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By H. A. Wahl, J. M. Campbell

This study extends our information on solid-liquid slurries to the flow of sand in horizontal fractures. Inasmuch as this is basically an unsteady-state process, a comprehensive photographic study was undertaken in a 10-ft windowed cell to determine if the basic flow regimes described for steady-state flow in pipes applied to the subject process. Since the number of potential variables far exceeds the capacity of a single study, emphasis has been placed on the effects of sand concentration, oil viscosity and oil flow rate. The extensive photographic evidence obtained has proven very valuable in gaining an insight into the basic flow mechanisms. Being able to follow visually the flow characteristics that accompany the quantitative data is valuable in the application of the results. Although the use of dimensionless parameters was carefully investigated. it was found that the data obtained could be more easily, and as accurately, correlated by judicious use of the dimensional variables investigated. However, a study into the feasibility of scaling slurry flow was made in the event this technique is justified in future investigations. The data presented show that the pressure behavior observed in solids transport in pipes basically applies to slurry flow in horizontal fractures. The roles of the parameters are altered but a basic equivalence exists. The most significant correlating parameter was the oil viscosity (µo) and the bulk velocity of the slurry (vn), expressed as ''µv" product. The most significant correlation expresses the rate of advance of the sand as a function of the variables investigated. There are many practical ramifications of this phase of the investigation that should aid in better treatment design. Evaluation of sand advance rates provides a means of estimating sand placement efficiencies during a treatment and the resulting sand distribution in the fracture. The results show that sand placement efficiencies are low under typical treatment conditions. A brief description of the effects of overflushing is also included. INTRODUCTION The flow of sand-oil slurries in fractures is an area in which little basic knowledge is available. This stems to some degree from the fact that it is impossible to duplicate fractures at the surface. They occur in various shapes and sizes with an infinite combination of irregularities. Unfortunately, we can never "see" these fractures except in cores and by indirect means of measurement. In spite of this inherent difficulty, it is desirable to develop some basic concepts that will provide a better understanding of the sand transport mechanism. An insight into the problem is provided by investigations of fluid flow in rectangular conduits. Several studies on the flow of liquids in non-circular conduits1,13 show that a Reynolds number-Fanning friction factor relationship can be written if the hydraulic diameter is substituted for the regular diameter in a circular pipe. This hydraulic, or equivalent, diameter is taken as four times the cross-sectional area occupied by the flowing fluid divided by the wetted perimeter. Eq. 1 expresses an extension of this same work when applied to infinite parallel planes b distance apart.' Eq. 1 is a theoretical equation expressing the friction factor as a function of the Reynolds number for laminar single-phase fluid flow. This expression has been verified experimentally. The equivalent expression for a smooth circular conduit differs only in that the value of the constant is 16 instead of 24. Numerous studies have related friction losses to Reynolds number in both circular and non-circular conduits. These results are widely used and are not reviewed here. Huitt' investigated the effect of surface roughness on fluid flow in simulated fractures. He concluded that fluid flow in fractures may be treated similarly to fluid flow in circular conduits. This work, together with that of Nikuradse,' shows that surface roughness has no appreciative effect upon the resistance to flow in the viscous flow region. In the region of turbulent flow, surface roughness is a prominent factor. Hydraulic conveyance literature is another important source of information. Durand3 has attempted to organize systematically the variables involved in hydraulic-solid transport in pipes. He has classified the modes of flow into three types according to the size of the particles in the mixture— homogeneous mixtures, intermediary mixtures and heterogeneous mixtures. With the usual concentrations and flow rates used in hydraulic transportation, particles with diameters of less than 20 or 30 microns form eszentially homogeneous mixtures with water. The data show, however, that even small materials will tend to settle out under laminar flow conditions. Mixtures containing solids over 50 microns in diameter do not achieve total homogeneity even under turbulent flow conditions. Particles from 50 microns to 0.2 mm in diameter may be transported in fully suspended flow at normal transport velocities although the concentration in the vertical plane is not uniform. Above 2 mm in diameter solid materials are transported along the bottom of the conduit at a velocity substantially less than that of the liquid itself. Between 0.2 and 2 mm in diameter, the particles tend to be in a transition zone between heterogeneous suspended flow and deposit flow at normal hydraulic transport velocities. The sand sizes used in fracturing usually fall in this size range. It is interesting to note that the grain size range designated by Durand for this transition zone corresponds closely to the transition zone between

