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Jan 1, 1985

By William W. Odell

In Europe and in certain other foreign countries studies have been made, extending over a period of years, relating to the winning of oil from oil shale. More work has been done in these countries than in the United States, for the reason that a supply of natural petroleum has not been so generally available there as here. Information has been obtained relating to present practices in these foreign lands in the development of a shale-oil industry. It is realized that in the past there has been very little inducement to invest capital in shale-oil enterprise in the United State&apos;s because the supply of petroleum has been plentiful; however, the time possibly is not far distant when the utilization of oil shale may be cons¬idered a desirable and financially sound venture, as it may be necessary before long to augment our supply of oil with that recovered by processing shale. The data presented herein portrays at least some of the thoughts of those engaged in obtaining oil from oil, shale in Europe, and they depict some of the results thus far obtained as well as certain plans for further efforts to win oil from shale; it is hoped that those who undertake the development of a shale-treating industry in this country will find useful information in this report.

Jan 1, 1946

By L. BENEDICT

COMMENTING on the report of the latest Royal Commission for India, the September, 1926, issue of the National City Bank&apos;s monthly letter states, among other things, that "The decision of the Royal Commission is against the proposal for a gold coinage, but in favor of placing the silver coins and paper currency now redeemable in silver on a gold basis." Also, it quotes the following from the Royal Commission&apos;s report: The essence of the proposal * * * * * is that the ordinary medium of circulation in India should remain as at present the currency note and the silver rupee, and that the stability of the currency in terms of gold should be secured by making the currency directly convertible into gold for all purposes, but the gold should not circulate as money. It must not circulate at first, and it need not circulate ever. In this connection it may be stated that during the last one hundred and fifty years or so unsuccessful attempts have been made by the governments of different nations of the world to devise a plan or plans by which gold and silver could be used concurrently for money purposes and, particularly, as standard money; such, for example, as bimetallism, which, of course, is impracticable. But, since none of such plans has been adopted generally it is logical to conclude that their proponents did not shape them so as to conform to the basic principle of standard money, or else political issues were deemed to be dominant, or, perhaps, it was partly due to each.

Jan 1, 1926

By Keith L. Harris

Surprisingly, real gross national product (GNP) surged at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.3% for the first quarter of 1987 according to preliminary estimates made by the Department of Commerce, the highest rate in 3 yr and significantly above the revised fourth quarter 1986 rate of 1.1% (table 1). The spurt, however, was caused by an unusual $59.5 billion rise in inventories, mostly cars and trucks, and there was little support from other sectors of the economy. Motor vehicle inventories rose as consumers continued to tighten their purse strings--consumer spending declined 0.4% for the second quarter in a row. Nonresidential and residential fixed investment and government purchases of goods and services were also down from the previous quarter. The increasing cost of energy was the major factor in the jump to 3.696 in the rate of inflation, as measured by the fixed-weighted price index for GNP, and rising inflation also helped put a damper on consumer spending. The underlying good news was that the trade deficit shrank for the second quarter in a row as imports declined at an annual rate of 11.1%. Also, profits in the manufacturing sector rose strongly in the fourth quarter, and for the first time in 9 quarters, the primary metal industries became profitable (table 1). If one discounts the anomalous inventory growth, the bottom line is that the economy continues to grow at close to the expected 2.5% level experienced over the past 2 yr. Of concern over the next several quarters, though, is the impact of the large over- hang of motor vehicles inventories on the economy. EMPLOYMENT The civilian unemployment rate declined to 6.636 in March after remaining at 6.7% for the previous 3 months. Employment continued to expand in February and March, although growth was significantly slower in March than in previous months. The manufacturing sector, however, lost 24,000 jobs in March after gaining 46,000 in February. Three-quarters of that gain came when striking workers at USX Corp. and Deere & CO. returned to their jobs. Employment in the manufacturing sectors of direct interest to the mineral industries has generally been increasing for at least the last quarter, while worker hours for these sectors have been on the upswing since April 1986 (figures 1 and 2).

