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This bibliography lists publications issued by the Bureau of Mines concerned with investigations on petroleum and natural gas. The items included are chosen for their continuing interest and value. It was recognized early that a list of petroleum and natural gas publications was needed for the Bureau's work, and unofficial publication of a ?straight forward? listing was begun. It was at first a chronological list; however, suggestions submitted by its users prompted a format change to show publications under broad, general topics. Author and subject indexes were developed, becoming more detailed with each new edition. This present list supersedes the ones compiled in 1949, 1952, and 1957, and several supplements, which were aside available to the public by the Library Of the Bureau?s Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center. The unofficial field publication came to be widely known nail in considerable demand by those who are primarily interested in the Bureau's publications on petroleum and natural gas so that it became, desirable to have it published as an Information Circular. It is hoped drat, this official publications will result in a wider and more effective use of the Bureau's research results which are reported in its publications.

Jan 1, 1964

[THIS bibliography lists publications issued by the Bureau of Mines concerned with investigations on petroleum and natural gas. The items included are chosen for their continuing interest and value. It was recognized early that a list of petroleum and natural gas publications was needed for the Bureau's work, and unofficial publication of a ?straight forward listing? was begun. It was at first a chronological list; however, suggestions submitted by its users prompted a formed change to show publications under broad, general topics. Author and subject indexes were developed, becoming more detailed with each new edition. This present list supersedes the ones compiled in 1949, 1952, and 1957, and several supplements, which were aside available to the public by the Library Of the Bureau?s Bartlesville Petroleum Research Center. The unofficial field publication came to be widely known and in considerable demand by those who are primarily interested in the Bureau's publications on petroleum and natural gas so that it became, desirable to have it published as an Information Circular. It is hoped that this official publication will result in a wider and more effective use of the Bureau's research results which are reported in its publications.]

Jan 1, 1964

By Robert A. Jankowski, Ellsworth R. Spencer, Jay F. Colinet

Longwall mining is the most productive method of under- ground coal mining in the United States (U.S.), and record levels of production have been reached in recent years. These ever-improving production levels have the potential to generate significantly higher quantities of respirable dust. Consequently, the longwall industry continues to struggle with controlling dust liberation and maintaining compliance with the federally-mandated respirable dust standard. In response, longwall operators have increased the application of primary dust controls, airflow and water flow, in an effort to improve respirable dust control and reduce worker exposure. Pittsburgh Research Center (PRC) personnel conducted dust surveys at 13 longwalls operating throughout the U.S. and collected information to: identify current operating practices on these longwalls, identify the types of dust controls in use, document the levels at which these controls are being applied, and measure the respirable dust levels present. This data was analyzed to quantify the dust levels generated by the major sources on the longwall section and to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the control technologies in use.

By Eugene T. Sheridan

This report presents data on individual plants of the fuel-briquet and packaged-fuel industries that were circularized by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, in its annual survey for 1958. Only plants that processed fuels of mineral origin were included; specifically, plants that manufactured briquets from charcoal were excluded. Fuel briquets and packaged fuel are manufactured by mixing fine-sized fuels with binders and compressing into small individual shapes. Both are used mainly for residential heating in the United States, but they differ considerably in appearance and physical characteristics. Briquets usually are produced as small, pillow-shaped forms, 2 to 4 inches in length, weighing from 2 to 4 ounces. Pack-aged fuel consists of 3-to 4-inch cubes, 6 or 8 of which are wrapped in heavy kraft paper to form a package weighing 10 to 15 pounds. Briquets are made with a water-insoluble binder and are designed for rough handling and outdoor storage, whereas packaged fuel generally is made with a water-soluble binder and must be stored indoors to prevent deterioration. Briquet plants are relatively large and usually are at mines or in dock areas where large quantities of fine-sized fuels accumulate. Packaged-fuel plants are smaller and are used chiefly by retail dealers to convert locally available coal and coke fines into a product that can be burned efficiently in residential beating equipment.

