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By G. M. Mason

History Due to its strong affinity for oxygen, aluminium as an element was isolated only after many other rarer metals had been prepared and studied. It was just over one hundred years ago that two scientists, Hans Christian Oersted and Friedrich Wohler, produced the first few pellets of aluminium and determined its physical properties. These early investigators used metallic potassium as a reducing agent. Later, St. Claire Deville, by using sodium instead of potassium, improved the yield in the reduction and produced some pounds of aluminium. From a figure of about $110 per pound in 1855, the price had fallen to about $4 per pound by 1886. In that year, a very important discovery was made independently by Charles Martin Hall in Oberlin , Ohio, and Paul . Heroult in France. Stated in its simplest terms, the discovery of Hall and Heroult was that aluminium could be produced by electrolyzing a solution of the oxide in molten cryolite. The application of the Hall-Heroult process made the metal immediately available in commercial quantities and, by 1900, the price had fallen to 23 cents per pound. The growth of the industry in the past fifty years is well known, and is outside the scope of this paper. It is, perhaps, not generally known that aluminium was first produced in Canada at Shawinigan Falls in 1901. Since that time, production has been continuous at one or more smelters in the Province of Quebec. The largest of these smelters, which is also the largest aluminium smelter in the world, is at Arvida, Quebec, on the Saguenay river. A large power potential and access to ocean shipping were the two principal reasons for the establishment of aluminium production facilities in the Saguenay district. It is interesting to note that the aluminium industry, as a large user of power, took an active part in the early industrial development at Niagara Falls and Shawinigan Falls, and is now repeating the process in the Saguenay valley.

Jan 1, 1949

By Martin P. O'Connell

"IT IS INDEED A PRIVILEGE to address a group representing a sector of the Canadian economy so important as is the mining sector. Important, not only today, but certainly of great importance for the future development of Canada, for employment, for our trade balance and indeed, when one looks at what we are calling increasingly an industrial strategy, for the future. Surely mining will have a very significant role to play in fulfilling that. It's of special interest to me, as the Minister of Labour - and I ought to confess at the very beginning that I am just two months into this function - of special interest for me to know that you are giving such attention to labour-management relations. I think it is timely that, from my point of view at least, you do this, because for the first time in twenty four years major revisions of the Canada Labour Code as it relates to industrial relations and disputes settlements are currently in the House of Commons going through their second reading, after an easier introduction and some changes which I would be very pleased to describe later this morning. It is very timely too, I think, that we should be looking at this area because public interest is certainly at a high level. It is not only at a high level but it expresses a good deal of irritation with the current status and procedures and results in collective bargaining and there is some urgent search for more sophisticated or modified procedures for settling differences in labour-management relations. The public wants different kinds of results. I think that is apparent to all of us. They want results in terms of justice and equity on both sides. And it means that a Minister of Labour and certainly governments who often are representing, or are the third party in discussions, have a very important and complex role to play in attempting to create a balance as these two parties come to contracts and come to agreements."

Jan 1, 1972

By J. G. Lang

"This paper gives an outline of the principles used in E.M. wire rope testing, showing the practical application of the device and its value in industry and in mining operations.It presents: case histories involving deterioration, such as corrosion, peening and broken wires; anomalies indicating conditions peculiar to drum hoists and friction hoists; tests of locked coil ropes; low-frequency testing; and experiments and development."

Jan 1, 1969

By Duanyou Li, Qing Xiao, Zhiwang Wang, Xiaoqing Gan

"Seepage is a major cause of earth-rockfill dam failure. Numerical simulation of infiltration process, distribution of drift, flow velocity and direction after the impoundment can guide seepage control and evaluate its effects. A double field coupling model is established based on soil consolidation theory and the interaction between the seepage field and the temperature field. The simulation is implemented under the situation of core wall setted, core wall not setted, and core wall setted with concentrated leakage. The results indicated that the saturation line height was significantly reduced due to impervious core wall, and the temperature distribution is uniform above the saturation line. If concentrated leakage occurs, temperature distribution of dam was significantly changed, which is consistent with theoretical inference.INTRODUCTIONEngineering seepage field distribution must be calculated in seepage control design, optimization, and correction of new engineering construction of earth dams, as well as in seepage monitoring and evaluation of existing earth-rockfill dams. The aim of calculation is to identify the important parameters in seepage field, such as the coefficient of permeability, seepage flow, pressure, head, and allowable seepage slope, for effectively implementing seepage control design, correction, safety assessment, and anti-seepage reinforcement. These seepage parameters usually can be obtained by in-situ test and back-analysis based on reliable monitoring data.In order to obtain reliable monitoring data and reflect the earth-rockfill dam seepage state and change process, appropriate monitoring technology and monitoring method is necessary. The traditional seepage monitoring method is through site inspection and sensors (e.g., osmometer, piezometric tube and measuring weir) that buried in the structure and its foundation. However, there are still some disadvantages:"

