Search Documents

By L Soebari, W Sunyoto

The Wabu Ridge Gold Skarn deposit is located at elevations of up to 3100 metres above sea level, in the Central Highlands of Irian Jaya, Indonesia, 35 km NNW of the Grasberg porphyry deposit. Wabu is a grass-roots discovery in an area with no previous gold mining history or record of gold mineralisation. A geological resource of 117.26 million tonnes at an average grade of 2.16 g/t Au (1.0 g/t Au cut-off) has been defined to-date. Mineralisation is hosted within a skarn occurring along the southern boundaries of the Late-Miocene age monzonite-diorite Pagane intrusive complex. The intrusive complex occurs in the footwall of a major EW structure, the Derewo fault, which displays sinistral strike-slip and reverse fault movement. The Derewo fault separates Derewo metamorphic units to the north from platform sediments of the Australian craton to the south. The skarn has a strike length of 6 km and is up to 1.5 km wide. It is developed within calcareous shelf sediments of the Tertiary New Guinea limestone group and is dominated by prograde garnet development. Gold mineralisation was deposited during retrograde alteration and is directly associated with arsenophyrite and bismuth minerals. Retrograde alteration is distinguished by a sequence of clinopyroxene , magnetite, epidote and hornblende, biotite and chlorite and lastly carbonate. Gold is associated with the biotite/ chlorite phase together with sulphides and precipitated as the result of fluid mixing. The Wabu Ridge Gold Skarn deposit was identified in April 1990 during a regional program of helicopter assisted stream sediment sampling of -80 mesh (180 microns) fraction and panned concentrate sampling. The initial discovery sample site was situated 15 km down stream from the deposit and returned 1.49 ppm Au for the stream sediment sample and 138 ppm Au for the panned concentrate sample. A regional airborne helicopter magnetics survey, conducted in early-1992, helped defined the main magnetite associated skarn zone and the extent of associated igneous rocks. Detailed follow-up commenced in May 1992 and consisted of detailed mapping, soil sampling and ground magnetics prior to drilling the first hole in October 1992. Drilling to-date has delineated a contained geologic resource of 8.1 million ounces of gold and potential exists for a larger resource.

Jan 1, 1999

Optimal drill and blast design is a process often neglected by many underground hard rock mines. This is even more important to the new mine where ring designs need to be implemented and refined in a short period of time. In today's environment where more and more mining is being carried out by contract specialists it is the co-operation between a principal and contractor, who are working towards a common goal, that achieves the highest quality end result. The development of drill and blast designs that cause minimal damage to the mine infrastructure is particularly important to Northparke's E26 Block Cave Mine, as it consists of a single extraction level which must survive intact for the life of the mine. The advanced undercut mining method implemented at Northparkes is fired in a sequence which protects the mine development from potentially damaging abutment stress. This paper details how blast designs will be optimised and sequenced to satisfy the conflicting objectives of maximum rock breakage inside the drill pattern and minimum rock damage outside the pattern.

Jan 1, 1995

By S Norman

The Water Delivery Alliance (WDA) was established to design, construct and commission the pump station and desalinated water delivery pipeline to link the desalination plant on the Kurnell Peninsula (constructed by others) with the existing distribution network at Erskineville, Sydney, Australia. The WDA consisted of McConnell Dowell Corporation Ltd (Macdow), Bovis Lend Lease Pty Ltd (BLL), Kellogg Brown and Root Pty Ltd (KBR), Worleyparsons Ltd (WOR), Environmental Resources Management Group Inc (ERM) and Sydney Water Corporation (SWC).Sydney’s Desalination Project is one of the initiatives to secure Sydney’s water supply against the effects of climate change, population growth and drought. The desalination plant, 100 per cent powered by renewable energy, can supply up to 250 million litres of water per day (mld), which is up to 15 per cent of Sydney’s water needs. The project involved the construction of an 18 km pipeline with an ultimate capacity of 500 mld to accommodate any future increase in the output of the desalination plant.The Alliance procured three full-face tunnel boring machines (TBM) from Herrenknecht AG to construct the 6.5 km of tunnel that would provide a conduit for the DN1800 welded mild steel cement mortar lined (MSCL) pipeline at a number of locations along the route. Nineteen shafts and 16 tunnels were required to complete this work.Crucially one of the TBM drives involved construction of a tunnel into Botany Bay under protected marine life habitats; enabling the connection of the MSCL water carrier pipeline into the dredged section of pipeline underwater, approximately 800 m off-shore in Botany Bay.This paper details the retrieval of the 17.4 m long TBM from the ocean floor upon completion of the Botany Bay tunnel allowing for subsequent use on the Project. Elements covered in the paper include the 835 m tunnel, design and construction techniques for the tunnel and recovery, and details of the methods used to install the DN1800 water carrier pipeline.

