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The mining industry worldwide relies upon the identification of resources that can be economically developed and operated. Access to land is paramount through all stages of the exploration, development, operation and rehabilitation stages. Clear rights to use of land for the purposes of mining must be available and protected throughout the life of the project. Stable and enduring criteria for mining of the resource, once identified, are required to attract exploration and development expenditure. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the varying approaches to granting access to land for use for exploration and mining development, including the processes by which a project is approved by community and government and the time scale for such approval. The paper concentrates on the legal issues arising throughout this process. The law is stated as at September 1997.

Jan 1, 1997

Mining and metals projects have tended to increase in both scope and cost to a point where many projects are Droperly designated as superprojects. Specialist engineer- constructors have developed organisations and systems to provide project management services during the design and construct phase of large projects. However, the engineer-constructor is also required to provide a wide spectrum of services during the evolution of large projects prior to the construction phase. Some common phases of pre-construction evolution are identified together with the associated types of specialised services which may be required. A project management team approach is described which has been developed for the design and construct phase. It is suggested that a modified matrix organisation could be adapted to the provision of special- ised services as well as to project management for ore-construction phases of the project.

Jan 1, 1980

The following is a discussion of a new approach to safety when developing or applying a new mining technology. In the form of an engineering process, the following approach had its inception in the military and aviation industries and is also very strongly evident in the chemical industry.The process has been developed and applied in the mining industry by the author. It is called 'Incremental Development and Management of New Technology'.The process is a composite of carefully selected System Safety Management, System Engineering and Financial techniques and methods. It consists of modules which can be modified to suit the requirements of a specific project. Modules provide an organised framework of activities to facilitate a gradual acquisition of pertinent knowledge and information and to enable progressive evaluation or verification of produced outcomes against specified requirements.

Jan 1, 1992

Material sampling theory is well established in mineral process monitoring, improvement and control. It has been much enhanced by fundamental contributions due to Gy. When GyÆs sampling theory is applied to sampling inspection and monitoring, it provides estimates of average quality or extent of contamination. It also provides estimates of uncertainty, but these often ignore uncertainty in estimated variograms or other measures of variability. Risk assessment is often an implied task in sampling inspection and quality monitoring. A valid technique of risk assessment needs to take into account the uncertainty in the variational measures themselves. Standard statistical tolerance limit calculations which do take such uncertainty into account can be adapted to develop a technique for handling uncertainty in variational measures such as the variogram. Data from a published example is used to illustrate the technique.

Jan 1, 2005

By Laajalehto K

The basic condition necessary for flotation is hydrophobicity of the surface of the mineral to be floated. For sulphides, this condition usually requires treatment with a collector solution. The conditions for this treatment have until recently usually been chosen by the trial and error principle which has indeed been working relatively well under favourable conditions; ie for simple homogeneous ores. However, the present tendency to increasing use of complex and often relatively lean ores sets increasing requirements for the control of the flotation process. This development is the reason for the present rapid development of process control methods in flotation. In addition to the already well-established practices of pH and reagent feed controls, the importance of measuring and controlling the electrochemical potential of the ore particles to be floated is recognised in the case of sufficiently conductive minerals. In fact, the electrochemical potential seems to be the basic quantity determining the flotation behaviour of such relatively well-conducting minerals as sulphides. Since the hydrophobicity of the mineral and, hence, its flotation properties are ultimately determined by the composition and structure of its surface, information on these under different process conditions is important for design and operation of efficient flotation processes. The basic requirement set for the methods used for obtaining this information is high surface sensitivity of the method. The recent rapid development of surface characterisation has produced several methods which fulfil this requirement. Their application to the problem of characterising surfaces of mineral samples in contact with collector solution is, however, often complicated. The main reason for this is the vacuum environment necessary for the measurement. In the case of flotation experiments this means that in most of these methods the measurement cannot be made in situ, but the sample must be extracted from the liquid and subsequently evacuated in the vacuum chamber of the instrument. It is essential to carry out these steps so as to avoid to the extent possible changes in the sample surface. For the purpose of establishing whether this has been accomplished it is important to compare the results of methods operating in vacuum with some available in situ method. An optimal choice of methods seems therefore to be a combination of the available powerful vacuum methods with in situ measurements. The most usual combination seems to be X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and electrochemical measurements. This choice combines the unique possibilities for direct elemental and chemical characterisation offered by XPS (Cecile, 1985) with the in situ capability of FTIR and electrochemistry. In the XPS measurements, it is essential to apply a special sample handling technique to avoid loss or damage of some sensitive species of the collector-based layer on the mineral surface. In the following will be given some examples of the application of the XPS technique in combination with electrochemical methods of sample treatment to studies of the layer formed on sulphide substrates in ethyl xanthate (EX)

Jan 1, 1993

North Stradbroke Island is a large sand mass offshore from south east Queensland. Dredging for mineral sands commenced there in 1956 and the rehabilitation discussed in this paper was commenced in 1967. The frontal dunes have a long history of instability, with little vegetation prior to mining. Re-establishment of the naturally stable contours is essential, and their rehab- ilitation is described. Vegetated high dunes present different problems requiring attention to regeneration of the native species. Methods developed over the past eight years are proving successful.,

