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By J. B. Elizondo

This paper, which describes mining methods and practices at the Piokee mining unit and the Piokee expertmental mining project of The Eagle-Picher Co. in northeast Oklahoma, is one of a series being prepared by the Federal Bureau of Mines on mining methods, practices, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. The Piokee unit, comprising the Piokee, Rowe, Lucky Syndicate, and parts of the Netta White and Otis White leases, is in the SW1/4, W1/2NW1/4SE1/4, and W1/2SW1/4SE1/4 sec. 17, T. 29 N., R. 23 E., Ottawa County, Okla. (figs. 1 and 2), The 200-acre tract is adjacent to the town of Picher and near the heart of the Picher field of the Tri-State zinc-lead mining district.

Jan 1, 1959

By E. R. Maize

This report is the third of a series on convergence of roof and floor in coal mines and subsidence of surface that accompanies it. The first paper5/ dealt with extraction in a mechanized mine (Montour 10) having relatively short rib lines that retreat rapidly. The second dealt with extraction in a mine (Crucible) in which coal was loaded. by hand and in which the rib lines wore long and slow-moving. The present report deals with a mine (Gibson) in which conditions approximated those in the Crucible mine, except that the distance between room centers was considerably less and the pillars were narrower in consequence. Moreover, the average cover was less and the studies were made under the steep hillside of a stream valley compared with a gently rolling surface over the portions of the second mine studied. Gibson mine lies in the east-central hart of Washington County, Pa. , approximately midway between the Montour 10 end Crucible mines on a north-south line. A cooperative agreement covering the work was made with the Hillman Coal & Coke Co. through W. L. Affelder, vice president. This paper describes the methods used in the investigation, gives excerpts from the data obtained, and offers such generalizations as appear to be justified.

Jan 1, 1940

By Paul M. Buttermore

As part of a national canvass of water use the Bureau of Mines compiled data on water requirements in the petroleum and natural gas industries for the calendar year 1962, specifically in well drilling, secondary-recovery operations, and natural gas processing plants. Total new water use in the petroleum industry of the United States, excluding refining, was 5.3 billion barrels. Secondary-recovery operations and natural gas processing plants required about 2.5 billion barrels of new water input; each of these requirements was about eight times greater than that for well drilling. Total use, including recirculated water, was 45.3 billion barrels of which 3.4 billion barrels was consumed. The greatest use of recirculated water was for natural gas processing, amounting to 38.2 billion barrels. Projections of total water use show that by 1975, 75.4 billion barrels will be used by the petroleum industry, of which 10.2 billion barrels will be new water. By 1985, the total use requirement will be 92.8 billion barrels, of which 13.1 billion barrels will be new water.

Jan 1, 1966

This publication summarizes, for potential contractors and other interested parties, the research, development, and demonstration contract projects programed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1982 (October 1, 1980 -September 30, 1981) under its Minerals Health and Safety Technology program. Contingencies may require that a significant port ion of the program be deferred into fiscal year 1983. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced series of advances toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the systems technology required to create a healthier and safer working environment for the Nation's mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1981

By Paul M. Buttermore

As part of a national canvass of water use the Bureau of Mines compiled data on water requirements in the petroleum and natural gas industries for the calendar year 1962, specifically in well drilling, secondary-recovery operations, and natural gas processing plants. Total new water use in the petroleum industry of the United States, excluding refining, was 5.3 billion barrels. Secondary-recovery operations and natural gas processing plants required about 2.5 billion barrels of new water input; each of these requirements was about eight times greater than that for well drilling. Total use, including recirculated water, was 45.3 billion barrels of which 3.4 billion barrels was consumed. The greatest use of recirculated water was for natural gas processing, amounting to 38.2 billion barrels. Projections of total water use show that by 1975, 75.4 billion barrels will be used by the petroleum industry, of which 10.2 billion barrels will be new water. By 1985, the total use requirement will be 92.8 billion barrels, of which 13.1 billion barrels will be new water.

Jan 1, 1966

By Roy E. Peterson

The Bureau of Mines conducted bench-scale research to evaluate materials which showed potential as low-cost reductants for use in the ironmaking industry. These materials were lignite, subbituminous coal, coal char, tree trimmings, refuse--derived paperboard, used crankcase oil, and peat. To compare their effectiveness, the materials were tested in the reduction roasting of nonmagnetic taconite and, except for oil and peat, in the reduction of iron oxide pellets to metallized pellets. Reduction was conducted in a 18-cm-diameter, rotary drum, which was externally heated in an electric furnace. Over 92 pct of the iron was magnetically recovered from a nonmagnetic taconite after roasting with any of the reductants, but greater quantities of reductant were required to achieve this when the waste materials were used. The fossil fuels were also more effective for metallizing pellets, although metallizations above 90 pct were also obtained with tree trimmings and refuse paperboard. However, refuse paperboard had to be frequently recharged to the furnace because it depleted rapidly.

