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By Y. Nakahiro

The removal of heavy metal compounds from a synthesized waste cyanide solution is achievable by a precipitation-flotation method. However, the differential separation of constituting metals by this method was thought to be very difficult. The present author found that addition of ferrous salt to the synthesized waste cyanide solution of cadmium and copper can modify the separation characteristics of these metals. In this paper, the separation of cadmium from copper in the synthesized waste cyanide water by the precipitation-flotation method is discussed. This differential flotation uses ferrous salt as a precipitant and sodium oleate as a collector. Based on a series of fundamental flotation tests, actual differential flotation tests were made. The separation of cadmium from copper in the synthesized waste cyanide water was found to be satisfactory. This method can be effective for the removal of difficult-to- separate colloidal precipitates from liquids by the sedimentation method, provided the applicability of this method to the separation of the other metals is promising. This consists of the intensive studies which have been conducted at author's laboratory.

Jan 1, 1980

By E. D. Peters

The Sudbury ore-deposits possess a peculiar interest for a variety of reasons. In the first place, they are deep within the borders of the Huronian rocks, and are consequently amongst the oldest deposits that we know of, unless, indeed, the ores were deposited at a much later period than the country rock. Again, they carry nickel in unusual proportions, and lastly, they are unique in containing a small amount of platinum, although arsenic is not present. I shall not pretend to go into the geology of this region. The Huronian and Laurentian rocks are familiar to all American geologists, and these present only the usual series of gneiss, graywacke, quartzites, greenstones, clay-slates, etc., characteristic of this gigantic system of rocks, which has excited so much discussion of late years. As in all parts of Canada where it occurs, I believe, the rocks of this system are tilted to such an extraordinary degree that it may be said that the whole country is standing on edge at an angle of something like 70°. The general strike of these rocks is southwest

Jan 1, 1890

By D. Krammer, E. S. Machlin

The effect of a brior high-temperature creep strain on the low-temperature ductility of commercially pure nickel has been evaluated. The low-temperature (-196°C) ductility decreases linearly with an increase in prior high-temperature (920°C) creep strain. The effect is experimentally correlated to the formation of inter crystalline cracks and voids during the prior high-temperature creep strain. The magnitude of the effect is also believed to be a function of the notch sensitivity of the material. SEVERAL mechanisms have been presented to explain the process of inter crystalline cracking in metals undergoing high-temperature creep. zenerl has suggested that grain boundary relaxation of shear stresses could build up high stresses at ob- stacles to grain boundary shear and thereby nucleate a crack. Chang and rant' have experimentally demonstrated that cracks do form at obstacles to grain boundary shear such as lines where three grains meet. The role of vacancies in the mechanism of high-temperature inter crystalline cracking has been explored by Machlt with the conclusion that the nu-cleation of voids by vacancy condensation is almost

Jan 1, 1960

By M. D. Cooper

LUCIEN EATON, Ishpeming, Mich.-It is not the custom in the Lake Superior region, as far as I know, to employ shot-firers. Each man, or pair of men (most of the contracts are given to two men) do their own firing; each contractor keeps his powder separately. The general custom is to distribute powder (dynamite only is used) to the mines 2 days a week. The boxes, marked with the contract number and the level, are taken underground and the men take them to their working places. They are kept in boxes, which must not be nearer together than 50 ft. and are usually away from the timber roads or traveling roads. When holes have been drilled, one man usually takes down the machine, and the other man makes up the charge. He cuts the fuse, puts in the caps, etc., at a distance from the powder box. He then carries the powder charges to the working place where both men charge the hole. They do their own firing and warn others coming from any direction that the holes are being fired.

Jan 4, 1917

By Y. Fukunaka, Y. Kondo, Z. Asaki, S. Nakashita

The pyrite smelting process in which about half amount of sulfur is recovered from pyrite by thermal decomposition in an oxygen-free high-temperature combustion gas flow in the flash smelting furnace is being conducted at Kokkola Works in Finland. A mathematical model of this process was developed, and the rates of thermal decomposition and fusion of suspended sulfide particles in the reaction shaft of furnace was calculated. This model is thought to be appropriate because of a fairly good coincidence of the calculated length of reaction zone with the shaft height of the furnace at Kokkola Works. The calculated reaction zone in which the thermal decomposition and fusion of sulfide particles occur becomes longer when pyrite particles of larger sizes are fed. The feeding rate of pyrite particles and the gas velocity at the nozzle exit are also the important operating factors. These two factors are closely related to the volume fraction and the residence time of suspended particles in the gas stream, and the optimal combined levels of these factors at which the length of reaction zone becomes minimal were obtained.

Jan 1, 1976

By T. M. Berry

FOR the past several years it has been growing practice to install circular shafts at deep mining operations. Several factors have brought this about. Throughout eastern and midwestern coal fields circular shafts have been conventional for many years. Where large bodies of coal are mined, a production shaft may have a life of 20 to 30 years. Quantity production is essential; therefore the shaft must have a large cross-sectional area for larger skips and cages. Mechanical mining has become a necessity if a company is to stay in business today. Continuous mining machines and cutting, loading, and hauling equipment must be taken in and out of the mines. If the access shaft is not large enough there will be expensive dismantling and assembling. This has become a problem at many operations, particularly in the western sections where ore was originally mucked by hand into small cars and hoisted by a skip through a narrow rectangular shaft having small compartments. Mechanical loaders must be dismantled to wheelbarrow size to go into these mines.