Jan 1, 1976

Sampling systems are never perfect. They all have some bias and give variable sampling errors. The ways of thinking about bias and precision should be different before and after construction (or reconstruction) of a sampling system. Before a sampling system is constructed, the fundamental error variance can be estimated using GyÆs formula or by doing test work on the material to be sampled. The component of sampling variance which varies with the number of sample increments can be computed for the expected patterns of grade variation. The smallness of the bias can be checked using discrete element modelling, by checking that the proposed design complies with clauses in standards, or by copying an existing sampling system that performs well for similar material. After a system has been constructed, sampling precision can and should be monitored directly. Anyone claiming to take responsibility for a sampling system should know its precision. Bias could be checked by comparison to a more accurate sampling system, such as stopped-belt sampling, under conditions where bias seems most likely. However, it is more practical to conduct regular checks that the system is still operating as designed, that the design is still appropriate despite any changes to material flows, and that sample masses are consistent with the correct operation of the sampling system. If precision is not regularly assessed then it should be assumed to be very poor. If a sampling system is not regularly inspected then it should be assumed to be biased.

Jan 1, 2008

By J P. Moodie

Recent trends in flotation technology are briefly reviewed. These show that considerable development has been made as the operators, suppliers and technologists have responded to the challenges of the industry. Most of these advances have been based on empirical and phenomenological methods. There is a considerable opportunity to make further advances through a more fundamental, scientific approach. Some of this work is discussed and, although progress is being made on this front, industrial uptake has been somewhat slow. A number of specific issues facing the industry are discussed.

Jan 1, 2005

By Y Li, L Zhang, G Li, S C. Dominy

Qiagong skarn iron (copper) deposit is located in Xietongmen County of Tibet, China (N 29¦52Æ14.9ö, E 88¦24Æ10.3ö). It is situated at the middle-western Gangdese porphyry copper-belt. Mineralisation is related to a Himalayan porphyry intrusion, with the mineralised body occurring at the contact zone between the Tertiary Takena Formation carbonate rocks and Himalayan monzonitic granite porphyry. The melt, melt-fluid and fluid inclusions were observed in early quartz, with most abundant fluid inclusions in quartz, calcite and garnet from the skarn. The geology and inclusion assemblage show a close relationship between iron (copper) mineralisation and a Himalayan porphyry intrusion. Based on preliminary inclusion studies, this paper discussed the characteristics, evolution of ore-forming fluid and affiliation to the Himalayan porphyry intrusion. An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By Askew J. E

All facets of current practices of cable dowelling at The Zinc Corporation, Limited and New Broken Hill Consolidated Limited are re- viewed. This includes materials specific- ations, installation practices and design pro- cedures. Cable dowelling for cut and fill stoping, square set timber stoping, longhole open stoping and level reinforcement is considered. Installation is simple and can be mechanised to eliminate heavy lifting. Quality control is essential for optimum performance of the re- inforcement. Design patterns must consider the mining method, reinforcement economics, acceptable stability standards and mine production priorities.

Jan 1, 1977

By Neto J. A N

Usually there are organisational interfaces between each stage - companies or departments. Each organisation will have different ideas about "optimum" operation. These ideas will be driven by how the performance of each is measured ' and rewarded. Therefore it is important to set up data acquisition processes with respect to maximisation of overall profitability and resource utilisation. In the simplest case - if the miners are paid on tonnes and the concentrator has severe grade penalties on concentrates, then there is the possibility of a conflict of interest over metal Balance.

Jan 1, 1991

By J S. Petersen

The occurrence of coarse gold particles leading to grade complexity and sampling challenges is a common feature of many gold deposits. Poorly designed sampling protocols applied to these deposit types can lead to an excessively high fundamental sampling error. Together with other errors, the fundamental sampling error contributes to the nugget effect. Proper sample collection, preparation and assay protocols are required to minimise this error, and hence reduce the total nugget effect. Reduction of the nugget effect is a key requirement for subsequent geostatistical resource estimates to be effective. A case study from the Nalunaq gold mine in Greenland is presented, which is characterised by notable quantities of coarse gold (>30 per cent +100 ¦m gold) hosted in quartz veins. Diamond drilling provides a good measure of gross geological continuity at practical grid spacings, but is not considered to represent the mineralisation effectively. On-reef development with face and bulk sampling, together with detailed geological studies were undertaken during the resource delineation phase. This contribution describes the nature of the Nalunaq deposit, its gold particle size characteristics, how sampling and assay protocols were developed (including QA/QC issues), application of GyÆs sampling theory and its calibration, and how the data was subsequently applied to grade estimation.

Jan 1, 2005

With constantly rising energy costs it is ever more important that we look at ways of im- proving comminution efficiency both in terms of power consumed as well as capital costs required for purchasing and installing equipment. I intend to show that commonly used appli- cation criteria, which is presently accepted for designing crushing and screening plants, need drastic revision if it is to be used to accura- tely design, predict and refine performance in new and existing facilities. Unless we can calculate performance accurately, we cannot minimise capital investment and maximize Profitability.