Jan 1, 1959

By Edward A. Mihok

This paper presents plant design and cost estimates for limestone treatment of acid mine water covering a wide range of quality and quantity conditions. The treatment process consists of limestone neutralization, aeration, solids settling, and concentration. The design criteria for the various operation functions are based on pilot plant performance, laboratory data, and established mine water treatment standards. Unit costs have been assumed and are related to general market prices and conditions. These estimates serve as preliminary indicators of what it would cost to construct and operate a mine water treatment plant.

Jan 1, 1970

By Robert J. Anderson

"Introductory Statement.In founding any kind of castings, even with the best practice, scrap castings are produced because of rejections for certain defects. Casting los¬ses are a serious source of financial loss in iron and steel foundry practice as well as, in brass and bronze, but they are particularly serious in aluminum foundry work because of the high value of aluminum. The indications are that in many aluminum foundries in the United States, the casting losses are at times high, and in some plants they are entirely too high when compared with average practice. Of course, defective castings have a residual value for remelting, but if much machine work has been done on a casting before it is scraped, the labor costs alone may exceed the value of the metal and even that of the rough casting.In a foundry, the monetary losses incurred through the production of waster castings can be ascertained from calculations based upon adequate scrap-loss reports. Such reports, when properly kept and interpreted are a valuable aid in finding foundry costs, but they are primarily useful in diagnosing the causes for casting losses. Many aluminum foundries in the United States do not keep adequate records of strap losses; as a result the causes for defective castings can not be traced, nor preventative measures adopted. However, some of the large aluminum foundries keep excellent records, and it has been found that these involve little extra expense for clerical work. If a foundry man will study his daily production of defective and waster castings, he will be able to trace the causes or losses and then make such corrections in his plant practice as will effect a considerable reduction in these losses -- as much as 50.0 per tent in some foundries. If all the present casting losses of the United States could be reduced 50.0 per cent, by eliminating only the readily preventable defectives, a saving of several million dollars would accrue. In the aluminum-foundry industry alone, the saving would amount to about $600,000."

Apr 1, 1920

By Raymond B. Ladoo

The uses of talc are many but are not, in general well known or fully developed within the last decade several companies have realized the possibilities of greatly increased use and have intelligently proceeded to develop some of the fields which seemed most promising. This has had a tendency to lift talc from the obscurity in which it had existed for years, but the work is only started and much remains to be done. Considerably more attention has been paid to the technology and utilization of talc in Germany and Austria than in this country, despite the fact that the United States produces 65 of the world's talc and Germany and Austria combined but 5.4%. In the "Bericht,uber die tatigkeit des verbends der talcum-interessenten in Oesterreich-Ungarn" (Proceedings of the Austro-Hungarian Talc Association), for the years 1912 and 1913, many notes upon new uses appeared, together with suggestions as to further development of old uses. Aside from a few notes on the use of tar in paper, little has been published in the English language upon this subject. By recent action of the Talc and Soapstone Producers Association (U.S.A.) funds for research into the properties and uses of talc have been made Available and it is hoped that markets will be materially broadened a a result of this work.