Mar 8, 2011

A belt of serpentinized ultrabasic rocks intrudes a moderately folded geosynclinal sequence of fine to coarse sediments, acid, intermediate, and basic volcanics as well as a batholithic mass of granitic rocks. The ultrabasic body contains small included masses of melanocratic and leucocratic rocks, together with chromium, copper, zinc, and nickel mineralization.

Jan 1, 1969

By G Wyartt

In the Pilbara region of Western Australia, an iron ore mine is undertaking a high wall cut-back to improve stability and allow access to deeper ore deposits. Several sections of the wall have been classified low factor-of-safety due to unstable localised geology, and therefore an engineered approach to vibration critical blasting was required. The use of electronic detonators allowed multiple signature (seed) holes to be incorporated into a production blast adjacent to the low factor-of-safety area, therefore providing baseline vibration data to be used for future modelling with the added advantage of eliminating unnecessary pit closure downtime typically associated with a signature hole program. All subsequent blast patterns also incorporated multiple signature holes to provide additional data and allow continual updating – and therefore improved accuracy - of the blast prediction model. Electronic detonators and blast initiation systems were combined with advanced blast vibration modelling software to produce optimal timing sequences with predictable vibration outcomes. Although minimising vibration was the primary focus, blasting induced frequency was also a concern for the project team and therefore initiation sequencing was optimised to also avoid undesirable frequencies. Minor variations in ground factors (vibration transmission and attenuation) were noted, and therefore justified the inclusion of regular signature holes which allowed continual vibration model updates. Blasting results produced vibration and frequency measurements within allowable limits and closely resembled the predictive model. These positive results were achievable through the combination of electronic detonators, advanced modelling software and good onsite practices by engineering and on-bench teams alike. This project will remain ongoing as the pit progresses to deeper benches, and therefore the same methodology will be applied; quality and continual data collection, the use of electronic detonators, and optimisation via advanced vibration and frequency modelling software. CITATION:Wyartt, G, 2018. Vibration control blasting for low stability final walls, in Proceedings The Fourth Australasian Ground Control in Mining Conference (AusRock), pp 504–510 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 30, 2018

LKAB operates two underground mines in Kiruna and Malmberget, Sweden. Blast furnace pellet is the main product and makes up 70 per cent of total production. The orebodies are hosted by 1910 - 1860 Ma old volcanic rocks. The host rocks and the ores were affected by the Svecokarelian orogeny for 1890 - 1860 Ma ago. The deposit belongs to the Kiruna type apatite-rich iron ore. Magnetite is the main ore mineral but haematite is the dominant ore mineral in some orebodies in the western part of the deposit. Large-scale sublevel caving is the dominant mining method. Three main haulage levels are in operation at present. The ore boundaries and quality can be detected by geophysical logging resulting in reduced waste dilution and subsequent grade reduction. The susceptibility measurements have been used in the magnetite ore since 1991 and gamma-gamma measurements in the haematite ore since 1998. The mining scale has increased during the last 20 years but diamond drilling has remained at approximately 18 000 drilling metres per year. Uncertainties in the ore constructions can lead to unexpected cost increases, ore loss and dilution. The ore boundaries are evaluated with percussion drill holes using in-hole geophysics to achieve satisfactory geological knowledge. The probes are calibrated in all currently mined orebodies. The correlation between core sample assays and measured susceptibility and gamma-gamma values is strong. The cost to determine the ore boundary by percussion drilling with in-hole geophysics is two-thirds lower, and productivity is six times higher compared to diamond drilling. The measurements are made by geotechnicians and the interpretations by a geologist. The results are transferred to a database and presented three dimensionally as holes with iron grade intervals on mine maps. The interpreted holes are used by the geologist in various ways in the geological modelling. Layout planning uses the measurements as a tool to place the drifts at the correct distance from the ore contact especially in the longitudinal sublevel caving and the production hole planning to optimise the final length of the cross-cuts and drifts for best ore recovery.