Jan 1, 1978

By A Tomsett, R Kidd, Z Casley

Bivariate recoverable resource estimation aims at predicting the recovered metal for a secondary variable when a cut-off is applied to a primary variable. The choice of a consistent geostatistical model is advisable to allow a robust estimation from exploration data of the primary and secondary metal recovery functions on a generic selection block (selective mining unit û SMU) within large panels. Ore processing decisions at Lihir Gold LimitedÆs Lihir Gold Mine are based on the gold and sulfur estimates of SMUs from production (grade control) data. The predictive model from exploration data at Lihir is based on the estimation of a recoverable resource for gold by Uniform Conditioning (UC), with an estimate of the sulfur grade being provided by Ordinary Kriging of panels. While univariate UC is adapted to the diffusive nature of the gold mineralisation (Ladolam orebody) at Lihir, the independent estimation of sulfur, through ordinary kriging, fails to capture the potential spatial correlation that exists between gold and sulfur mineralisation. This paper presents a practical implementation of bivariate UC, which better represents in the resource model the spatial correlation between gold and sulfur. Incremental economic gains through improved definition of material categories and scheduling are investigated, and the particular impact on the process of geological interpretation and domaining is emphasised.

Jan 1, 2009

The necessity for good management and economic working in our mines and ore-dressing sheds is impressed upon us by the present low prices of all our metals. Silver, lead, copper, and tin have all suffered a heavy decline during the last six or twelve months, and many mines have been shut down simply on account of the low market value of the ore produced. After fully considering the position of the mining industry. I am convinced that considerable improvements will have to be made to make it as prosperous as it ought to be. The most obvious of these improvements are good management, good machinery, and as little interference by directors as possible. If these conditions are insisted upon and carried out efficielltly a poor mine may have a chance to weather the storm.There is no doubt that the present depression is the refilult of over-speculation and general loss of confidence by which the whole commercial system has been affected, and every branch has suffered more or less, mining not excepted. It has suffered heavy losses in the past, and the future is not over bright we are, therefore, compelled to be careful in everything by which mining is affected and savings can be secured.

Ridgeway Gold Mine (Ridgeway) has a clear mission to maximise its cash flows in order to deliver shareholder value and is developing strategies to achieve this. Business process management using leading measures is core to this approach. Leading measures indicate potential outcomes ahead of time, allowing time to adapt and improve. Ridgeway is making strategy a central organisational agenda, creating a focus to æput first things firstÆ by controlling æleadingÆ activities and mobilising employees to act. Feedback using specific, leading measures gives employees the opportunity to proactively adapt their behaviour in order to deliver internal business outcomes that generate cash flows and shareholder value. This paper will outline RidgewayÆs business approach to track and control processes from resource to revenue, with a focus on delivering cash flows and shareholder value. Ridgeway is implementing a Balanced Scorecard approach (Kaplan and Norton, 1996). A total business focus is taken and leading measures are identified. Specific measures are used to score our success from the perspectives of learning and growth, internal business processes, customer and stakeholders, and finance. These measures and improvement plans are targeted at strategies to maintain our ælicence to operateÆ with our community stakeholders, produce accurate plans and forecasts, improve our operational effectiveness and grow our business.

Jan 1, 2002

The last 40 years has seen a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of pneumoconiosis through improved mining engineering associated with continuing medical surveillance of those at risk. Presently the dust particle count standard is being correlated with gravimetric dust standards. Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema are also coal mining related diseases. Methane is the commonest of a number of coal mine gases. Oxygen deficiency symptoms may result from high gas content of mine air. The explosive nature of methane-air mixtures is well known. Mine gases will always present a potential threat to safety.

Jan 1, 1983

By Morrison R

Optimisation has two distinct applications in the concentrator ò the first is in the area of the flowsheet and the operating parameters of the various unit operations ò the second is associated with the higher levels of process control. The Plant Metallurgist is faced with a library of complex theories relating to optimisation. The practical reality of optimisation lies in a combination of steady state simulation to ensure that the process route will permit maximum productivity and an appropriate process control system which will permit achievement of the production and quality objectives.

Jan 1, 1991

By Hutton W

The Argyle Diamond Mine is the first significant diamond producer in Australia. The project has been developed with new concepts in circuit design, process control technology, organisational development and training. After its first year of operation, the Argyle Heavy Medium Separation Plant has proven extremely efficient in recovering diamonds. Apart from cyclone wear, no major problems have been encountered. Ferrosilicon consumption is well below the design level which is a reflection of the sound design of the medium circuit. An Audit Plant continuously monitors the Heavy Medium Separation Plant tailings for diamond loss.

Jan 1, 1987

By J-P Franzidis

Industrial flotation plant design is a complex process involving many aspects, one of which is the use of pilot-scale plants to test industrial plant flow sheets. Once test work on a pilot-scale has been performed, scale-up of these results to the full-scale plant must be performed. This paper describes scale-up test work performed on the Floatability Characterisation Test Rig (FCTR). The FCTR is a self-contained, highly instrumented mobile pilot plant designed to determine flotation model parameters and to develop and validate flotation plant modelling, scale-up and simulation methodologies.

Jan 1, 2004