By Frederick F. Frick

SPONGE iron as produced at Anaconda is a fine, -35 mesh, impure product, about 50 pct metallic iron, obtained from the reduction of iron calcine at a temperature of 1850°F by use of coke resulting from slack coal. The metallic iron particles are bulky and spongey and precipitate copper readily and rapidly from a copper sulphate solution. Investigation of the treatment of Greater Butte Project, Kelley, ore at Anaconda early showed the desirability of using sponge iron as a precipitant for the copper in solution resulting from desliming of the ore in a dilute sulphuric acid solution. Anaconda had done considerable work on the production of sponge iron in 1914 for use as a precipitant of copper from leach solutions. Some success and considerable experilence were attained at the time. indicating that, sponge iron might be successfully made by a modification of the process used in 1914, a batch process in which an iron calcine was reduced by means of soft coke, resulting from noncoking coal, in a Bruckner-type revolving horizontal cylindrical furnace widely used 50 years ago. The coke and calcide formed the bed in the Bruckner furnace, which was rotated at about 1 rpm. The bed was brought to a temperature of about 1800°F by means of an oil flame over the surface. Although results were reasonably satisfactory, they did not warrant full development of the process at that time. A good deal of work has been done in the last 50 years on the production of sponge iron. The objective in some cases has been the production of a precipitant for copper from solution, but the bulk of the work has been done for the production of open-hearth steel furnace stock. The production of an open-hearth stock presents two problems rather than one: first, producticon of the sponge iron, and second, what is perhaps of equal difficulty and importance, conversion of the sponge iron into a form suitable for use in the open-hearth furnace. So far as is known to the writer, none of the sponge iron processes tried in the past have proved to be economically feasible. However, Anaconda had a combination of conditions appearing to justify an attempt to produce sponge iron which would serve for the leach-precipitation-float process. It was thought that the process used in 1914, if changed to a continuous one, might work out satisfactorily. The following favorable conditions at Anaconda justified the investigation: 1—A sufficient tonnage of good grade iron calcine resulting from the roasting of a pyrite concentrate in one of the acid plants, at substantially no cost. 2—Reasonably cheap natural gas. 3-—The fact that there was no need for production of a high grade product. 4— The fact that there was no need for obtaining a consistently high reduction of' the iron in calcine. A small revolving Bruckner-type furnace about 2 ft ID by 4 ft long was set up for early pilot work at the research building. This pilot furnace showed that a satisfactory product could be obtained at reasonable cost. It also indicated a marked advantage in preceding the reduction furnace with a furnace of similar size and capacity for preheating and roasting out any residual sulphur from the feed. The small furnace was operated for several months, various details of the process were worked out. and sponge iron was produced to supply a pilot LPF plant which treated 300 lb of Kelley ore pel- hr. Later a second pilot furnace 5 ft in diam and 12 ft long inside was set up at our reverberatory furnace building. This furnace confirmed the data of the small furnace and gave a basis for design of the final plant. At Anaconda a pyrite concentrate, running about 48 pct S, is recovered from copper concentrator tailings by flotation. This concentrate is roasted to sulphur of 3 pct or less at the Chamber acid plant. The iron calcine contains about 57 pct Fe and 18 pct insoluble. The iron calcine feed, as mentioned before, is re-roasted and preheated in a reroast furnace preceding the reduction furnace. Both are of the Bruckner type. The reroasted calcine is fed into the reduction furnace at 800" to 1000°F along with 30 pct slack coal. In the feed end of the furnace the volatile is burned from the slack, giving a soft coke which readily serves for reduction of the iron. Hard metallurgical coke will not serve the purpose. since it does not reduce CO readily at a temperature of 1850°F. All indications are that the actual reduction of the iron is accomplished by carbon monoxide below the surface of the bed, which is 30 in. deep at its center. Apparently there is a constant interchange: Fe²O³ + 3CO = 2Fe - 3CO², CO² + C = 2CO Actually iron oxide is reduced by CO at somewhat lower temperature than the 1850 °F used in the process. but this temperature is necessary to obtain a satisfactory rate of furnace production. The furnace atmosphere is generally reducing, and typical blue carbon monoxide flames satisfactorily cover the bed. Gas flames from four 3-in. Denver Fire Clay Inspirator burners are played directly on the bed, which is slowly cascaded by the 1 rpm of the furnace. An excess of coke is necessary to assure maintenance of good reducing conditions in the furnace bed. Part of this coke is recovered for re-use.