Jan 1, 1987

By James T. McCartney, Joseph D. Davis

For more than 10 years coke-oven technologists have been investigating the expanding properties of coal on a scale larger than that afforded by laboratory test tubes. Koppers 4/ was among the first to realize that coals can not be differentiated satisfactorily with respect to expansion in coke ovens by the simpler test-tube methods; in his first method 80 grains of fine coal were coked in a cylinder heated from the bottom, so that the zone of fusion (plastic layer) advanced from the bottom to the top. The scale of test was too small; it has been modified by other investigators, but without significant improvement in practical application of the results. Somewhat later Koppers and Jendne 5/ experimented with a small-scale coke even, one wall of which was movable, in which the layer-coking in a coke oven could be simulated closely. This oven was heated from both sides. Their results with this oven showed a peak in the time-pressure curves near the end of the coking, period when the two plastic layers, advancing from opposite walls, meet. They also found that although the smaller oven was heated from one side only and did not show the Pressure peak characteristic of two-sided heating, it still gave results entirely too high. Russell built an oven similar to the movable-wall oven of Koppers and Jenkner and compared results obtained in it on Beckley expanding coal with these obtained on the some coal in the Altieri 7/ small-scale apparatus. Both tests were conducted at the same constant pressure, but heating was from two sides in Russell's oven and from one side in the Altieri tester. Russell found that the two types of test gave comparable results under constant pressure conditions even though the heating procedures were quite different. He showed later, however, that a "borderline" coal 8/ that contracted in the Altieri tester at constant pressure developed a peak pressure of 4 pounds per square inch in the movable-wall oven heated from both sides at constant volume. He concluded from this that testing at constant volume gave results more accurately indicative of dangerous expansion tendencies than those at constant pressure. He also found that heating from both sides in this oven gave higher pressure than heating from one side only.

May 1, 1942

By Charles W. Merrill

AN ADEQUATE, dependable, and continuing supply of raw materials is indispensable to tile the United States and its industries in meeting the needs of an expanding Population, a rising standard of living, and the national security. The primary responsibility for appraising the status of the country&apos;s mineral supply and for making appropriate recommendations within the executive branch and to the Congress has been pinned in the U.S. Department of the Interior. In fulfilling its role of governmental responsibility for raw-material supplies and their efficient utilization, the Bureau of Mines has analyzed the factors in current and future mineral supplies and demands and has developed 87 statements for specific commodities that assess the national position and problems for these metals, minerals, and mineral fuels. These statements, which constitute the chapters of this volume, are based on lire assumption that nearly till production and consumption of materials in the United States are to be by private individuals and organizations, in accordance with the Nation&apos;s devotion to a private-enterprise economy.

Jan 1, 1960

By E. D. Gardner

This paper discusses small-scale lade gold mining and milling. It is abstracted from a bulletin being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines entitled "Equipping, Developing, and Operating Small Gold Mines." Gold is widely distributed in the mountainous regions of the United States; relatively few deposits, however, can be profitably worked on a large scale. Because of the high intrinsic value of gold, ores containing this metal may be very rich; hence it is possible to mine profitably smaller bodies of gold ore than of the more common metals.

Jan 1, 1934

By G. A. Apell

"SUMMARYThe quality of Moose Creek coal is considered superior to that of any now being produced in the Matanuska field of Alaska. In rank it is classed as roar coking high-volatile B bituminous coal.At present the Moose -Creek mines are accessible from the Glenn highway by 6 miles of well-maintained gravel road. The nearest railroad loading point is Moose Creek siding; 7 miles by road from the Buffalo mine. Palmer, 12 miles south of Buffalo mine, is the nearest town. Anchorage is 50 miles south of Palmer by road and-railroad.Core drilling and trenching by the Bureau of Mines revealed 2,375,500 short tons of coal in the Buffalo series on the Buffalo Coal Co. leasehold. Of this, 514,200 tons is considered measured coal and 489,900 tons indicated coal. Existence of deeper beds over the same length increased the tonnage of coal of all categories to 3,279,300 tons. The property has an assumed life, of 16 to 22 years, depending on the number of beds mined, based on an output of 500 tons of coal a day and 100-percent recovery. Coal from some of the beds car be marketed without washing however, a washery is necessary if all beds are mined. Beds in the Buffalo series not mined in the ""first mining"" will be irrecoverable at any later date.The Bureau of Mines completed exploration of approximately one-third of the local coal-bearing areas during 1943. Knowledge gained from this work makes it possible to investigate the rest of the area by drilling an estimated additional 5,000 foot of hole."