Jan 1, 2006

By Zani J. A, Jackson W. D

Bauxite was discovered in the Kimberley in 1965 by an Amax field crew. Reserves of 230 million tons, of bauxite. averaging 47% total alumina on Mitchell Plateau and 980 million tons averaging 36% total alumina on Cape Bougainville have been indicated by the results of drilling and bulk sampling. Laterite which contains the bauxite deposits caps basalt and interbedded sandstone and siltstone of the Carson Volcanics formation. Bauxite on Mitchell Plateau is 3.2 metres thick on average and is underlain successively by nodular ironstone, clay and basalt. The major components of the bauxite are gibbsite,boehmite, hematite and goethite containing some alumina, anatase and clay minerals. Quartz and vanadium oxide are minor constituents. Boehmite and hematite are concentrated near the surface, whereas gibbsite and goethite predominate at depth. The bauxite profile consists of ferru- ginous, pisolitic and gibbsitic zones with increasing depth. Cape Bougainville bauxite is 8.6 metres thick on average and of tubular structure; its mineralogy is relatively uniform..

Jan 1, 1973

By S Hall

Mining schools around the world, many unfortunately now closed, were often established to teach the techniques of narrow vein mining and associated processing to students studying part-time while working in the industry. This arrangement ensured graduates (or æassociatesÆ) had a mix of skills and knowledge invaluable to the industry.It is argued that there is still a need to educate students in these narrow vein techniques and that there will be a growing demand for such graduates with a high level appreciation of this type of mining. There is also a need for innovation in narrow vein mining and processing to develop specific technologies and allow the use of techniques applied in æbulk miningÆ to achieve improvements in productivity, safety and economic performance.This paper aims to review the situation with regard to education and innovation in narrow vein mining.CITATION:Hall, S, 2012. Narrow vein education - back to the future?, in Proceedings Narrow Vein Mining 2012 , pp 23-26 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Mar 26, 2012

By M R. Drumond

The present work presents a new theoretical interpretation of the flotation process, which can also be applied to other mineral processing physical unit operations. This interpretation is part of the æModelo OperacionalÆ (Operational Model) that was developed as an attempt to establish a new theoretical basis for mineral processing unit operations. In the case of flotation, a book was edited by one of the authors in Brazil (Mass Concentration by Froth Flotation, in Portuguese and Spanish).The model establishes a link between a natural phenomenon (migration of particles from the pulp to the froth) and a real industrial phenomenon (mass concentration by operational interference). In this model, flotation is viewed as a phenomenon of macromolecular mass transport (of particles) between froth and slurry phases. Mechanisms for mass transport and particle flow between phases as a function of the hydrophobic potential in each phase are discussed. By establishing the so-called equilibrium distribution curve between phases it is possible to calculate macroscopic balances that are related to metallurgical results, which in turn are a function of the operational line that is required by the process itself. The number of cleaning stages and their efficiencies can also be determined by simple laboratory-scale experiments.

Jan 1, 2005

The development of the Moura Coal Preparation Plant is described, commencing with the first'stage of the plant commissioned in 1963. The subsequent expansion stages are traced through to October, 1973. The plant has undergone frequent stages of expansion and modification and this process is continuing. The development programme for 1974 is described as proposed in late 1973. The characteristics of the Moura and Kianga field coal seams with respect to washability are summarised and some comment is made on the blending of these coals prior to washing, to ensure production of export grade coal within specification.