Jan 1, 1954

By F. H. Rhines, A. H. Grobe

The constitution of the indium-zinc alloy series has been investigated by Wilson and Peretti,1 who determined the liquidus and eutectic temperatures by the conven-tional method of cooling curves and the eutectic composition by analyzing eutectic exudations. Recent developments affecting the availability of indium and consequent increased interest in its applications make a more complete knowledge of the constitu- tion of its alloys desirable. As a part of a program far the reexamination of the constitution of indium alloys by precision methods, the indium-zinc phase diagram (Figs. I and 2) has been redetermined in its entirety. The eutectic temperature (I43. 5°C.) reported by Wilson and Peretti has been confirmed exactly, but their value of the zinc concentration at the eutectic, 4 per cent, was found to be high; the new value is 2.8 per cent of zinc. There is also a rather large difference between the forms of the liquidus curves of Wilson and Peretti and those found in the present studies. The solidus curves herein have been located for the first time and the limits of solid solubility have been tenta-

Jan 1, 1944

By A. H. Grobe, F. H. Rhines

The constitution of the indium-zinc alloy series has been investigated by Wilson and Peretti,1 who determined the liquidus and eutectic temperatures by the conven-tional method of cooling curves and the eutectic composition by analyzing eutectic exudations. Recent developments affecting the availability of indium and consequent increased interest in its applications make a more complete knowledge of the constitu- tion of its alloys desirable. As a part of a program far the reexamination of the constitution of indium alloys by precision methods, the indium-zinc phase diagram (Figs. I and 2) has been redetermined in its entirety. The eutectic temperature (I43. 5°C.) reported by Wilson and Peretti has been confirmed exactly, but their value of the zinc concentration at the eutectic, 4 per cent, was found to be high; the new value is 2.8 per cent of zinc. There is also a rather large difference between the forms of the liquidus curves of Wilson and Peretti and those found in the present studies. The solidus curves herein have been located for the first time and the limits of solid solubility have been tenta-

Jan 1, 1944

By H. O. Hofman

The object of refining copper in the reverberatory furnace is to obtain a metal which will have the highest attainable degree of malleability, ductility and electric conductivity, and present at the same time a level surface when it solidifies in the mold after casting. These desirable physical properties are governed by the character of the impurities and the forms in which they are present, by the amount of cuprous oxide retained by the copper, by the quantity of gas held in solid solution, by the casting-temperature, and by the thickness of the casting. The effects of impurities, of cuprous oxide and of gases upon the mechanical properties of copper have been studied by Hampe1 in his classical paper " Colitributions to the Metallurgy of Copper." The most recent research into the effect of metals upon the electrical conductivity of copper is that of Addicks. 2 The influence of cuprous oxide upon the electrical conductivity has been investigated by Walker3 and Addick. 4 The absorption of gases has received attention by Hampe: Stah16 and Heyn 7 The effects of casting-temperature have been noted by Stahl.8

Jan 1, 1908

By R. B. Mears, E. H. Dix, R. H. Brown

In the Institute of Metals Division Lecture of 1940, E. H. Dix, J~.(I)~ discussed the acceleration of the rate of corrosion by high constant stresses. Experimental data obtained on this subject at the Aluminum Research Laboratories and a theory compatible with these facts were included in that lecture. The present paper contains data and ideas subsequently developed at the Aluminum Research Laboratories. Dix pointed out that in order for acceleration of corrosion by constant stress to occur: (1) There must exist in the alloy a susceptibility to selective corrosion along more or less continuous paths, as for in- stance at grain boundaries, and (2) There must exist a condition of high stress acting in a direction tending to pull the metal apart along these continuous paths. Acceleration of corrosion rate by stress is not confined to any one alloy system. Table I lists some of the metals and alloys and some of the corroding environments in which acceleration of corrosion by stress was sufficient to cause cracking (stress- corrosion cracking). It will be noted that the variety of alloys in which stress-corrosion cracking has occurred is rather large. Also, it will be observed that

Jan 1, 1945

By David R. Mitchell, R. B. Hewes

MANY processes for cleaning coal that are in use depend primarily on physical properties of coal and refuse other than specific gravity and surface conditions relating to froth flotation. These properties are' shape, coefficient of sliding friction, resilience, friability, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductivity. In many of these processes specific gravity does have some effect and many separators are designed to utilize more than one of the physical properties cited. Although the processes described herein do not have a widespread application, yet for specific coals and specific conditions, they are economically important. A problem confronting many coal-mining districts is the marketing of the slacks or screenings and dust passing the final sizing screens. Proc¬esses in commercial use installed primarily to increase the form value, and hence the market value, of these slacks and dusts include briquetting, packaging, and low-temperature carborization. MECHANICAL PICKERS Machines utilizing shape, frictional resistance, and differences in resilience of coal and impurities are usually called mechanical pickers. They require a closely sized feed, therefore their use is confined to the pea, nut, and egg sizes. Various types of these devices are described by Berrisford, 1. 2 Taggart, and Yeele.

