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By R. G. Jones, W. L. Kinney, R. E. Schilson, R. S. Wilson, G. A. Clark, H. Suralo

This paper discusses the results of the Fry conventional or cocurrent in situ combustion test, which was conduct-ed in a 3.3-acre inverted five-spot. The depth of the formation was between 880 and 936 ft; the oil had a specific gravity of 28.6° APl and a viscosity of about 40 cp at the reservoir temperature of 65°F. Preceding the combustion test, air injection tests were conducted which, in conjunction with geological studies, were used to evaluate the characteristics of the reservoir. Combustion was initiated on Oct. 13, 1961, with ignition being accomplished by a 40 kw electrical heater. The test phase of the project ended on Oct. 1, 1963. During the test, the average air injection rate was 1,520.-000 scf/D. Throughout the test, production of all fluids— gas, oil, and water—was monitored. Cumulative oil production credited to the project was 100,586 bbl. The cumulative air-oil ratio was 11,500 scf/bbl oil, and the oxygen uti1ization efficiency was 87 per cent. INTRODUCTION The Marathon Oil Co. conducted a successful in situ combustion test, beginning Aug. 22, 1961, at the Fry unit, Crawford County, 111. The purpose of the project was to test the feasibility of cocurrent in situ combustion as a means of oil recovery in the Fry type reservoir. Interest in in situ combulstion as an oil recovery tool has been stimulated mostly by the existence of large reserves of heavy viscous crudes with low expected recovery, usually less than 10 per cent. These are the so-called unrecoverable reserves, and most combustion tests to date have been conducted in this type of reservoir.1-4 In contrast, the Fry combustion test was conducted in a reservoir with a relatively high gravity oil having a relatively low viscosity. This paper discusses the performance of the test. The geology of the reservoir and the field operations are discussed in separate papers.5 TEST SITE The Fry combustion test was carried out in a 3.3-acre inverted five-spot portion of a lenticular body of Robinson sandstone. Net sand was 50 ft thick, porosity averaged 19.7 per cent, oil saturation was 68 per cent of pore volume, and water saturation was 20 per cent of pore volume. The oil in place was estimated at 1,040 bbl/acre-foot, or 171,600 bbl within the 3.3-acre pattern. The water in place was 326 bbl/acre-foot, or 53,800 bbl. The oil has a specific gravity of 28.7° API and a viscosity of 40 cp at the reservoir temperature of 65°F. AIR INJECTION PERFORMANCE Air injection took place in two phases, the phases separated by ignition of the reservoir. In the pre-ignition phase, air injection tests were conducted in the summers of 1960 and 1961. These indicated that the Fry reservoir was confined, and a high return rate of injected air could be expected. This proved to be an outstanding characteristic of the project, as cumulative gas production was 95.3 per cent of the air injected. The difference between the cumulative air injected and the total gas produced can be largely accounted for by the quantity of air stored in the reservoir. An estimated 16 X 10 cf of air remained in the burned-out portion of the reservoir and an indeterminate amount of gas was stored in the unburned but pressurized reservoir. Hence, a complete material balance of gases would account for nearly 100 per cent of the air injected. At times during the test, the daily gas production rate was 98 per cent of the daily air injection rate. Fig. 1 presents the air injection history of the Fry com-