May 1, 1920

By Robert L. Lagace

The attention of this group was focussed on four through-the-earth communication systems that are presently of high interest to the U.S. Bureau of Mines; four systems for providing operational/emergency communications on the working sections of coal mines, indeed up to the very face of the section. The systems are: uplink-data, downlink-voice, sidelink-call alert coded page, sidelink-roof bolt voice page. Each of these systems makes use of the mine overburden as the signal transmission medium, as opposed to the guiding wires, cables, and tunnels treated by the operational communications working group. Each of these systems satisfies one or more of the Bureau's objectives for mine communications systems; namely • reliable links for monitoring the mine environment under both operational and emergency conditions. • reliable links for communicating with miners during emergencies. • special links for increasing the efficiency of day-to-day operations of the mine. Each of these systems has been successfully demonstrated on a limited experimental basis, and prototypes of all these systems are installed and operating in the USBM experimental mine in Bruceton, Pa. Each of these systems must now be optimized regarding its performance, and engineered for practical routine application to the working sections of actual operating coal mines, particularly those of the room and pillar type. This optimization and engineering must take place subject to the principal constraints listed by Howard E. Parkinson in his Workshop paper entitled, "Objectives and Constraints of Through-the-Earth Electromagnetic Communications Systems'' and enumerated below. • Depth of Mine Overburden • Overburden Conductivity • Electromagnetic Noise In and Above Mines • Limited In-Mine Electrical Energy (Stationary or Man Carried) During an Emergency • Intrinsic Safety for In-Mine Equipment • Practical and Rugged Equipment for Use Under Both operational/Emergency conditions • Severe Weight Limitations for Man Carried Equipment • Reasonably Low Costs Especially for Man Carried Equipment Part II of this paper provides a brief description of each system, while Part III summarizes the present status of developments related to these systems and some recommendations for future work needed to advance these systems to the practical application stage.

Jan 1, 1973

By E. W. Dean, W. A. Jacobs

"The petroleum division of the Bureau of Mines in its laboratory investigations, has had occasions to develop a number of types of electrical heating equipment. It was found that electric heaters could be used to particular advantage in the standard distillation test for gasoline. (Dean, E.W., Motor Gasoline, Properties, Laboratory Methods of Testing and Practical Specifications, Bureau of Mines Technical raper 214, 1919, 33 pages.) In order to assist in rendering this type of heater available for general use, a description of the apparatus developed by the Bureau was published. (Dean, E.W., A convenient electric heater for use in the analytical distillation of gasoline,. Jour. Ind, and Eng. Chem., Vol.10, 1918, page 823.) Shortly after the article was printed a chemical supply house undertook the manufacture of an electric heater suitable for gasoline distillation. A preliminary model was examined and tested by the Bureau and modifications were suggested that were incorporated in the type of heater that was finally marketed.Description of the Bureau of Mines-heater: The electric heater developed by the Bureau has an inverted conical resistance Plament surrounded by a layer of heat-insulating material and mounted in a metal case having a top of hard asbestos (Transite) board. The resistance element is a helix of nickel-chromium alloy wire held by a molded core of alundum. The Bureau heaters are generally of about 330 watts capacity and are used with stock types of regulating rheostats capable of reducing the effective wattage to about 43 the full-load maximum."

Jun 1, 1920

By Gordon L. Kinney

Following a year of great uncertainty, the political situation in Bangladesh improved during 1976. The major problem for Bangladesh remained the high birth rate and crowded conditions. Bangladesh had the highest population density of any agrarian country--over 80 million people in a land area of 144,000 square kilometers, 65% of which is considered arable. The Government, with considerable foreign assistance, was actively encouraging voluntary family planning, and set a growth rate target of 2% per year or less. However, even if the growth rate was reduced to the target level immediately, the population of Bangladesh would nevertheless nearly double within 20 years.

Jan 1, 1980

By A. W. Hall

A neutron meter was developed for monitoring the sulfur content of coal streams. Neutrons from 80 micrograms of californium-252 penetrate the coal, producing thermal neutrons that are captured by atoms of elements present in the coal. The excited atoms emit prompt gamma rays with energies characteristic of the capturing element. These gamma rays are detected with a 6-by 7-inch sodium iodide detector and processed by electronic equipment to produce a gamma ray energy spectrum of the elements. Tests of the meter at a commercial coal preparation plant showed that sulfur in moving coal can be determined to a precision of 0.05 percent sulfur within 2 minutes. Based on this report by the Bureau of Mines, reliability of the coal-handling system proved inadequate for long-term operation, however, and improvements are planned.