Jan 1, 1943

By P. H. Fahlström

The Ebliden Company, originally entering the field of mining with the workings of the gold-copper-arsenic deposit at Ebliden, commenced zinc benificiation at Kristineberg in 1940 and lead mining at Laisvall in 1943. During the three last decades a number of mines has been developed for production, Today the Mining Division of BOLIDEN produces ore from 22 mines, operates 7 ore dressing plants and produces: [ ] Over two thirds of the lead contents are treated in the lead smelter of the company at Ri6nnskarsverken. The other part of it is sold abroad. The zinc content of the lead concentrates is recovered from the lead smelter at Ri6nnskarsverken. The zinc concentrates are shipped abroad to European smelters in Norway and Germany. Today BOLIDEN has its plants in the northern and the middle parts of Sweden. Figure 1. Straight lead ore, lead-zinc ores, lead-zinc-copper bearing ores and complex lead-zinc-copper and pyrite ores are treated in local and central plants with a capacity of 8.600 tpd. BOLIDEN also operates the low grade copper ore at Aitik at 7.000 tpd.

Jan 1, 1970

By C. F. Jr. Park

HOG MOUNTAIN is in the north central part of Tallapoosa County, Alabama, about 13 miles northeast from Alexander City. The Hog Mountain Mining and Milling Co. controls 1658 acres of land and is the only company operating in the district. The principal mine workings are in sections 10 and 15, T.24N., R.22E. The region has been visited by geologists many times, has been briefly described in several papers,1 and mentioned in many others. No detailed map of the mine or vicinity has been published. The field work for this report was started in March, 1934, as part of the Public Works reemployment program. About a month and a half was spent mapping both the surface and underground geology. The mine owners and operators have cooperated in every way possible to facilitate the work. N. 0. Johnson, the mine engineer, E. W. Ells-worth, J. E. McCoy and J. G. Englebert have acted as assistants for part of the work. The University of Alabama and the State Geologist's office have aided materially by permitting free use of their libraries and laboratory equipment.

Jan 1, 1935

By A. G. Willard

Quantification of size, shape and composition has been one of the more difficult areas for those concerned with fine particle processing of coal.' Image analysers fed by optical microscopes and by scanning electron microscopes possessing backscatter detectors and energy dispersive facilities now offer techniques to improve the speed and precision of previous methods. This paper discusses the methodology and procedural difficulties associated with the microanalysis of coal. Photographs show display quality on the image analyser monitor and the equipment mentioned. Data illustrating several of the procedures are included. The major portion of data for design and operation of plant for fine particle processing depends on information regarding size, shape and composition of granular material. The lower limits of particle sizes become more important as lower grade deposits are mined. Because of the trends towards treatment of finer materials, the use of image analysis offers advantages in time, effort and accuracy. As energy becomes more critical, the above applies especially to coal processing. The Zeiss Microvideomat 2, a leading member of the second generation instruments, is now available for image analysis. There is a precision television scanning system with monochrome camera, display, control panel and central processor (see Figure 1).

Jan 1, 1980

By A. H. Grobe, F. N. Rhines

THE constitution of the indium-zinc alloy series has been investigated by Wilson and Peretti,1 who determined the liquidus and eutectic temperatures by the conventional method of cooling curves and the eutectic composition by analyzing eutectic exudations. Recent developments affecting the availability of indium and consequent increased interest in its applications make a more complete knowledge of the constitution of its alloys desirable. As a part of a program for the reexamination of the constitution of indium alloys by precision methods, the indium-zinc phase diagram [ ] (Figs. I and 2) has been redetermined in its entirety. The eutectic temperature (143.5°C.) reported by Wilson and Peretti has been confirmed exactly, but their value of the zinc concentration at the eutectic, 4 per cent, was found to be high; the new value is 2.8 per cent of zinc. There is also a rather large difference between the forms of the liquidus curves of Wilson and Peretti and those found in the present studies. The solidus curves herein have been located for the first time and the limits of solid solubility have been tenta-