Jan 7, 1957

The classification here used is one of convenience only; it is not intended to include all known types of ore deposits. The characteristic features of the several well-marked types of primary mineralizations are described without reference to the ultimate source of their metals. The minerals of many deposits of obscure origin were probably introduced through fissures that are now healed, or are due to the migration of metals from such deposits. [ ] It is not within the scope of this book to enter into a general discussion of the genesis of ore deposits but, in view of the progress being made in our comprehension of the conditions under which ore deposits were formed, mention should be made of recent work. J. E. Spurr's two volumes, "The Ore Magmas," are recommended as crystallizing the views of those who are inclined to ascribe the origin of most ore deposits to a differential precipitation from magmatic rock masses and to the migration and precipitation of the viscous, liquid or gaseous exhalations from those masses. He has especially emphasized the role

Jan 1, 1932

By David E. Fogelson, James J. Olson

Rock mechanics as a guide to a safe underground operation is gaining importance as more is under- stood of rock behavior under stress and of the competency of rock after blasting. The U. S. Bureau of Mines' Twin Cities Mining Research Center and White Pine Copper Co. personnel undertook a joint research program recently to define how the rock adjacent to a newly opened underground working could be left as undisturbed as possible. The goal was to leave a competent structure which would tend to limit rock falls and thus decrease the incidence of fatalities from this greatest of all underground hazards. High-amplitude stress waves and borehole gases create a crushed zone in the rock, the thickness of which is about equal to the borehole radius. Beyond the crushed zone, additional structural damage occurs to the rock from the microstructural level up to visible fractures that may extend several feet. This type of rock damage near the final excavation lines reduces rock strength and increases the possibility of failure of the openings from subsequent vibrations or stresses.

Jan 9, 1969

Los Angeles may well be host to one of the most historic gatherings of AIME members Feb. 16 to 19, 1953, when the 175th General Meeting is scheduled to take place. Plans in the formulative stage indicate that the meeting will be one of the largest ever held by AIME. Headquarters will be the Hotel Statler, now nearing completion of construction. The hotel will be one of the most modern hostelries of the century. The first technical session, of which there will be more than 75, will take place Monday, February 16. Mineral Industries Education Div. and the Board of Directors meet Sunday, February 15. Sessions will end with a meeting of the Council of Section Delegates on Thursday. Deadline for papers that may be preprinted for presentation at the meeting is Sept. 15, 1952. However, division program committees may list papers for presentation after that date if they choose. Various committees are engaged in formulating final plans for the meeting. Developments will be announced as progress is made.

Jan 1, 1952

By J. C. Smock

The primitive mode of mining clay by open workings, in which the overlying beds of earth (commonly termed the " bearing ") were removed, and the clay then dug out by sinking shallow pits, is still the prevalent and almost universal mode of extraction. This is particularly true of our cretaceous and tertiary clays, which are generally earthy in character, and but slightly covered by drift and alluvium. The most accessible beds in many of our clay districts have been worked out, and clay miners are compelled to search for new outcrops, or to remove thicker beds of top dirt or bearing. Under this stimulus subterranean working, or mining proper, has been suggested. A brief notice of this new mode, as employed by Mr. Otto Ernst, near the head of Chesquake's Creek, three miles south of South Amboy, New Jersey, is here presented for your consideration. Previous to mining, the old mode of extraction, digging pits, was found to be too expensive, in' consequence of the heavy amount of top dirt and the excessively large amount of water in these overly

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through, correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining, maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 2, 1919

By J. C. Smock

THE primitive mode of mining clay by open workings, in which the overlying beds of earth (commonly termed the "bearing") were removed, and the clay then dug out by sinking shallow pits, is still the prevalent and almost universal mode of extraction. This is particularly true of our cretaceous and tertiary clays, which are generally earthy in character, and but slightly covered by drift and alluvium. The most accessible beds in many of our clay districts have been worked out, and clay miners are compelled to search for new outcrops, or to remove thicker beds of top dirt or bearing. Under this stimulus subterranean working, or mining proper, has been suggested. A brief notice of this new mode, as employed by Mr. Otto Ernst, near the head of Chesquake's Creek, three miles south of South Amboy, New Jersey, is here presented for your consideration. Previous to mining, the old mode of extraction, digging pits, was found to be too expensive, in' consequence of the heavy amount of top dirt and the excessively large amount of water in these overly-

Jan 1, 1875

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 10, 1918

The library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A. M. to 10 P. M. except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90, 000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly and in more usable shape.