Jan 1, 1966

By R. M. Goldhoff, H. J. Beattie

The high-temperature properties of a 1 Cr-Mo-V forging steel are described. A series of controlled heat treatments was designed to delineate the effects of austenitizing and tempering treatments, temile strength, and grain size on such properties. Studies indicate that the mechanical properties and their varlations under creep can be described by the initial metallurgical structures and their changes droPirzg exposure, particulavly the carbide reactions. Such structures are described and correlated with the mechanical properties. FOR many years the large steam turbine industry has relied on the 1 Cr-Mo-V type forging steel for critical applications. Because of its adequate heat resistance and relative economy, it is currently in use in the temperature range up to about 1050" to 1075°F. Attempts to understand the large property variations attainable in this steel involve the structural modifications due to the wide latitude in its heat treatment. The heat treatment essentially involves a two-step process which includes solution-ing of carbides in the austenite range followed by a suitable tempering treatment below the critical to adjust the level of properties. The latter step is referred to as "secondary hardening" and is basically an ordinary aging reaction involving carbides. In the commercial heat treatment of large components of such steel, homogenizing and stress-relief anneals may be included and have some importance in determining subsequent properties. Several studies of the engineering properties of this steel as a function of transformation micro-structure have been reported.1 3 However, in this steel the carbide reactions, which are a function of composition and heat treatment, appear to be the property-controlling factor rather than the micro-structure defined as a transformation product. Thus, the tempering resistance of this type of alloy steel is mainly a function of the size and distribution of alloy carbides.4 However, it is also necessary to consider the stability of the microstructure and the effect of dynamic carbide reactions on subsequent properties. It is the purpose of this paper to show the interdependence of properties and corresponding structures, particularly carbide reactions, developed for a limited set of controlled heat-treatment conditions applied to 1 Cr-Mo-V steel. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE The material for this work came from a large production forging whose chemical composition is shown in Table I. The property data accumulated on this steel as a function of heat treatment were room-temperature tensile and smooth- and notch-bar creep rupture at 1050°F (notch geometry: shank diameter = 0.357 in., depth = 50 pct, radius = 0.005 in.). To achieve controlled structural variations the temperature and time of both austenitizing and tempering were varied in a manner to produce a series of eight steels each at one of two grain sizes and one of two hardness levels in proper combination for valid comparisons. This will be clear upon examination of Table I. Structural studies involved the use of optical and electron microscopy as well as X-ray and selected-area electron diffraction. To reveal the nature of carbide precipitations, electrolytic extraction techniques were used with subsequent analysis of the residue by X-ray diffraction. Weight losses of the steel specimens during electrolysis were measured and successive chemical fractionations of the residues were applied and checked by X-ray examination. The details of fine structural distributions, morphologies, and crystallography of the precipitates as well as dislocation distributions were investigated by examining in the electron microscope three common types of preparation. a) Relief Replicas. Mechanically polished sections were etched in 2 pct nital, replicated with a nitrocellulose film, which was shadowed by chromium vapor deposited at a glancing angle of 20 deg. b) Extraction Replicas. A thin film of carbon was vapor-deposited on the polished and etched surface. The carbon films were then etched off and gathered on electron-microscope supporting grids. The carbides left imbedded in the carbon replica in their original distribution were then examined crystallo-graphically by selected-area electron diffraction. c) Thin Films. Specimens were mechanically ground and polished down to a thickness of 0.001 to 0.003 in. Final thinning was done electrolytically in a "chrome-acetic" electrolyte. When holes began to appear in the foil, the voltage was interrupted and applied in several 1-sec bursts. Sections of the foil between holes were thin enough to pass a 100-kv electron beam that carries an image.

Jan 1, 1965

By E. H. Tenney

A discussion of the probable future use of coal for power development involves the study of several basic factors, such as future demand for power, the quantity and availability of fuels in direct competition with coal, the price of coal, and a closely related factor—the efficiency and cost of fuel utilization. Predictions based on purely statistical analyses of past coal consumption have definite limitations. For example, statistics showing the relation between coal utilization and total energy consumption from all sources between the years 1890 to 1930 indicate that during that period the energy consumption per person in the United States increased five times, while the coal consumption per person increased only twice1, and there has been an actual decrease in per capita coal consumption since 1920. Figures such as these, compiled by authentic agencies, emphasize the need for caution in attempting estimates as to the future use of coal, and, incidentally, would seem to offer little basis for optimism in the coal industry. They also suggest the value of analyzing broadly the part played in the past by the related factors of power consumption, competitive fuels, coal prices and the efficiency of utilization. Proper weight must also be given in such a study to the present status and limitations of power-plant developments, arid to the question of what the coal industry itself can do to further its own interests arid influence the consumption of its product.

Jan 1, 1936

By E. H. Tenney

A discussion of the probable future use of coal for power development involves the study of several basic factors, such as future demand for power, the quantity and availability of fuels in direct competition with coal, the price of coal, and a closely related factor—the efficiency and cost of fuel utilization. Predictions based on purely statistical analyses of past coal consumption have definite limitations. For example, statistics showing the relation between coal utilization and total energy consumption from all sources between the years 1890 to 1930 indicate that during that period the energy consumption per person in the United States increased five times, while the coal consumption per person increased only twice1, and there has been an actual decrease in per capita coal consumption since 1920. Figures such as these, compiled by authentic agencies, emphasize the need for caution in attempting estimates as to the future use of coal, and, incidentally, would seem to offer little basis for optimism in the coal industry. They also suggest the value of analyzing broadly the part played in the past by the related factors of power consumption, competitive fuels, coal prices and the efficiency of utilization. Proper weight must also be given in such a study to the present status and limitations of power-plant developments, arid to the question of what the coal industry itself can do to further its own interests arid influence the consumption of its product.