Jan 1, 2015

By T. Boyd, K. McTaggart, J. Qiu

"Hudbay Minerals’ Flin Flon process plant produces a copper concentrate and zinc concentrate from the three ores it processes: 777, Reed and Lalor. Unlike many Cu-Zn ores, the average Zn: Cu ratio in feed is around 2:1, whereas, in many Cu-Zn separation plants the Zn: Cu feed grade is substantially higher than 2:1. The lower Zn: Cu in plant feed is a challenge for limiting Zn recovery to the Cu concentrate. While total recoveries of Cu and Zn at Flin Flon are very good; selectivity is the key challenge and small changes in ore or plant, can result in quite variable Zn recovery to Cu concentrate, and accordingly, Zn recovery to Zn concentrate. Magnetic conditioning has been shown to be selective between the two paramagnetic minerals chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Statistical testing of magnetic conditioning was undertaken at Flin Flon with the objective of increasing Cu recovery to Cu concentrate without increasing the Zn recovery to Cu concentrate - in effect increasing Cu-Zn selectivity. This has been achieved elsewhere with magnetic conditioning with the probable mechanism being an increase in fine chalcopyrite recovery, and a reduction in entrained, ultrafine, non-activated sphalerite to Cu concentrate. The results did indeed show an increase in Cu recovery to Cu concentrate of 0.8% to high confidence, but the decrease in Zn recovery to Cu concentrate was not to high confidence. This is effectively an increase in Cu: Zn selectivity in the Cu circuit – higher Cu recovery with no change in Zn recovery. However, while there was an increase of 1% in Zn recovery to Zn concentrate with magnetic conditioning, the variability in this parameter meant that this increase, though larger in magnitude than the Cu result, was not to high confidence."

Jan 1, 2019

By M. du Plessis, G. More O’Ferrall, A. Hartzenberg

"Lonmin Platinum has experienced several cases of large-scale hangingwall instabilities during the extraction of the Upper Group 2 Chromitite Layer (UG2) at a number of the Marikana operations along the Western Limb of the Bushveld Complex. These instabilities were all attributed to the presence and interaction of prominent geological features and highlighted that assumptions made in the design of the stable pillars and stable span were potentially overly simplistic in these areas. Investigations into the various case studies over the past ten years have resulted in the identification and classification of the rock mass characteristics of the geological structures causing the instabilities.In order to get a better understanding of these instabilities, it is important to understand the structural geology in general, and the sequence of events that led to the formation of the Bushveld Complex in particular. The tectonics involved in the formation of the various layers around the economic mineralized layers has been investigated, and the influence of these tectonic events on the stability of the UG2 stopes hypothesized.Following this investigation, the behaviour of the various layers in the hangingwall of the UG2 is better understood. This paper presents a description of the ground conditions being experienced in the underground stoping environment, the possible source of the associated structures and the resultant behavioural mechanism of these structures causing the rock mass instabilities."

Jan 1, 2015

By K. Soldenhoff, M. Fainerman-Melnikova

The use of strong base resins for uranium recovery is severely affected by the presence of chloride ions in solution. In areas where high-quality process water is not readily available, the use of saline water would extend the potential application for ion exchange in uranium processing. This study presents measurements of uranium uptake, using a wide range of commercially available weak base anionic exchangers, from solutions with chloride concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 22 g/L Cl. Out of 14 weak base anionic resins tested, 3 were identified that were not severely impacted by the presence of chloride and significantly outperformed a gel strong base resin typically used for uranium recovery in high-chloride environments. The uranium loading was sufficiently high for the consideration of development of the application of uranium recovery from uranium ores leached with seawater.