Jan 1, 1975

By E. K. Stanek, P. Kantabutra, R. A. Wolf

This paper summarizes the cause and effect of induced voltages in multiple conductor cables supplying alternating current power to equipment in under- ground coal mines. The investigation of this phenomenon revealed that the electrical energy produced by the resultant electric arcing between the frames of mobile electric face equipment was of a sufficient magnitude to ignite explosive methane-air mixtures. The results of laboratory tests and field tests made between equipment frames during actual operation in numerous coal mines are discussed. Several methods of eliminating or suppressing the induced voltages to nonincendive levels are also described. It is the purpose of this paper to convey to the mining industry a knowledge of this problem and to recommend methods of eliminating or reducing these induced voltages or arcing currents to safe levels.

Jan 1, 1975

By J. Roger Loebenstein

ASARCO Incorporated, the only domestic arsenic producer, terminated copper-smelting operations and the associated recovery of byproduct arsenic trioxide at Tacoma, W A. in 1985. It still shipped small quantities of trioxide from its remaining stocks in 1987. Imports for consumption of arsenic trioxide were slightly higher than in 1986. Domestic Data Coverage.-Shipments of small amounts of arsenic trioxide from remaining stocks by Asarco were reported voluntarily to the Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1989

By Thomas P. Mucho, Dennis Dolinar, Christopher Mark

During the 1990s, the former U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a number of field studies in which the performance of different types of roof bolts were evaluated in different geologic environments. The studies used a standard suite of measurements, including multipoint extensometers, strain-gauged roof bolts, and roof bolt load cells. The sites were chosen to investigate the effect of a variety of parameters, including installed tension, bolt capacity, grout annulus, and horizontal stress orientation. Although not fully successful, the measurements provided valuable insights into each of these issues. They also showed that instrumentation and monitoring have important advantages over observational methods for comparing the performance of different roof bolting systems.

Jan 10, 2000

By Jack C. White

Studies were made to determine the character and distribution of the copper lost in copper mill tailings. Acid soluble (oxide) and acid insoluble (sulfide) copper were determined for heavy-liquid sink and float products of screen-sized fractions from 12 copper mill tailings. In most of the tailings studied, the coarse-size fractions are higher in copper grade than the respective bulk tailings, high in sulfide copper, and low in oxide copper. Oxide copper occurs predominantly in the minus 325-mesh "slimes." Microscopic examination of heavy-liquid sink products indicated that recovery of liberated copper sulfide minerals is complete in most mills, and that copper minerals not being recovered are locked with gangue particles. Additional copper could probably be recovered from most tailings by size classification, scavenger froth flotation of the coarse fraction, and regrinding of the concentrate to achieve liberation of the locked sulfides.

Jan 1, 1971

By D. C. Fleck

The Bureau of Mines, in a cooperative research program with four lead companies, has investigated ferric chloride leaching of galena to prepare lead chloride for molten-salt electrowinning to produce lead metal. The hydrometallurgical-electrolytic process is an alternative to the sintering-smelting-refining process currently used to produce lead metal and avoids the environmental problems associated with a conventional smelter. During investigations on the electrowinning aspects of the work, it was noted that certain cations, moisture, and sulfate in the electrolyte affect lead metal purity, cell voltage, current efficiency, and viscosity of the electrolyte. Results of bench-scale tests are re-ported on the effects of CaCI2, CuCI2, FeCI2, MgCI2, NaCI, ZnCI2, PbS04, and moisture on electrolysis. As impurities increased in the electrolyte, current efficiency decreased. CaCI2, CuCI2, and FeC12 decreased current efficiency by 12 to 47 pct. ZnCl2 gave a small voltage increase, while CaCI2 addition equivalent to 4.9 pct Ca caused a 50-pet increase in voltage. The lead metal was contaminated in direct proportion to the CuCI2 buildup in the electrolyte, Anode corrosion was observed with MgCI2 and MgC12?6H20. Viscosity increased appreciably with the buildup of NaCI, CaCI2, and sulfate. Electrolyte foaming occurred with ZnC12, MgC12?6H20, MgC12, FeC12?2H20, and FeCI2. Moisture inhibited the coalescence of the lead metal.