Jan 1, 1944

At a special inaugural ceremony in Blue Hill, Maine on August 3rd, Governor John H. Reed detonated the first blast to signify the beginning of development work on a new copper-zinc mining venture that seems destined to focus increased interest in the mineral potential of that State. The property which is the first new base metal mine to be discovered in the northern Appalachians in 30 years, is owned by Black Hawk Mining Co., a subsidiary of Denison Mines Ltd. of Toronto. When it goes on-stream in 1966, it will join Ducktown, Tenn., as the only active copper producing region, east of the Mississippi River. According to official reports submitted by the Company to Robert G. Doyle, Maine's State Geologist, Black Hawk has found ore reserves totalling 4.5 million tons. Assays show 2.8 million tons of 2.0'; copper and 0.4 oz. of silver per ton; 1.2 million tons of 16.75% zinc and 0.58% copper; and 0.5 million tons of 6.75% lead with 4.25 oz. of silver per toil and some zinc.

Jan 9, 1964

After months of negotiations, the U. S. has agreed to buy between 6000 and 7000 long tons of Bolivian tin now stockpiled at Peruvian and Chilean ports, at $1.175 per lb, f.o.b. South American Ports. Harry A. McDonald of the Reconstruction Finance Corp. signed the contract with Victor Andrade, Bolivian ambassador. The Mercantile Metals and Ore Corp., of New York City, acted as the agent of Bolivia's Banco Minero in negotiating the deal. The contract is a short term one. Throughout the talks, the U. S. refused to make a long term agreement because of the possibility that Bolivia will soon nationalize its mines. The Bolivians desired to sell the U. S. 18,000 tons during a one-year pact. The price agreed upon is roughly the same as with Malayan producers. In the meantime, American Smelting & Refining Co., signed over control of its operations to the Bolivian Government. The formal act of leasing the mines to the Bolivian Government follows the announcement last July by the company that it was closing operations because of high costs. Contract terms were not disclosed.

Jan 1, 1952

By F. P. Haver, M. M. Wong

When a mixture of chalcopyrite concentrate and lime is heated in air, the following reaction takes place: 2CuFeS2 + 4Ca (OH)2 + 8 ½ 02 ; 2Cu0 + Fe203 + 4CaS04 + 4H20. Ca (OH)2 is the only common reagent that will adequately control SO2 evolution in roasting. Other additives tried, including CaO, CaCO3, Na2CO3, NaOH, MgO, Mg (OH)2, and MgCO3, were not effective. All reacted with sulfur, but not to the extent that will be required to meet the new control regulations for sulfur oxide emissions. For example: when the concentrate was heated with the theoretical amount of limestone (CaCO3), about 55% of the sulfur was retained in the calcine; whereas use of the stoichiometric amount of Ca (OH), converted approximately 99% of the sulfur to CaSO1. In most of the experiments, Ca(OH)2 was formed by adding CaO to concentrates containing enough water to simulate filter cake from flotation circuit. This eliminated the need for drying the concentrate and utilized the heat of hydration of CaO.

Jan 6, 1972

By M. H. Brady, J. G. Roscoe

Continental No. 1 This mine in Lisbon Valley has an orebody about 1200 ft long and varying from 250 to 70 ft wide. Average width is about 100 ft and stope heights average about 9 ft. It was developed by a 350-ft, 11º inclined shaft for trackless haulage, although a hoist and track are installed for auxiliary hoisting. Mining has been done from horizontal open stopes with random pillar support, using a HD5 tractor for mucking and a 4-wheel drive Gettman shuttle car for tramming. Slushers have been used to some extent in thin ore zones. Back support for stopes and haulage ways has been accomplished by rock bolts and landing mat. The most interesting feature of this mine has been pillar extraction. Mining was done under contract during the first year of operations with little regard for an orderly plan of stope layout or regularity of openings. Most of this work was done in the largest area of the orebody; consequently, pillar recovery has been accomplished under conditions which are far from ideal. However, a workable system has been developed which is competitive, both in cost and production rate, with open stoping.

Jan 7, 1958

Dr. Oldshue has provided a useful summary of a voluminous subject and my task will be to select and direct attention to those areas of mixing theory and practice which are germane to mineral processing in general, and to fine particle treatment in particular. Pulp mixing in impeller actuated reactors occurs in mineral processing in several different applications: (1) emulsification of reagents; (2) mixing pulp with 'reagents as in conditioning for subsequent operations (such as flotation, flocculation or agglomeration) ; (3) high intensity agitation, as in (a) disintegrating and dispersing aggregates, and (b) aggregating particles as in shear flocculation or in selective agglomeration; (4) hydrometallurgy; (5) hydrometallurgy with gas phase (e.g., Arbiter process); . (6) flotation in sub-aeration machines. Attention is invited to 3 above in which two opposite effects can be induced by proper choice of chemical treatment and hydrodynamic conditions. Successful processes for treating mineral fines require excellent aggregate dispersion in order to fully accomplish the liberation stage. Some processes depend further upon selective aggregation following dispersion. The term “dispersion” is often used in different senses which for present purposes will be clarified at the bottom of the next page.