Jan 1, 1974

By T J. V Duffy, L H. D Siahaan, P G. Albert

G-ResourcesÆ Martabe Mine in North Sumatra, Indonesia, is a US$700 M world-class and world-scale operation in a country which, with a few notable smaller scale exceptions, has had no significant hard rock mining development in more than ten years.The mine was commissioned in the middle part of 2012 and poured first gold on 24 July. At full production Martabe will produce 250 000 oz/a of gold and 2 - 3 Moz/a of silver at cash costs in the lowest quartile. The mine location is on the west coast of North Sumatra, which experiences annual rainfall of 4 m with no notable dry season, adjacent to seismically active fault zones, and relatively close to a rural community of 31 000 people with no significant industrial experience.The management team has successfully forged strong links with the various government departments and levels in Jakarta, North Sumatra Province and the local Regencies; developed long-term relationships with the various community groups within the local district of Batangtoru to build a sustainable social licence; has dealt with the physical and environmental challenges presented by the project location, and has successfully raised more than US$900 M over a period of three years for the original acquisition then the development of the project.Whilst in its infancy of operation, the mine is set up to deliver a long-term sustainable future for the company, the shareholders, and the people of Batangtoru and all stakeholders generally. The quality of the project execution and commitment by the company will ensure that maximum value can be delivered from Martabe, not just for the current mine life but from the significant exploration potential that exists on the large tenement area that the company has access to for 30 plus years.This paper will deal with the physical challenges associated with the design, the Indonesian government regulatory requirements for mine development, the social aspects of building a world-class project in a developing area, the in-country commitment necessary for any project development anywhere in the world and the successful funding arrangements for the mine development.CITATION:Albert, P G, Siahaan, L H D and Duffy, T J V, 2012. Building AsiaÆs latest hard rock mine, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 189-204 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

By A Morris

The Express Rail Link (XRL) will provide high-speed rail services from Hong Kong to Guangzhou and a connection to the national high-speed passenger rail network serving major cities throughout Mainland, China. The HK$ 67 B (NZ$ 11.5 Billion) project is of great strategic importance for Hong Kong and is being implemented to a very tight schedule, from early 2010 with completion targeted for 2015.The works include a 15 platform terminus station in West Kowloon, 26 km of twin track tunnels from the terminus to the Hong Kong/Shenzhen boundary at Mai Po, tunnel vent shafts/adits/emergency rescue siding and a stabling siding facility. Trains on the Hong Kong section are intended to operate at speed up to 200 km per hour and up to 350 km per hour on the Mainland section.This presentation will provide an overview of the entire XRL project, with a focus on the challenging geotechnical and spatial constraints on the tunnel works. This is an abstract only. No paper was prepared for this abstract.

Mar 8, 2011

By R Morrison, R Dunn

In many mineral processing operations, the reported production figures for an accounting period may not make the best use of available data. While most of the mathematical approaches, such as check-in/check-out, mass balancing, used in effective metallurgical accounting strategies are well understood, the sources and magnitude of measurement errors generally are not. As part of the æAMIRA P754-Metal Accounting and ReconciliationÆ project, a study was undertaken at the Northparkes copper/gold concentrator near Parkes, New South Wales to examine the data used in their concentrator metallurgical accounting system. This paper summarises the results of a detailed examination of the mass measurement systems around the concentrator as well as the primary sampling system used for grade estimation. The goal of this work was to develop practical techniques to quantify the error (ie both accuracy and precision) of the measured metal accounting information. With this information, statistical confidence levels for this data can then be calculated. If the errors are small, the effect of error in each piece of measured data can then be propagated to other calculated production figures such as recovery and feed grade using a statistical technique called æthe propagation of errorÆ.

Jan 1, 2007

By S Hanke, J Burden, P Spies

The Waterview Connection will complete Auckland’s long-planned Western Ring Route, a 48 km north-south motorway alternative to State Highway 1 that bypasses the central city to the west. The project involves construction of 5 km of new motorway – half of it underground in tunnels – to connect the Southwestern (State Highway 20) and Northwestern (State Highway 16) motorways.The Western Ring Route will link the major population and industrial centres of Manukau, Auckland and North Shore to give the region the connected and resilient strategic road transport system it needs to underpin economic growth and sustainable development. It will also provide a direct motorway link between Auckland’s central business district (CBD) and international airport.The project involves construction of twin 2.4 km driven tunnels with an outside diameter of 14.41 m beneath residential suburbs, a major arterial road and a rail corridor. Enabling works began in January 2012 while tunnel construction using an earth pressure balance (EPB) tunnel boring machine (TBM) began in November 2013.This presentation introduces the Waterview Connection project, its role in the development of the Auckland motorway network, its procurement process, the alliance delivery model and an overview of the project’s design features and construction progress to date.Design and construction highlights of the presentation include the TBM start-up, turnaround and breakthrough arrangements as well as the experience gained during the first tunnelling drive. The presentation also covers an innovative process developed for invert construction behind the TBM that is independent of tunnel excavation.CITATION:Spies, P, Burden, J and Hanke, S, 2014. The Waterview Connection Project – progress to date, in Proceedings 15th Australasian Tunnelling Conference 2014 , pp 519–540 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 17, 2014