Jan 1, 1983

By R. S. Dean

[Methods s of preparing the manganese metal that has been used in chemical and metallurgical investigations have passed through a cycle. Most of the investigations made before the turn of the century, used Moissen's pyrophoric manganese.3/ This material was made by electrolysis into a mercury cathode and distillation in vacuo. The material was essentially pure, and investigations in which it was employed (with proper precautions against oxidation) led to accurate results on tie intrinsic behavior of metallic manganese.]

Jan 1, 1941

By Gary A. Kingston

Rolled steel, steel forgings, and steel castings in the Pacific Northwest (Washington and Oregon) are produced principally in the Seattle, Wash., and Portland, Oreg., metropolitan areas. Steel-mill products are rolled from carbon and some alloy &eels by three companies into shapes such as reinforcing bar, rods, rounds, squares, flats, and hot-rolled strips; structural shapes, - such as angles, channels, and I-beams, also are rolled. Carbon and alloy steel ingots are poured and forged at a Seattle plant into ship shafting, drive shafts, billets, slabs, bars, rings, hooks, and other items. Static, shell, investment, and centrifugal castings are produced at 19 steel foundries in a wide range of steel specifications. All Pacific Northwest steel output is based on remelting steel scrap. Local iron ore might be used in the future to supplement steel scrap as a metal source. Ore reduction would probably be achieved by methods other than the blast furnace. Current melt-shop practice and problems are basically the same in Pacific Northwest steel plants as in cold-melt shops in other parts of the country. Quality steel production is receiving more emphasis in this region with the installation of modern analytical equipment and vacuum pouring and melting facilities.

Jan 1, 1962

By Bernard Baum

Combined preservative/fire retardant systems were pressure impregnated into Douglas fir and Ponderosa pine samples and evaluated for decay, flammability, and mechanical properties. The objective of the evaluation was to identify cost-effective systems for use with mine timber, and to provide an information and data base from which Federal code regulations could be established. Thirty systems, based on combinations of commercially available preservatives and fire retardant impregnants and coatings, were applied to Douglas fir samples and evaluated for decay and flammability. The ten most promising systems were ap¬plied to both fir and pine and reevaluated for decay and flammability before and after water leaching. The five best systems were given a thorough laboratory evaluation using both pine and fir. Evaluations included flame spread, smoke density, toxic gases, decay, compressive strength, flammability after artificial weathering, and cost. All systems had acceptable toxic gas levels and smoke densities, but flame spread was only borderline acceptable for most of the samples tested. A trade-off analysis showed Acid Copper Chromate/Fyrprufe with Albi-107A/144 intumescent paint and Koppers NCX to be the-best systems. Recommendations are made for further large-scale testing using the two best Systems.

Jan 1, 1978

By William H. Holley

Thirteen additional preservative/fire retardant systems were applied to Ponderosa pine and evaluated for flammability both before and after water leaching. The more promising four systems were given a thorough evaluation for flame spread, toxic gas and smoke density levels, resistance to decay, and compressive strength. The most promising system on the basis of history of usage in the mine, ease of application and low cost as well as overall performance is the Fyreprufe/ACC Albi 107A/ 144 combination. A survey of inspection tools and instruments, identified equipment which could be assembled into an inspection kit for use in determining the extent of decay and/ or impregnant retention levels in mine timber. A literature search identified those high fire hazard areas found in a typical mine. Timber and other wooden structures used in such areas should be treated with an acceptable fire retardant system. A survey of insurance companies revealed that the use of such treated timber in the mines would probably have little or no impact on the rate structure.

Jan 1, 1980

By M. John Brodie

This report reviews the regulatory environment as it pertains to waste rock management and disposal from mining operations, excluding coal and placer gold operations, in the \irate of Alaska. It is based on the EPA's staff position on an effective program to regulate mining waste as presented in the May, 1990 Strawman II document. The unique conditions which occur in pans of the state, including a fragile environment, high seismicity and permafrost, are identified. The special waste management practices which are necessitated by these conditions are delineated. The report provides a detailed outline of the current technologies that are suitable for designing, constructing, operating and closing a waste rock facility to meet environmental protection objectives. Cost implications to the mining industry of potential regulatory actions, such as the degree of groundwater protection, are examined.

