of Comminution1 has been used, together with the exponential formula for size distribution, to evaluate the exposure ratio and exposure constant and to illustrate examples of their utility in crushing and grinding applications.

Jan 12, 1957

The new saw mill at Cache Bay of the Geo. Gordon & Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of International Nickel Co., of Canada, is equipped with the first fully electric saw carriage drives in Ontario. It has a capacity of 120,000 ft of lumber in an 8-hr shift. About half of the mill's production is high grade white pine lumber which is shipped to the general market. The other half, red pine is used in the mining operations of International Nickel in the Sudbury district, 55 miles west of Cache Bay. [ ] Inco with a potential need of 77 million board ft a year, gets only part of its supply from the new mill. The milling firm became an Inco subsidiary Jan. 1, 1948.

Jan 1, 1952

By John T. Ryan

FOR the first ten months of 1942, on which data are available at the time this is written, the coal-mining industry achieved a most creditable safety record, and ha1 figures for the year may show a record surpassing that of 1941 in which the industry reached the best accident rate in its history. The ten- month accident rate for both bituminous and anthracite mining in 1942 was 2.197 fatalities per million tons of coal mined, compared with a revised rate of 2.271 for the same months of 1941. The bituminous rate decreased from 2.139 in 1941 to 2.039 for ten months of this year, and the anthracite rate shows a reduction from 3.707 to 3.699 for the same period.

Jan 1, 1943

US underground mine production of nonfuel minerals was 153 million tons of crude ore in 1971, according to a recent US Bureau of Mines report compiled by Dravo Corp. Underground capacity includes all nonfuel mineral commodities and is distributed into three general categories: (1) metallic ores; (2) nonmetallic ores; and (3) construction materials, such as clay, sandstone, and limestone. All three categories are produced by a combination of open-pit and underground methods. While US underground mining represents only 5.9% of total domestic capacity, it is significant in the types of products produced. Domestic supplies of potash, trona, A lead, zinc, sulfur, and fluorspar are almost exclusively recovered from underground mines, as well as a significant portion of the gold, silver, molybdenum, and salt supply.

Jan 7, 1975

By Zhu Weishen, Xu Dongjun

In the 1st part of this paper a comparassion of the different methods for determining the modules of elasticity and deformation of hard rock is made. It is found that the plate bearing method has a serious shortcoming. The slit flat-jack method seems to be a mare reasonable technique, which is recommended as a desirable method for in situ testing. In the 2nd part, a new test method to determine the properties of deformation and strength of weak plane in rock mass is recommended. Then the relation of weak plane character to the character of stress-strain curve, the relation of normal stress to the character of shear displacement curve and the yielding criterion of weak plane are discussed.

Jan 1, 1982

By Cyril Stanley Smith

The following table, which is composed of data given in the author's first paper on the thermal conductivity of copper alloys1, contains tile results which have been obtained by previous workers on the thermal conductivity of the copper-tin, the copper-phosphorus and the copper-tin-phosphorus alloys (the phosphor bronzes). a Dr. Ing. Diss., Aachen, 1909. Quoted by Schenk: Ann. der Phys. (1910) 32, 261. b Beibl. Ann. der Phys. (1906) 29, 178. c Jnl. Inst. Metals (1928) 39, 375. d Jnl. Inst. Metals (192.5) 34, 43. e Ges. Abhand. Kennt. Kohle (1919) 4, 400. Experimental Methods Since the method of obtaining measurements of the thermal conductivity was identical with that described in the author's previous paper

Jan 1, 1931

By Charles R. Wilson, Thomas W. Doe, Jane C. S Long, Howard K. Endo

An approach to treating flow through fractured rocks is presented which involves (1) determining statistical distributions for fracture area, density, orientation, and aperture from field data, (2) computer generation of fracture systems from the statistical distributions, and (3) analysis of the permeability and porosity of the fracture systems. The fracture density and orientation data my come from core logging or mapping. The hydraulically appropriate apertures and areas of the fractures come from transient flow analyses of single fracture well tests. These tests my also yield information on fracture deformability. Analysis of flow through computer generated fracture systems shows that an equivalent porous medium permeability can be defined for some fracture systems if a large number of fractures is taken into account.

Jan 1, 1982

By H. M. Strong, R. A. Oriani

THE technological interest attaching to light, age-hardening alloys for structural uses has been pointed out to one of us.1 A potentially interesting alloy would be titanium-rich Ti-Mg alloy, provided that sufficient solid solubility exists. or could be induced at high pressure. and provided also that age hardening can be induced by proper temperature and/or pressure annealing. It was decided therefore to explore the feasibility of producing a Ti-Mg alloy in the high-pressure apparatus. Experimental. Three high-pressure runs have been carried out. In each case the geometry of the sample was that of a cylinder of titanium of commercial purity, into which a narrow hole had been drilled along the axis; this hole was filled with magnesium wire,

Jan 1, 1967

By WALDEMAR T. SCHALLER, EDWARD P. HENDERSON

THE material available for mineralogic study, consisted of drill cores, 2 to 3 in. thick, supplemented by small well cuttings. Such study has added no essential new information regarding the minerals, though the refractive indices, used for determinative purposes, have been determined more accurately than before, permitting the development of a scheme for the rapid identification of these minerals. The essential points brought out by the investigation are two: (1) that certain mineral associations evidently point the way to an understanding of the geologic history and (2) that a definite sequence of mineral formation has taken place so that the original minerals formed have been in part-reacted on producing new compounds and associations; Twenty minerals have been found. The most important are :

Jan 1, 1929

By Charles L. Elliot

Worldwide manpower utilization reached a new high at 10,482 professional man-months and expenditures increased to $19.9 million for mining geophysical activity during 1965. This is up from 9323 man-months and $14.5 million in 1964. Worldwide geophysical activity measured in percent distribution of the total manpower utilization and expenditures is presented in the accompanying Figs. 1 and 2. In terms of the total manpower utilization, ground surveys accounted for 61%, airborne surveys 18%, and mining geophysical research activity 21%. For expenditures, the breakdown was ground surveys, 49%; airborne surveys, 3901o; and research, 12%. Industry was responsible in general for 74% of the manpower utilization and 80% of the expenditures. Manpower costs in 1965 averaged $1900 per professional man-month.

Jan 11, 1966

By C. L. Dake

RESIDUAL deposits occur both as products of weathering and as products of hydrothermal decay. PRODUCTS OF WEATHERING That climatic conditions affect greatly both the rate and the results of weathering, is shown. in temperate, polar, arid, and tropical regions, each of which will be considered separately. Weathering under Temperate Climates The decomposition of any rock is accomplished by the removal of the more soluble bases, and a concentration of the relatively insoluble oxides of iron, aluminum, and silicon. By reason of its some-what greater solubility, silica is much more subject to removal than iron and alumina. The two important residual end products of weathering are sands and clays, the former consisting essentially of quartz, and the latter of kaolin and limonite.1

Jan 5, 1915

By Frederic Benard

RECOVERY of selenium and tellurium at Copper Cliff by the Ontario Refining Co. has been previously described by the writer.1 During 1935 a new building was erected to house this operation and description of the new plant and process form the subject of this paper. The building, of modern steel and tile construction, covers an area of 5900 sq. ft. with a volume of approximately 165,000 cu. ft. The large monitored center bay is flanked by two smaller outside bays, one of which is devoted to the tellurium section. All equipment, ceilings and upper walls, are treated with aluminum paint, giving good illumination and facilitating good housekeeping, essential from a health standpoint in handling material of this nature.

Jan 1, 1938