The Mount Morgan eopper-gold orebody is contained within a series of Mid-Devonian volcanics which occurs as a roof pendant within Permian granite. The ore minerals comprise pyrite, chalcopyrite, and local aggregations of magnetite and pyrrhotite. Silver-rich gold (electrum) is disseminated through the ore usually in ultrafine to sub-microscopic dimensions. Accessory minerals include marcasite, digenite, chalcocite, covellite, sphalerite, bismuthinite, molybdenite, calaverite, petzite, and cassiterite.Very minor accessories include cubanite, tetrahedrite, galena, arsenopyrite, hematiIe, goethite, and rutile. The gangue minerals are quartz, predominantly, with minor amounts of chlorite and sericite.Study of microtextures of a representative suite of specimens from Mount Morgan does not reveal any criteria indicative of metasomatic replacement but does show, in the case of pyrite, evidence strongly suggestive of annealing recrystallization. Other textures in pyrite indicate porphyroblastic growth of the iron sulphide.It is inferred that the Mount Morgan orebody is genetically related to the volcanic rocks and was later contact metamorphosed by the intrusive granite or by the series of intermediate to basic dykes that transect inmine area. On this basis the Mount Morgan orebody would be a contact metamorphosed volcanic hydrothermal deposit emplaced, according to recent studies, along a pipe-like zone of brecciation.

Jan 1, 1967

By P Donecker

Like all chains, iron ore values chains are only as strong as their weakest link, which in ore processing is often the humble chute. While mechanically the simplest element in the iron ore flow sheet, chutes are often the most problematic and regularly the major cause of unscheduled downtime. Chute designs have remained static for decades, despite the extra demands being placed on them by grade reduction, which impacts chutes in three ways viz: 1. Higher volumetric rates as infeed increases to meet production targets. 2. Higher moisture content as mining goes below water table. 3. Stickier properties as the dilution phase is often clay based. While there is no shortage of ideas and the geometry options are infinite, the fact is that chute design has not kept pace with grade decline and has remained essentially unchanged. One reason cited for this lack of innovation is the difficulty evaluating and de-risking designs. While the power of computers running Discrete Element Method (DEM) models has advanced, the models themselves still need to be ‘calibrated’ with the dynamic properties of the ore. Flow properties commonly measured for bin design are useful for static situations only and were never intended to predict dynamic behaviour as in chutes, a critical qualification lost in the mists of time. So while they always produce a colourful and reassuring animation, DEM models informed by static ore properties often result in wildly inaccurate real world predictions. Responding to this low success rate, many operators are now utilising physical modelling to help reduce risk and avoid the consequences of having an underperforming chute in their value chain. Physical testing, in a dimensionless scale-down of the proposed system (bulk material and chute geometry), addresses the shortcoming of mathematical models designs and when used in combination with DEM is the best option. In the ideal world, the focus of chute modelling should be innovative design concepts aimed at addressing future needs, however in reality the focus is nearly always on modifications to installed chutes that are underperforming even today. This situation can be traced back to design procedures which if informed at all, are based static ore properties. As an industry, we need to break this cycle and become more proactive, which means addressing flaws in the current design process. In 30 years of providing modelling support to the industry, I have looking at hundreds of underperforming chutes in the iron ore industry. This practical experience has led to a unique and unbiased perspective on chute design and their performance in the real world. The knowledge presented in this paper can not only be used to help avoid baked-in problems now, but also help guide and evaluate designs so we can deal with the challenges of our low-grade future.