Jan 7, 1918

The Library of the above-named Societies is open from 9 A.M. to 10 P.M., except on holidays. It contains about 70,000 volumes and 90,000 pamphlets, including sets of technical periodicals and publications of scientific and technical societies. Members of the Institute, with few exceptions, are forced to spend a portion of their time in localities isolated from sources of information. To these the Library, through its, Library Service Bureau, can render valuable service through correspondence; letters requesting information will receive especial attention. The Library is prepared to furnish references and photographic copies of articles on mining and metallurgical subjects; to determine the existence of mining maps, and to furnish general information on the geology and mineral resources of all countries. All communications should be made as definite as possible so that the information received may be what is desired and not include collateral matter which may not be of interest. The time spent in searching for such collateral matter will be saved, and the information will be sent more promptly anti in more usable shape.

Jan 1, 1918

By S. C. Termes, R. L. Wilfong

As part of an effort to provide basic data on the fundamental scientific and engineering principles of minerals beneficiation, the Bureau of Mines is conducting research on the flocculation of mineral fines. This paper presents results of studies using cross-linked starches containing carboxyl, diethanolamine, iminodiacetic acid, and xanthate groups to flocculate hematite, goethite, chromite, manganite, pyrolusite, cuprite, and cassiterite fines. The carboxyl and xanthate derivatives flocculated all minerals except cassiterite; the latter was flocculated by only the diethanolamine derivative. The imlnodiacetic acid derivative flocculated hematite, goethite, chromite, cuprite, and pyrolusite fines. Zeta potential measurements were made to help define the reaction mechanism responsible for flocculation. These measurements indicate that electrostatic attraction probably is not involved, except possibly in the case of the diethanolamine derivative. The separation of hematite from quartz by selective flocculation with chelating crosslinked starches under two pH conditions and with two dispersing agents is described. Best recoveries and grades were found when either the carboxyl or xanthate derivatives was added at the natural pH of the pulp in the absence of a dispersing agent.

Jan 1, 1984

Expect Labrador Iron Ore Shipments by 1954 Iron ore shipments from the Quebec-Labrador area are a "definite expectation" by late summer, 1954, according to William H. Durrell, general manager of the Iron Ore Company of Canada. About $120 million have been invested in the project, with a total of $200 million expected to be reached before a ton of ore is shipped, Mr. Durrell said. According to the general manager approximately 418 million tons of open pit highgrade ore have been proven in the project. Deposits lie several hundred miles north of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River in territory which was without transportation of any kind. Construction of a railroad from Seven Islands to Knob Lake, about 360 miles, is an important part of the development plan. The railroad will be the first to adopt complete roller bearing applications. Construction is on schedule with 215 miles of the route graded. Completion involves two tunnels through rock, one of almost half mile length, a 700-ft bridge and several smaller spans.

Jan 3, 1953

By William Hutton Blauvelt

An official of one of the prominent iron companies of the South recently made the following statement during a discussion of the present conditions of the Southern iron business: " The trouble with us in the South has been that we have been satisfied to buy iron and coal lands, build blast-furnaces, and make pig-iron. We stopped at pig-iron, and as a result we are all poor. The South needs diversified industries, and needs to work up its raw products into articles the Southern market can use. If we had realized this sooner, some of us might now be rich." The South is awakening to this view, and in the Birmingham district alone one basic steel-mill is already in operation, and in a year's time another and much larger one will be turning out rails and shapes, with rod- and wire-mills in prospect. It is to chronicle another metallurgical step forward in the same district that I have prepared the following description of the new by-product retort coke-oven plant recently put in opera-

Jan 1, 1899

By Sir John Cadman

IN THE changed circumstances which now confront the world, an international open-door policy is the only way to keep pace with the world's demand for oil. You may rest assured that as far as the British Empire is concerned, American capital for the develop-ment of oil resources is welcome, and little obstruction will be found in the way to permit the use of foreign capital in the group of countries which constitute the British Empire. In the war days we worked in close cooperation and harmony, but in disbandment of the Petroleum War Service Committee, when the war ended, I feel that it left its task unfinished. In the wake of war there appeared a ghost of war-time conditions in the form of belief that Great Britain was straining to corner the petroleum resources of the world. I am certain that if the war-service committee had continued its work in the period of reconstruction the real story would be known and this sinister ghost would have long since vanished before the truth.

Jan 2, 1922

By M. R. Geer Olds, H. F. Yancey

.I. S. Huckaba (Western Machinery Co., Spokane, Wash.)—It has been my pleasure and privilege to be able to follow this work with the H.M.S. pilot plant very closely. This has been a very thorough and painstaking piece of work and will be of great value to the dense-media operators and manufacturers. Unfortunately time was not available to make an accurate comparison between this pilot plant and the commercial plant at Bellingham Coal Mines, both plants having Wemco drum separators. Briefly I would like to point out what I consider the most interesting finding of this work. Capacity: Very good results were obtained at a feed mte of 5.2 tons per hr in a 30-in diam by 24-in. long drum separator. The maximum capacity of this drum is not known but it is something over 5.2 tons per hr for the available area of 2.08 sq ft. Medium Preparation: The importance of proper medium preparation is well demonstrated. A "tailored" or

Jan 1, 1954