Dec 1, 1944

By Keith L. Harris

The U.S. economy continued to grow moderately in the third quarter, but at a slightly higher rate than in the previous quarter. According to the Department of Commerce&apos;s preliminary estimate, real gross national product (GNP) grew at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 3.3% during the third quarter of 1985, compared with a revised 1.9% for the second quarter and 1.6% for the third quarter of 1984 (table 1). Civilian unemployment dropped from the constant 7.3% rate between February and July to 7.0% in August and 7.1% in September. Employment on nonagricultural payrolls continued to increase (table 2), resulting in a continued rise in personal income, which in turn supported growing consumer purchases. Although purchases of services continued to provide the underlying foundation for the economic growth, the manufacturing sector received additional stimulus from significant increases in consumer purchases of durable goods, particularly automobiles. The increased demand for durable goods resulted in significantly higher industrial production for August and September, compared with levels attained previously this year (table 3). Capacity utilization increased to 80.5% in August but returned to 80.2% in September, matching the 1985 low previously reached in July (table 4). The real net export deficit grew only $0.2 billion in the third quarter; at $34.0 billion, however, it continued to exert a negative influence on the economy. On September 22, in an effort to reduce the deficit and make U.S. goods more competitive on world markets, the U.S. Government agreed to cooperate with the Governments of France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom in attempting to lower the-value of the dollar in relation to other world currencies. Low inventories, rising factory orders and construction spending, the possibility of a lower U.S. dollar, and aggressive automobile production plans announced by domestic producers for the fourth quarter indicate the potential for an increase in manufacturing activity in the United States.

Jan 1, 1985

It is a pleasure to submit to the National Critical Materials Council (Council) some of my thoughts concerning the important tasks which lie before you. It long has been my belief that America&apos;s economic health and national security may depend to a substantial degree on whether we have available to us an adequate supply of critical and strategic materials at reasonable cost. To the extent the Council can contribute to the identification and implementation of wise public policies which facilitate the achievement of that goal, we and our children should be grateful. Even before assuming office, President Reagan warned of the danger of undue dependence on imported materials essential to the Nation&apos;s defense and economic well-being. After his election, he appointed a transition task force on strategic and critical materials, and he later directed the Cabinet Council on Natural Resources and Environment to prepare .a National Materials and Minerals Program Plan and Report to Congress, which he forwarded to the Congress in April 1982. In 1984, my predecessor, Secretary Clark, established the National Strategic Materials and Minerals Program Advisory Committee, popularly known as the "Mott Committee" because of its distinguished chairman, retired Admiral William C. Mott.

Jan 1, 1986

By D. T. Randall

The burning of coal without smoke is a problem that concerns the Government directly because of the advantages of smokeless combustion both in public buildings and on naval vessels. In addition, smoke abatement is a factor in conserving the fuel resources of the United States. Hence, as part of its general investigation of the best methods of utilizing the coals of this country, the Bureau of Mines, which is in charge of the fuel-testing work formerly carried on by the United States Geological Survey, has made extended tests to determine the conditions necessary for the smokeless combustion of bituminous coal in boiler furnaces. Bulletin 39,¢ a preliminary report, treats the smoke problem from a theoretical point of view, detailing the steps that are being taken by municipalities, manufacturers, and citizens to abate smoke, also showing the possibility of a clean city. The present bulletin not only shows that bituminous coals high in volatile matter can be burned without smoke, but also that large plants carrying loads that fluctuate widely, where boilers over banked fires must be put into service quickly and fires forced to the capacity of their units, can be operated without producing smoke that is objectionable. Proper equipment, efficient labor, and intelligent supervision are the necessary factors.

Jan 1, 1918

By J. E. Dutrizac, J. B. O'Reilly

"Zinc is a relatively abundant element which occurs as both high-grade sulphide ores {sphalerite ZnS) and oxide ores which the ancients collectively termed ""calamine"" (smithsonite ZnC03 and/ or hemimorphite Zn4Si201(0H)2 - H20 and/ or hydrozincite Zn5(C03) 2(0H)6). Although oxidic zinc is readily reduced by carbon, the process becomes thermodynamically viable only at - 1000°C, and at this temperature the zinc is released as a vapour (B.P. 907°C). Casual cooling of the vapour results in its re-oxidation by excess combustion air or even the carbon monoxide product of the reduction reaction. ZnO + C = C09,, + Zn vapom Only fairly rapid quenching of the zinc vapour and the isolation of the reduction products from the combustion gases will yield metallic zinc; these conditions were not produced deliberately until the advent of distillation technology. Until quite recently, the principal use of zinc was in brass manufacture; galvanized iron was not discovered until the 19th century and zinc casting alloys are a relatively recent invention. As will be seen, brass could be produced without recourse to a pure zinc intermediary, and the discovery of brass preceded that of zinc by many centuries. The purpose of this paper is to outline the discovery and early development of both zinc and brass with special reference to the European scene."