Jan 1, 2012

By J. C. Allan

THE purpose of this paper is to outline the pogress made in the development o the gravity separation method o ore dressing known as Sink-and-Float, which, in the opinion of the writers, has now reached a stage justifying the claim that this new method marks a highly important advance in the technique . The essential feature of the newest development of this process is the extremely accurate separation achieved. This is responsible for higher extraction in the sink-and-float unit on coarse sizes and, in consequence, for substantially higher overall recoveries. Whilst this is the most remarkable feature of the new process, it has further important contributions to make to ore dressing under the following heads: (1) The introduction of the sink-and-float separator as a buffer helps to iron-out irregularities in the mill feed. By supplying a concentrate of constant grade to the flotation section, the process also indirectly improves overall recovery. (2) The addition of a sink-and-float unit to an existing mill results in substantial increase in capacity at low per ton capital cost. (3) Where the plant can be installed underground for the pre-treatment of low-grade ores, there is a saving in hoisting costs, and excellent 'fill' is provided near the point of use. ( 4) Low-grade mixed oxide-sulphide copper ores may be pre-concentrated, thereby producing a flotation feed sufficiently rich to render the oxide residue from such flotation economic for subsequent treatment by leaching or other methods. (5) Application of the process eliminates hard gangue constituents which cause high grinding costs, or gangue constituents which adversely affect flotation. The plant is compact and easily controlled. No highly skilled operators or expensive reagents are required, and the labour and power per ton are low. The separator is extremely flexible, working equally efficiently on any throughput up to its maximum capacity.

Jan 1, 1940

By Gorrell. H. A.

Subsurface water data can be very valuable in .petroleum exploration and research. For the discussion of problems related to subsurface waters uniform nomenclature and classifications are required. The term 'connate water' has frequently been incorrectly used. It should .only be used in its original sense in which it is analagous to 'fossil water'. Classifications .based on origin and on sodium-chloride content are proposed. Present and possible uses of formation water analyses are briefly discussed. Since the potential uses of formation water data are not fully understood, complete analyses of selected samples should be made to insure against future requirements. The subsurface waters of Alberta show considerable regional variation in amount and proportion of dissolved salts.

Jan 1, 1958

By A. R. Chambers

At the 1924 Annual Meeting of the Institute, held in Toronto, the writer presented some notes on the occurrence of salt at Malagash, Nova Scotia, together with a few remarks on the uses of salt. The development of these salt mines has attracted considerable attention to the district, and it may be of interest at this time to call attention to some of the newer uses of salt, and to give a brief account of the genesis of the Maritime salines, As it is not proposed to treat the subject in technical detail, and the paper is written in a lighter vein than is usual in contributions to your Transactions, you will please overlook any variations from a strictly technical method of presentation. The world's supply of salt is obtained in three principal ways: (1) By flooding shallow areas, or pans, with sea water, allowing the water to evaporate naturally by the heat of the sun's rays, and collecting the residue of solid salt. This method is employed, for example, at Turks Island, B.W.I. (2) By mining the rock salt in its natural state, and preparing it for market by a grinding process. This is the method adopted at Malagash, which is the only place in Canada where salt is actually mined. (3) By drilling a hole into an underground salt deposit, forcing fresh water clown the hole, and, after it has become saturated with salt, pumping the brine to the surface and recovering the salt by evaporation. This is the method pursued by the Canadian Salt Company, the Dominion Salt Company, and other producers in Ontario.

Jan 1, 1929

By H. C. Gunning

Introduction Considerable attention has of late been attracted to the area surrounding Nimpkish lake, on northern Vancouver island, by the discovery of important rich copper deposits. In less than two years some 200 mineral claims have been staked in a small area, and at least two groups have very promising surface showings. During the summer of 1929, the writer spent one month investigating the general geology and mineral deposits of the region, and, although no detailed work has as yet been done in the field or in the laboratory, the importance of the mineral discoveries and the lack of geological information available to the public warrants a preliminary paper on the district. The district is, from a mining viewpoint, very accessible. Boats from Vancouver call at Englewood, in Beaver cove, four times a week. From Englewood, a first-class logging railway, operated by the Wood, .English Company, extends to the northeast corner of Nimpkish lake. The fifteen-mile trip from the north to the south end of the lake is made by boat, two tugs being maintained by the logging company. The whole trip from Englewood can easily be made in one day. The known mineral deposits lie immediately east of the southern part of the lake, four miles or less from the shore. A fair trail, four miles ? long, leads from the lake to the Nimpkish Copper group. Apart from this trail and an old logging railway grade which follows the east side of Klaanch river for several miles, no trails exist on the southeast side of the lake.