Sep 18, 2023

Prior to 1972, Peko Mines Limited at Tennant Creek used a central mill at Peko, which consisted of a gravity circuit, flotation and cyanidation of tailings, to treat their gold ore from surrounding mines. The Warrego concentrator, 60km to the west, was built to handle the Warrego and Gecko copper orebodies, which were being developed concurrently with the concentrator construction The Warrego concentrator consisted of a flotation circuit, using autogenous grinding at 100 - 120 tph, compared to the more elaborate Peko circuit employing rod mill - ball mill grinding capable of treating only 18 - 26 tph. During development of the Warrego copper mine a gold rich ore pod was located, because of which the mining plans were adjusted to allow simultaneous, separate extraction of the copper and gold ores. However, the plans for the concentrator were not affected as the gold ore could be carted 60km to the Peko central mill for processing.

Jan 1, 1978

Mine pit slopes in the Pacific Rim are a geotechnical challenge because of the complex geology in which they are developed. Mines are currently being fast-tracked to meet the increase in commodity prices, often resulting in some reduction in ground studies and short-cutting of design procedures. In addition, the resources boom means that skilled personnel are in relatively short supply. At a time when mine pits are getting bigger and deeper, and the engineering is getting more demanding, there is an increased demand on managers to effectively implement the work.   Experience both in New Zealand and the Philippines, display the complex range of geological environments in which pits are being excavated. Working in these conditions has shown that successful geotechnical design requires a strong geotechnical model based on sound geology. An appropriate level of investigation and analyses results in a certain level of understanding for the mine design. There is a point where additional expenditure (on investigation and analyses) is not warranted based on the expected minimal impact on decreasing the level of perceived risk on the project. For most projects in our experience the analytical methods and complexity of geotechnical assessment changes increases as the level of knowledge grows.

Jan 1, 2006

By S Wellink, D Chalmers, D Adermann, C Martin

The practice of recording blasts for quality control purposes has been conducted for several decades. However, at the low frame rates of a standard video camera, essential data is frequently missed as it occurs when the shutter is closed between frames.The use of high-speed video for the research, development and monitoring of the performance of blasting procedures is a well proven but under-utilised practice.The recent development of low cost, easy to use high-speed digital cameras and user friendly software can deliver a capability into mine management as a day-to-day production tool that can greatly improve blasting performance and reduce costs.Digital high-speed video and image analysis software can accurately quantify each blast. Analysis of the images can facilitate the identification of causes of variance from design, geology changes, errors in blast practice and areas of poor performance. The use of high-speed video greatly enhances the audit and review processes so that future blast design can be quickly and appropriately modified to deliver improved blasting performance and reduced costs.The three videos demonstrate the differences between standard video and high-speed video and the detail that can be obtained from them. These videos of open cut blasts can be used to identify blast performance variances. Capturing images at 1000 frames per second allows the analysis on a millisecond timescale where detonator timings, fragmentation, venting, fume generation and flyrock can be accurately identified.CITATION:Adermann, D, Chalmers, D, Martin, C and Wellink, S, 2015. High-speed video – an essential blasting tool, in Proceedings 11th International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, pp 471–476 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 24, 2015

By I Zulkarnain, H Permana, R A. Binns

Through an ambitious but relatively low-cost program of marine fieldwork, laboratory investigations and technology-transfer and training activities, three Indonesia-Australia-led marine expeditions were undertaken aboard KR Baruna Jaya VIII between 2001 and 2003. These IASSHA (Indonesia-Australia Survey for Submarine Hydrothermal Activity) cruises have sought to discover and investigate a variety of potential ore forming hydrothermal systems in a range of tectonic settings. All cruises have been successful, both scientifically and from the point of view of training, creation of capabilities and capacity building for such research in Indonesia. Over 60 scientists and technicians from Indonesian and Australian institutions and agencies have been involved. Three new sites and a possible fourth site of hydrothermal activity were discovered in the Sangihe arc in northern Sulawesi. Surveys in the Tomini basin tested a hypothesis based on previous data which suggested this might be an isolated anoxic, brine-filled basin over 2000 m deep where igneous heat sources existed to generate hydrothermal mineralisation. The bay, however, was found to be open to adjacent deep ocean circulation, and there was no evidence of massive base metal sulfides. Subdued evidence of hydrothermal activity was found in the Sunda Strait associated with the famous Krakatau volcano and the extension of the seismically active Semangko Fault. The BANDAMIN program (Indonesia-Germany) covered a portion of the Banda arc in eastern Indonesia, and also found evidence of recent hydrothermal activity and epithermal sulfide mineralisation.

Jan 1, 2004