Jan 1, 1999

The accompanying supply/demand flow diagrams and 10-year tables for mineral and fuel commodities present essential data required by government, industry, and others to formulate policies and programs that can help assure an adequate and continuing supply of mineral raw materials. The 10-year data base terminates with 1975 figures because adequate world information was not available beyond that date. The selected mineral supply/demand tables and flow diagrams comprise but one "output" from the massive body of information and data collected and compiled by the Bureau of Mines on a continuing basis covering mineral production, consumption, prices, shipments, imports, exports, and stocks, as well as industry activities in all States and abroad.

Jan 1, 2012

By F. Mielli

Camera systems and video surveillance are usually associated with people and asset protection. However, they can be applied in a mine environment beyond conventional surveillance: For process monitoring, collision avoidance, sizing, flotation cells, conveying systems, blasting, objects and people tracking, thermal profile, and to automatically identify equipment that is missing parts,. Image and video solutions can be driven by better integration of powerful video analytics and cameras systems in automation tools such as process controllers and supervision systems.

Feb 27, 2013

By S. L. Windes

This report presents a tabulation of the physical and petrographic properties of Over 100 rock types from operating mines or mineral-investigation projects. The physical properties include the following: Apparent specific gravity Apparent porosity Compressive strength Flexural strength, (modulus of, rupture) Impact toughness Abrasive hardness Scleroscope hardness Modulus of elasticity (Young&apos;s modulus) Modulus of rigidity Specific damping capacity Longitudinal bar velocity

Jan 1, 1949

In 1970, the U. S. Bureau of Mines contracted with Theodore Barry and Associates, a management consulting firm, to perform a one-year industrial engineering study of working-face hazards in underground bituminous coal mines. The field data was accumulated from industrial engineering observations in fifty underground mines. Supporting data for the analysis was derived primarily from the Bureau&apos;s fatal accident reports for the years 1966 through 1970. This report, Industrial Engineering Study of Hazards Associated with Underground Coal Mine Production, consists of three main parts: 1) The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis, 2) The Industrial Engineering Analysis, and 3) Multiflow Process Charts and Standard Time Data. The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis (Volume I, Section II) is based upon individual USBM fatal accident reports for 1966-1970. These were read, coded and computerized in terms of 84 significant variables. Cross-tabulations of these variables have been used to identify major underground hazards and to quantify significant causal factors. A very strong relationship was found to exist between fatal accident occurrences and low task experience. This led to a recommendation for formalized training, certification and supervision programs for miners. Victim compliance with federal regulations, mine regulations and supervisor instructions was analyzed, indicating that supervisors provide the most crucial communication link to workers. Thus, every attempt should be made to ensure the competence of immediate supervisors in the industry. Analysis of roof fall variables revealed a fatal propensity on the part of the miners to work under unsupported roof or under support conditions that are marginal. The technical approach to the problem is to make it physically impossible for a miner to work under these conditions; the behavioral approach is to ensure adequate training and develop proper safety attitudes among the miners. The Fatal Accident Reports Analysis revealed a need for normalizing data to interpret the results more accurately.

Jan 1, 1971

By ERNEST F. . SURCEIARD

work have been published from time to time by the Survey.&apos; A detailed report on the Birmingham district, with maps, has been completed, and will be published within the next year." In the following paper it is aimed to present only an outline of the geologic relations of the ores, since the Appalachian geology of Alabama has been discussed by many previous writers, but to describe rather fully the ore of the Birmingham district, and to discuss its relations and probable extent. IT. OUTLINE OF THE GEOLOGY. 1. Stratigraphy. The pre-Pennsylvanians rocks exposed in and along the borders of the valley-regions of Alabama, range from middle Cambrian to Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous), and at the SW. extremities of the valleys these rocks are overlain by coastal-plain deposits of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. A generalized section of the pre-Pennsylvanian Paleozoic rocks for the valley-regions is given in Table I. TABLE I.-Section of Pre-Pennsylvanian Paleozoic Rocks in Valley-Regions of Alabama. System. Formation and character. Thickness. Ft. Shale and sandstone 300 to 2,200 Carboniferous (Mississippian- Limestone and shale 300 to 800) I Sandstone and shale 50 to 200 1 Fort Payne chert and limestone 100 to 300 Devonian Chattanooga shale 0 to 30 Silurian Clinton (" Rockwood ") shale, sand¬ stone, and iron-ore 200 to 700 Ordovician Chickamauga ("Trenton") limestone.. 200 to 800 Cambro-Ordovician Knox dolomite and chert 1 2,200 to 2,700 basal dolomite 500 to 600 Cambrian Conasauga shale and limestone 1,000" to 1,500 - I a Base not. exposed.