Jan 1, 1930

By Andrew Abraham

Continual improvement is the key to success in today?s competitive global arena. You require tools that promote dynamic quality management, deliver cost savings to your bottom line and provide the foundation for process improvement. ISO 9000 and ISO 14001 management systems and OHSAS 18001 are those tools. Since their inception, the benefits of ISO management systems and registration have been touted as the way to achieve better bottom line results. This spurred many companies to embark upon the road to registration with high expectations. The potential benefits of ISO management system implementation and third party registration that are commonly provided by Registrars and consultants are compelling adverts for success. ISO 9001:2000 is promoted as an essential tool for systematic efficient and affective management controls that provide a framework for analyzing errors and improving a company?s internal operational processes. It also allows companies to comply with internal and external customer and regulatory requirements thus continually improving the quality of their products and services and thus enhancing customer satisfaction. This, in turn, leads to greater customer recognition and increased market share. ISO 14001 implementation and registration may assist your company in reducing its litigation risk, raw material and energy consumption, waste disposal costs and possibly non tariff trade barriers. It should also provide continuity of operations, enhanced operational efficiency and consequently a competitive advantage in the market place. Registration of your ISO 14001 management system should also improve your company?s profile and credibility leading to regulatory flexibility and improved community goodwill. All of this will be a catalyst for improved morale and pride by employees and management alike. Likewise, OHSAS 18001, the latest certification specification for Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems supports Occupational Health and Safety legal and regulatory obligations and compliance, manages & controls Occupational Health and Safety risks and improves performance, safety culture and efficiency. OHSAS 18001 is an audit certification, and not a legislative requirement. Suggested benefits of implementation include reduction in accidents, lost time and associated liability and insurance costs and improving reputation and credibility through demonstrated commitment to health and safety. The foregoing increases access to new customers, joint venture partners and financing The skeptics say these are motherhood statements and lack corroborative evidence, i.e., ?Show me the money!?

May 1, 2003

By A. Galley, R. Tosdal, F. Robert

The Canada Mining Innovation Council (CMIC) Exploration Innovation Consortium developed a 10-year business case for developing new discovery criteria, exploration techniques, and better data management and analysis to improve exploration success in deep, remote, and covered terrains. Within this context, the CMIC devised a five-year project proposal to create improved multiparameter exploration tools to detect ore systems and more efficient vectoring toward high-grade mineralized cores. The Footprints project was approved March 2013. More than CAD$13 million funding was provided through the CMIC-led joint sponsorship from 30 companies and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Consistent industry leadership and integration of dedicated industry and academic expertise has the project on track for reaching its well-defined objectives.

Jan 1, 2014

"Pilot plants for pressure hydrometallurgy represent special design and project execution challenges. Over the past twenty years, Zeton has designed and fabricated a variety of world-class pressure hydrometallurgical pilot-plant facilities, and this paper discusses design considerations and strategies related to such projects. Project execution methods are also discussed, and guidance is given for the selection of materials of construction and for the selection of appropriate pressure and temperature design points for pressure hydrometallurgical pilot equipment. The paper concludes with a discussion of the need for process similarity with future commercial operations and the realities of pilot-scale equipment.INTRODUCTIONThe process technology developer or owner and the designer/fabricator of a new pilot-plant facility are faced with some difficult technical choices even after the decision to build a dedicated plant has been taken. A pilot-plant project is usually on the critical path of a large commercial project involving investments many multiples greater than the capital cost of the pilot plant. Schedule savings in the design, manufacture, and commissioning of the pilot plant or in a rapid completion of the experimental program can be disproportionately beneficial to the overall development project. However, inappropriate shortcuts resulting in major oversights can be disproportionately problematic.A number of considerations and suggestions for both the project execution approach and the process engineering design of pressure hydrometallurgical pilot-plant facilities are presented as a guide for potential owners and operators of new pilot-plant equipment and facilities."

Jan 1, 2012

By Denis Raymond, Yvon Trudeau

"Abstract-The Orion gold mine, located 7 km northeast of the town of Malartic, Quebec, was discovered in mid-1985. Underground exploration was undertaken in 1986Ieading to commercial production in 1988. The upper part of the orebody was exploited above the 125 m level and a total of 131 090 t at an average grade of 5.31 g/t gold were extracted.This paper describes the authors' current knowledge and interpretation of the geology, gold distribution, and structure of the Orion No. 8 ore zone deposit. The deposit is an epigenetic lode gold occurrence somewhat unique in that both quartz-vein type and pyritic type of gold ore occur side-by-side. It is located within the Marban-Norlartic Deformation Corridor (MNDC) formed during a first deformation stage (D1). The MNDC is a well-defined regional structural feature in the Val d'Or- Malartic mining camp. Primary gold mineralization is associated with the D1 event and is represented by pyritized , silicified and brecciated basaltic lavas enclosed by ultramafic flow units. The ore zone is concordant with the MNDC. Felsic intrusions are spatially related with the ore zone, but their role in the genesis of the ore has yet to be defined.A second deformation event (D2) resulted in local folding, a second schistosity (S2) and reverse faulting. Gold remobilization, the formation of the gold-bearing quartz breccia and the emplacement of the main quartz vein at the No . 8 zone deposit were associated with this event."