Jan 1, 1936

By D. H. Bacon

Our Transactions contain so many suggestions of apparently trivial, yet really important, contrivances for the saving of time and

Jan 1, 1893

NEW MEMBERS. The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the month of September, 1913: Members. ANDERSON, ANDREW P., Min. Engr 908 Story Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. ANDROS, STEPHEN 0., Min. Engr University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. BECKETT, PERCY G., Min. Engr Globe, Ariz. BLAIR, THOMAS S., JR., Prest. Blair Engrg. Co 343 S. Dearborn St., Chicago, Ill. BOYLE, HARRY, Min. Engr S07 Lowman Bldg., Seattle, Wash. BRADEN, EUGENE B., Vice-Prest., Selby Smelting & Lead Co., Merchants Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. CHALMERS, JOHN W., Min. and Elec. Engr., Morro Velho, Villa Nova de Lima, Honorio Becalho Minas Geraes, Brazil, So. America.

Jan 10, 1913

Jan 1, 1920

Jan 1, 1900

By Fritz F. Prugger, Peter R. Jones

This paper considers some of the main aspects of underground mining in the flat, rich, but deep lying deposits of Saskatchewan. It briefly describes the pertinent geological features as they relate to mining and the practical de-stressing techniques used to allow productive extraction in the high stress environment present in many of the province’s mines. Mining layouts, materials handling, and the evolution of some of the world's largest mining equipment are examined.

Jan 1, 1983

Jan 1, 1923

Jan 1, 1929

By Thomas J. Crocker, Galen G. Waddell, Eugene H. Skinner

This paper describes a method of measuring initial and long-term deformations which occur in the medium surrounding mine accessways, and discusses the importance of this type of measurement in assessing support-problem areas. Delineated are (1) description of the rock-deformation monitoring equipment, (2) results of two field tests which monitored rock deformation around 4-foot-diameter raise bores, and (3) a numerical-analysis (finite-element) technique to correlate theoretical with experimental results. Instrumentation developed provided the sensitivity and resolution needed to measure rock deformation around a full-scale raise bore during excavation. Results of the tests conducted at the Lucky Friday mine, Mullan, Idaho, show the relationships between (a) de- formation vs. time, and (b) deformation vs. bit progress. Based on theoretical evaluation of the initial deformation, the medium appeared to behave elastically. Using an estimated field stress of 5,500 psi and Poisson's ratio of 0.20, the gross modulus of elasticity of the rock was calculated to range from 3.15 to 6.0 x 106 psi (with one outlier which was determined to be >12 x l06 psi).

Jan 1, 1971

By Ove Rehnberg

Catalytic purifiers are widely used as exhaust treatment devices on diesel equipment in confined spaces. The paper summarizes some studies carried out at the University of Lulea on diesel exhaust purifiers. The main purpose has been to elucidate important chemical activities of catalysts useful for the improvement of their effect. The effects of platinum catalysts on exhaust constituents such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, unburned gaseous hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are discussed. Also pointed out are the great differences in catalyst activity and advantages/disadvantages associated with the catalysts.