Jan 1, 1979

By S. K. Kawatra, R. A. Seitz

Various mathematical models and expressions to describe the behavior of a hydrocyclone have been presented in the literature (Lynch and Rao, 1977; Plitt, 1976; Plitt and Kawatra, 1977). Two of these models, by Lynch (1977) and by Plitt (1976), have been extensively used for process control studies (Kawatra and Thayer, 1879; Seitz and Kawatra, 1984). However, neither of these models relates the fineness of grind in a hydrocyclone overflow to the corrected efficiency curve of a hydrocyclone. If such a relationship were available, then one could relate fineness of grind to the operating variables using equation (1) or (2). A plant metallurgist is interested in knowing the fineness of grind rather than the dso(c) of a hydro- cyclone. As a consequence, several empirical relation- ships between fineness of grind and hydrocyclone operating variables are available. These relationships (Fewings, Wickham, and Wiseman, 1979; Manning, 1978; Watson, Cropton, and Brookes, 1970; Watts, Thompson, and White, 1978; Wiegal, 1973) have only a limited relationship with each other and have met with varying degrees of success. The object of this paper is to develop a fundamental relationship between fineness of grind and the efficiency curve of a hydro- cyclone

Jan 1, 1986

It is too late to gloat over the fact that minerals have furnished 67 per cent of the primary wealth of Pennsylvania. It is high time that Pennsylvanians do some constructive thinking in terms of the present and future with regard to the remaining mineral heritage.1 The discovery of a deposit of pyrophyllite in the South Mountain region of the Cumberland Valley indeed emphasizes the increased importance of a more exact inventory of the metal and mineral resources of Pennsylvania. Active geological work and research have been in progress for many years, but the surface has been little more than scratched. The results obtained thus far in survey and research have been extremely beneficial to the Commonwealth and a fundamental hub of its industrial development. But these activities are wholly inadequate in the face of rising demands for the future. The need for an accelerated program to continue a study of Pennsylvania's mineral resources on a more intensive scale was never more acute.2 In part, this has been caused by the insatiable demands of industry. It has been caused also by wasteful use and ignorance.

Jan 1, 1950

By Thomas N. Walthier

Ocean miners seem prepared to commit upwards of $50 million, spread over the next 10 years, to develop a deep ocean capability. More and more large companies, Kennecott, Inco and Tenneco, to name a few, singly or through consortia, are spending money, often big money, to obtain a viable and profitable marine mining industry. Much of the current involvement of the mining industry in the oceans is concerned with either exploration for or engineering studies of manganese nodule deposits and most of it is considered highly proprietary. Thus, the scope of the total effort can only be surmised. The following provide a good indication as to the magnitude of the over-all effort: (1) Hughes Tool Co., Oil Tool Division, announced last March it has been performing engineering studies and ocean surveys (in collaboration with Global Marine, a subsidiary of Tenneco Oil) for the purpose of developing deep ocean mining equipment and techniques. As a result of these studies, Global Marine will build a 35,000-ton prototype deep sea mining ship for Hughes. (2) Deepsea Ventures, Inc. has been "assiduously compiling data on the location. depth, and composi-

Jan 1, 1971

By J. T. Burwell

THE crystal orientation in silicon iron that has been given a particular treatment described by Goss,1 has been studied by Goss, by Bozorth2 and by Sixtus,3 but their results do not agree and are almost entirely qualita-tive. The following pages give a description of the orientation of the crystals in the material as determined by means of X-rays and expressed graphically in a pole figure. The treatment consists of hot-rolling the material into strip and then giving it two cycles of cold reduction followed by recrystallization. This produces remarkably good properties in the rolling direction, the product having a maximum permeability in this direction of more than 25,000 and a permeability at 16,000 Gauss of more than 2200, It is now generally agreed that Goss's original conclusion' that the crystals in the final product are randomly oriented was incorrect, since Bozorth2 and Sixtus,3 using different methods, have shown that there is a decided preference in orientation. Those writers, however, expressed their results only in terms of one or more ideal orientations with deviations therefrom.

Jan 1, 1940