Jan 1, 1992

By B. N. Church, A. R. Pettipas

"The second vertical derivative method of processing aeromagnetic data from low level helicopter surveys yields results correiatable with the known geology and may be utilized to indicate possible targets for future exploration in the Silver Queen and Equity Silver mines areas, near Houston in central British Columbia . The principal zones of alteration associated with mineralization, known from detailed mapping, are further delineated and extended in a way not possible by a cursory examination of the original magnetic data.IntroductionThe second derivative method of processing aeromagnetic data is a long established procedure used to enhance the short wavelength content of the magnetic fields. Some recent exam pies of the use of the second derivative technique have been published by Chandler (p. 385), Sun Yunsheng et al. (p. 424) and Yarger (p. 223) in Hinze, 1985. According to theory, the ""second vertical derivative"" is closely related to the rate of curvature of magnetic (or gravity) fields and is particularly useful in resolving and sharpening local anomalies. The contours on second derivative maps may coincide with important features such as lithological boundaries, faults and mineralized zones.In the Houston area, central British Columbia, aeromagnetic data supplied by local mining companies provide a ready base for analyses. Examples are data sets for the Silver Queen and Equity Silver mines centred 35 km and 34 km south and southeast, respectively, from Houston (Fig. 1), (Cochrane, 1970 and Church, 1985)."

Jan 1, 1990

By O. Rabeau, M. Legault, F. Fallara

"Abstract - The development of robust 3-D geological models involves the integration of large amounts of public geological data, as well as additional accessible proprietary lithological, structural, geochemical, geophysical, and diamond drill hole data. 3-D models and maps have been available, particularly in the petroleum industry, for more than 10 years. Here, we demonstrate how robust 3-D maps can be used as interactive tools for mineral deposits exploration. In particular, we show how the interrogation of 3-D data sets can constrain exploration targets at depth. The main advantages of this technique for the mining industry are the homogeneity of data treatment and the validation of geological interpretations, taking into account geophysical and geochemical data. Data integration and cross-correlation of geology and geophysics can be achieved in two dimensions in any good GIS package. However, the added strength of 3-D analysis is the integration of separate data sets in three dimensions to build more complete, more realistic models, and in delineating areas of high economic potential at depth. Furthermore, these models can be modified and improved at any time by adding new data from ongoing drilling and geoscientific surveys. This paper presents two examples of 3-D models used for mineral exploration: the Joutel VMS mining camp and the Duparquet gold camp, Quebec. In both examples, the creation of the model is discussed and queries specific to the relevant exploration model are introduced. Eight potential exploration targets are generated at Joutel and seven at Duparquet. Although the targets defined are dependent on the details of the chosen queries, it is apparent that this technique has the potential to generate promising exploration activity that can engender new targets. Sommaire - Le développement de modèles 3-D géo-intégrés fiables implique l’intégration de grandes quantités de données géologiques publiques ainsi que des données lithologiques, structurales, géochimiques, géophysiques et de forages en provenance du secteur privé. L’industrie pétrolière dispose de modèles et de cartes 3-D depuis plus de 10 ans. Ce manuscrit présente un exemple d’utilisation de modèles et de cartes tridimensionnels détaillés comme outils interactifs dans l’exploration de dépôts métallifères. L’emphase est mise sur le processus d’interrogation des données en 3-D pour la définition de cibles d’exploration en profondeur. Les avantages principaux de cette technique sont l’uniformité du traitement des données et de la validation des interprétations géologiques, tout en tenant compte des données géophysiques et géochimiques. L’intégration de données et la corrélation de la géologie et de la géophysique peuvent être accomplies en deux dimensions dans n’importe quel logiciel SIG. La plus grande force de l’analyse 3-D demeure cependant la possibilité de construire des modèles complets et réalistes permettant de cibler des secteurs à haut potentiel économique en profondeur. De plus, ces modèles peuvent être modifiés et améliorés de manière interactive en ajoutant de nouvelles données provenant de forages et de levés géoscientifiques en cours. Ce manuscrit présente deux exemples de modèle 3-D géo-intégrés développés pour l’exploration minérale : le camp de SMV de Joutel et le camp aurifère de Duparquet, Québec. Dans les deux cas, la construction du modèle est décrite et les requêtes spécifiques à chaque type de gisement sont présentées. L’exercice a permis de définir huit cibles d’exploration potentielles à Joutel et sept à Duparquet. Bien que les cibles identifiées dépendent des contraintes utilisées pour les requêtes choisies, cette technique permet de générer de nouvelles cibles qui pourraient relancer l’activité d’exploration dans les camps miniers " matures " ou dans des secteurs moins explorés."