Jan 1, 1983

By J. R. Wait, D. A. Hill

A survey of the literature on ELF and VLF atmospheric noise has been made. Most measurements have concentrated on the vertical electric field and the horizontal magnetic field rather than the vertical magnetic field which is of interest in transmission between horizontal loops. The limited vertical magnetic field data indicates that the vertical component is generally 10 to 20 dB below the horizontal component. Three laterally inhomogeneous earth models have been analyzed for conversion of horizontal to vertical magnetic field. The rough surface model examines surface effects, the inhomogeneous thin sheet model treats volume effects, and the buried cylinder model treats localized man-made effects. All three models predict the possibility of significant conversion from horizontal to vertical magnetic field. A thin sheet model has also been used to examine transmission from a buried magnetic dipole source. It is found that the pre- dicted fields more nearly model the measured data than does the homogeneous half-space model.

To provide a means for mechanically separating and recovering nonferrous metals continuously from non-magnetic reject material produced at scrap automobile shredding facilities. Approach The Bureau of Mines developed a water elutriator system that separates metals from shredded scrap auto-mobiles based on differences in specific gravities. A premium-quality product, containing aluminum, magnesium, lead, zinc die cast, copper, copper alloys, and stainless steels, is obtained. How It Works Mixed nonmagnetic reject material currently being separated at automobile shred-ding facilities is introduced onto the top of an upwardly flowing vertical column of water. The water, overflowing a weir in the top of the vertical column, carries with it the floating, lightweight waste materials, mostly combustibles, while the heavier pieces sink through the rising water. Medium-density substances such as glass, rubber, and heavy plastics are carried off through a side port, located in the upper third of the column. The cleaned, mixed metal product sinks to the bottom and is continuously removed from the base of the column with a bucket elevator having perforated buckets. All three categories of material are removed from the system on separate wire mesh belt conveyors. Most of the water drains through the belts into a holding tank and, after settling, is recirculated back through the elutriator column. The purity and recovery of the metal product are influenced by two elutriator operating variables: the flow rate of water through the vertical column, and the height of the overflow weir at the top of the column.

Jan 1, 1983

By Lucia Kuizon

Results of the U.S. Bureau of Mines' survey of mineral resources in the Cuyama RARE II study area indicate there is no potential for metallic minerals and low potential for the development of gypsum resources. There are no producing or developing mines within the study area. The Santa Barbara Canyon Prospect contains 30,000 tons (27,000 t) of subeconmic gyspum resources, the Wagon Road Prospect 276,000 tons (250,000 t), and the Brush Fence Canyon 61,000 tons (55,000 t). Most of the resource in the Brush Fence Canyon Prospect is outside the area. Gypsum was not observed at the Cuyama River deposit. Present gypsum and gypsite requirements are being met by larger deposits closer to major markets. INTRODUCTION Location (USGS) Present and Previous Studies (to be combined with USGS section) The Bureau of Mines reviewed literature and mining claim records for the study area. A field examination of known mineral properties was made in October 1980; it included mapping and sampling of prospects to evaluate the economic potential of mineral resources.

Jan 1, 1981

By R. R. Sayers

The terms "sanitation and }\Vgienen are often used interchangeably, but it is more "' usual to apply ttsani tat ion'' to th environment or surroundings, and nr.ygieneto the iiiividual, The subject,. h9wever, is so broad that only a few of the phases of sanitation will be di.acusae in ·this paper, vmile the various Fsea of hyg:tene will be deferred for later consideration. One of the bes.t .iaf ini tions of sanitation that I have hearci was given by ur. L. L • Lumsden, of the U, S. Public Heal th Service, who state.d that "'sanitation is t-he c.oir .. 'Don-sens$ application of the principles of cleanliness,

Aug 1, 1922