Jan 1, 1982

By J. S. Marsh

JOSEPH PRIESTLEY prepared oxygen on Aug. 1, 1774, and noted with great surprise "that a candle burned in this air with a remarkable brilliant flame." On Aug. 2, 1774, some ironmaker possibly began to wonder if this substance could be used to increase his rate of production; at any rate, there is no disputing the fact that the notion of using oxygen for steelmaking in concentrations greater than that available in great abundance-as air-has been in existence for years. Action was delayed by the lack of enough oxygen at a cost within reach of the steelmaker. Within the last several years enough has been available to permit large-scale tests of its use for both combustion, with which this paper is concerned, and for decarburization. The literature is now enormous and easily available; it is sufficient here to cite three items of historic- importance in that all are about 25 years old and in that all are remarkably consistent as far as they go, with what is known today.1,2,3 SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE HEAT The principal 'function of the open-hearth furnace is to supply sufficient, high-temperature heat to melt the charge and then to increase its temperature to a range suitable for tapping, ordinarily in the neighborhood of 2900°F. That heat is required to make steel everybody; however, there seems to be some confusion now and then about the significance of high-temperature heat. Transfer of energy-and heat is energy is always from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential and, other things being equal, the greater the potential difference, the greater is the rate of transfer of energy. In the open hearth the flame, of course, is the high-potential source. Perhaps the most satisfactory approach is through the notion of theoretical flame temperature; which is the ratio of heat input to the heat content of the combustion products,* the former is composed mainly of heat of combustion of the fuel plus sensible heat of the fuel plus sensible heat of the combustion air. Thus, flame temperature can be increased by increasing the value of the numerator, by decreasing the value of the denominator, or both. The first method is as old as the open-hearth process and, of course, makes use of preheated air; its possibilities have been by no means exhausted. The second method can be put into effect only by changing the composition of the combustion air, since the combustion of a given quantity of fuel produces a definite quantity of product, and since the denominator includes the non-reactive fraction of the air, principally nitrogen. In other words, the denominator consists of the volume of exit gas multiplied by its heat capacity and that volume consists of carbon l is understood by dioxide and water vapor as reaction

Jan 1, 1948

Jan 1, 1912

By R. M. Brick, R. G. Treuting

DESPITE the basic importance of slip in the plastic deformation of metals, and the considerable experimental investigation, thought, and speculation that have been devoted to the fundamental nature of these processes, surprisingly few data have been reported regarding the microscopic appear- [ ] ance and distribution of slip lines,[$] the external manifestation of the slip process. Photographs hitherto reproduced in the literature are in general at low or unspecified magnifications with no correlation to the prior shear. A single-crystal cylindrical tensile specimen of alpha brass about ½ in. in diameter, one of many previously prepared by H. L. Burghoff,1 was available for study. A plane about 3/16 in. wide, parallel to the specimen axis and normal to the plane containing the slip direction and the specimen axis, was ground and metallographically polished along the entire 5-in. gauge length. Heavy etching produced a surface free of both scratches and flow. The specimen was strained in tension until slip markings first became visible on the polished surface (Figs. I and 2). Restressing the crystal caused additional markings to appear at an initially lower [ ] stress than previously was required. Stretching the specimen to produce a dense concentration of slip lines caused such variations in level in the polished surface (normal to the slip direction) that microscopic study at higher magnifications became impossible. After annealing 15 hr. at 850°C., the specimen recrystallized to form two grains with a boundary approximately normal to the specimen axis and about midway along its length. Each was X-rayed, and two planes were again polished along the length of the specimen, in this case each parallel to the slip direction in one of the two crystals. A light longitudinal scratch parallel to the specimen axis was drawn down the center of each plane. A Huggenberger extensometer was attached to the crystal A, whose slip plane would have the higher resolved shear stress of the two, and the specimen was again strained in tension.

Jan 1, 1941

Mining headlines in 1952 dealt mainly with expansion as the industry aimed for an ever increasing production to meet the nation's needs. Huge sums were expended for equipment, research, and development. Headlines told part of the story. Negotiations between San Manuel Copper Co. and the RFC finally resolved in a $94 million loan for the development of low grade Arizona ores. Magma Copper, parent firm was to supply an additional 8 million. Kennecott Copper Co., deepening its Deep Ruth Shaft of its Ruth, Neyy mine, announced that the shaft would be in full production in 1953.

Jan 2, 1953

Jan 1, 1911

By Leland H. Johnson

THE Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co.'s ore mines began experimental tests with trackless mining units early in 1947. The units had many weaknesses to overcome, but are now well beyond the experimental stage and are becoming a necessity to ore seams that are amenable to this type of equipment. The development of this type of mining with the problems of increased underground supervision, maintenance, and training personnel, along with the benefits derived, are discussed.

Jan 12, 1950

By Nathaniel Arbiter

THE separation of minerals by flotation can be regarded as a rate process, with the extraction of any one mineral determined by its flotation rate, and the grade of concentrate by the relative rates for all the minerals. So regarded, the significant variables for the process are those that control the rates. These variables are of two types, the first describing the ore and its physical and chemical treatment prior to flotation and the second characterizing the separation process in the cells. This paper will examine the variation in rates for a group of separations, will show that a simple rate law appears to govern, and will consider the relation of the control variables to the rates. The use of rate constants for evaluation of performance and efficiency will be discussed.

Jan 9, 1951