Nov 1, 1908

By Hal M. Lewers

IN the past few years and especially since the beginning of World War No. 2, gold has attained a new, important. and critical place in the international scene, and in world affairs. In the past, as far back as history records, most wars have been waged for the purpose of acquiring it from someone else by conquest. But now, the most titanic struggle of all time is being waged with the avowed purpose of not only destroying it, but of destroying all that it stands for and represents. A tradition dating back to ancient Rome, affirms that battles are fought by men with weapons, but wars arc eventually won by gold. The validity of that tradition is now being subjected to its major test. Hitler has proclaimed that in his new world order, the work dollar or reichsmark, a beautifully engraved paper currency representing only a theory of value, based on unit of work and production, will become the supreme medium of world exchange, and that gold eventually will he valueless and obsolete.

Jan 1, 1942

By A. J. Williams, R. B. Corbett

"INTRODUCTION This investigation was undertaken to obtain information concerning the effects of boron in steel and its method of addition, so that boron, which is readily obtainable domestically, may be used to relieve the great demand for those scarce, strategic, alloying elements that hitherto have been considered necessary for the successful manufacture of quality steel.Previous Work Guillet 4/ seems to have been the first to predict that boron-bearing steel might have a possible industrial use when, in 1907, he published results of an investigation into the properties of steel containing 0.21 to 1.51 percent boron.Possibly Walter 2/ was the first to appreciate the fact that extremely small percentages of boron are effective in improving the properties of a steel. His patent, issued in 1924 claimed steels containing boron within the limits of 0.001 to 0.100 percent; furthermore, the specifications disclosed that boron increased the hardenability of steel and refined its grain structure. In 1937, Naton and Piwowarsky 6/ otherwise observed that boron increased the hardenablity of steel."

Jun 1, 1945

By M. J. H. Ruscoe

"The circulation wear rates of pure nickel, cupronickel and nickel-plated-steel coins were measured and found to be in the ratio 1:3:1 . The relative wear rates of nickel and cupronickel coins were similar to those reported in earlier studies, and the circulation wear data for nickel were used as a reference in laboratory wear tests. A correlation between circulation wear rates and laboratory wear rates formed the basis for a prediction of service life using relief legibility as an &apos;end of life&apos; criterion. This criterion was determined to be an average surface thickness loss of 12 um. The surf aces of nickel and Nickel-Banded-Steel (N-B-STM) coins were observed to harden both in circulation and in the laboratory tests at a rate of approximately I VHN/year of actual or simulated service life. It was also observed that the laboratory wear rate of N-B -S coins increased as nickel cladding thickness increased and this effect was attributed to differences in surface hardness.Wear test results are also reported for the new Canadian dollar coin material which shows a better wear resistance than pure nickel. IntroductionThe subject of coinage wear has a long history, and a number of studies have been published, concerned both with the measurement of circulation wear rates and with accelerated laboratory tests to simulate the behaviour of coinage materials in service. As early as 1803, wear tests were conducted by Hatchett on gold coinage using various types of vibratory and tumbling machines». These tests were commissioned by King George III of England who was concerned about the wear of gold coins in circulation.Early in this century, Adrian performed laboratory tests that showed that the wear rates of cupronickel 75/25 and nickel coins were in the ratio 3:1 and this ratio was later confirmed in laboratory tests reported by Daeppen and Zurrerw, The latter authors also weighed cupronickel and nickel coins that had been in circulation for various times and observed the same 3: I ratio. There was further support from Tylczak and Blickensderfer who reported significantly higher abrasive wear rates for cupronickel compared to nickel, when rubbed against sand paper."

Jan 1, 1988