Jan 1, 2006

By P. R. Clark, M. D. Gleghorn

"IntroductionAt TransAlta Utilities Corporation's Highvale Mine, located west of Edmonton, Alberta (Fig. I and 2), dragline stripping has proved to be a practical and economical method of overburden removal and future plans have been based upon the continued use of draglines (Fig. 3) as the major stripping equipment (Williams, 1979, Nikols et al., 1986). However, long range planning has shown that the capacity of draglines alone will be exceeded in the early 1990s as mining progresses into deeper overburden cover (Tapics, 1983). Strip ratios will increase from I.3 bank m!/ t of coal in 1985to 4.5 bank m3 / t in 1995. During this period the depth of overburden will increase substantially and the areas to be mined will be characterized by weak soils including glacially displaced overburden. This increased overburden depth in relatively weak soils will make it impractical to _continue side casting by draglines without prestripping in advance. In 1983, a major investigation was initiated to determine what additional overburden removal equipment was appropriate to the Highvale operations, and recognizing the long delivery times of this major equipment. when it would be required. This paper describes studies and tests which were undertaken in 1983 and 1984 to select prestripping methods and equipment for the future operation of the mine.Previous planning studies have shown that with the current burn schedule and with the economies of progressing from low cover to high cover, as has been practiced in the past, overburden volumes will exceed the capacity of the existing draglines in the early 1990s (Fig. 4). These previous studies had placed reliance on (I tandem dragline operation for future overburden removal requirements up to a depth of 45 m throughout the Highvale Mine. New drilling together with the associated geotechnical studies and some detailed planning on the practicality of using tandem draglines, created concerns about their universal application. Even without considering geotechnical conditions there was a depth limitation to tandem dragJines and substantial prestripping would be required to achieve the ultimate depths."

Jan 1, 1987

By Yvon Trudeau, Deni Raymond

"The Orion gold mine, located 7 Ian northeast of the town of Malartic, Quebec, was discovered in mid-1985. Underground exploration was undertaken in 1986 leading to commercial production in 1988. The upper part of the orebody was exploited above the 125 m level and a total of 131 090 t at an average grade of 5.31 g/t gold were extracted.This paper describes the authors' current knowledge and interpretation of the geology, gold distribution, and structure of the Orion No.8 ore zone deposit. The deposit is an epigenetic lode gold occurrence somewhat unique in that both quartz-vein type and pyritic type of gold ore occur side-by-side. It is located within the Marban-Noriartic Deformation Corridor (MNDC) formed during a first deformation stage (D1) The MNDC is a well-defined regional structural feature in the Val d'Or - Malartic mining camp. Primary gold mineralization is associated with the D1 event and is represented by pyritized, silicified and brecciated basaltic lavas enclosed by ultramafic flow units. The ore zone is concordant with the MNDC. Felsic intrusions are spatially related with the ore zone, but their role in the genesis of the ore has yet to be dermed.A second deformation event (D2) resulted in local folding, a second schistosity (S2) and reverse faulting. Gold remobilization, the formation of the gold-bearing quartz breccia and the emplacement of the main quartz vein at the No. 8 zone deposit were associated with this event."

Jan 1, 1992

By Richard Stewart

There are highly competitive world markets in most of the minerals being mined today. The high standard of living we enjoy in North America results in ever increasing productivity through mechanization and automation. Conventional underground and open-pit mining practices throughout the world are constantly changing to reflect the engineering advances of our technology. New records in tunneling, shaft sinking and excavating are being established. Larger and faster equipment is in production. Mining operations are being studied in detail to improve materials, methods and machines. Standards and controls are being established to measure the performance of people and equipment. These steps all tend to improve our present performance. In addition to these short-range improvements, however, there are the basic research and applied research studies which are aimed at developing entirely new approaches to our mining problems. Basic research in rock mechanics is coupled with applied research in rock penetration, fragmentation and stabilization.

Jan 1, 1963