Jan 1, 1992

By L. C. IlsLey

Many accidents rightly classifiable as electrically caused are not so classified for the reason that in numerous accidents the part that electricity played in causing the fatality is only suspected. For instance, a workman might receive a shock that would cause him to lose his balance and fall beneath a trip of cars; if no one saw the first part of the accident, the cause undoubtedly would be charged to "haulage." This paper covers a brief study of fatal and nonfatal electrical accidents. The first usually result from direct contact with the electrical circuit or electrical apparatus; the second more often are the result of arcing or flashing due to handling defective apparatus or making repairs on "live" equipment or circuits. It is hoped that helpful suggestions may be offered for minimizing accidents of these two classes.

Jan 1, 1938

By D. D. Bush

Based on the results of this study, the underhand cut and fill stoping method, with mass destressing, is an effective method for controlling rock bursts and falls of ground for deep mining in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District. The procedure can be utilized to pull highly stressed pillars by converting from conventional overhand stoping methods or used as a primary recovery system. During the demonstration, only one minor rock burst occurred, with no injuries. The system facilitates accurate placement of vertical boreholes for effective mass destressing. Each mining cut is filled with cemented sandfill overlying a timbered mat that forms the back for the succeeding cut. For this demonstration, a cemented fill was mixed on the surface and piped to the stone. Costs for pillar recovery by this method are comparable and are considered cost effective over conventionally timbered overhand mining as a pillar recovery method.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. T. Benson

The Bureau of Mines has undertaken investigations to examine selected deposits of beryllium throughout the United States. The beryllium deposit about 6 miles southeast of Lone Pine in the Owens Valley region of Inyo County, Calif., was among those selected for study. In 1960, field work was conducted on the Inyo Beryl claim to determine the extent and character of the beryl-bearing deposit. This report describes the work that was done. In the area investigated, the beryl occurs disseminated in granite and limestone and as stringers. Apparently, the stringers are related to nearby pegmatite dikes, inasmuch as some appear to contain fine-Grained pegmatite. Granitic rocks enclose most of the stringers, which occur as fracture fillings, ranging from thin seams to 4 inches in thickness. The stringers are of muscovite, quartz, albite, and beryl. Some also include epidote and fluorite. For the most part, they are widely spaced. Therefore, mining of substantial tonnages averaging better than 0.2 percent beryl does not appear feasible.

Jan 1, 1962

By Sidney Katell

This report, covering the period January 1968 through December 1968, is a continuation of a series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. It is the tenth in a series of reports prepared in cooperation with the American Association of Cost Engineers. The abstracted articles are concerned with all phases of cost of engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects. They are from the following sources: 1. American Association of Cost Engineers Bulletin. 2. Bureau of Lines Information Circulars. 3. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 4. Chemical Engineering. 5. Chemical Engineering Progress s 6. Chemical Week. 7. Coal Age. 8. Coal Mining and Processing. 9. Cost Engineering. 10. European Chemical News. 3 11. Hydrocarbon Processing. 12. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 13. Oil and Gas Journal. 14. Petroleum Engineer. 15. World Oil.

Jan 1, 1969

By Paul C. Hyndman

No minerals have been produced from the McGraw Creek RARE II area. During the 1982 U.S. Bureau of Mines study, there were no active mines in the area. Limestone occurrences (fig. 1, no. 2), four copper prospects (fig. 1, no. 1, 4, 5, 6), and a prospect with no significant mineral values (fig. 1, no. 3) were examined. A moderate potential for high-calcium limestone resources was estimated between ocurrences within the study area near McGraw and Spring Creeks (fig. 1, no. 2). There is low potential for copper resources at the Argenta Prospect (fig. 1., no. 1) in the study area, and the McDougall Prospect adjacent to the area.

Jan 1, 1983

By Mark P. Meyer

This U.S. Bureau of Mines publication presents salient information in abstract form on 247 coal deposits in Alaska. Coverage includes currently producing deposits and deposits that appear to have commercial production potential. Data arc taken from coal properties identified by the U.S. Bureau of Mines minerals availability program and by a literature search. Infrastructural and institutional factors affecting coal development in Alaska are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1987

By Wallace W. Roepke

The Bureau of Mines conducted a series of experiments using Illinois No. 6 coal to determine the effect of asymmetric wear on airborne respirable dust (ARD), specific energy, cutting force, and normal force. Plumb-bob-type bits--one new bit and four ground with different sized flats--were used. Constant-depth linear cuts at 0.32, 0.64, 1.27, and 2.54-cm cut depths were made. Both cutting force and normal force increased as the flat area increased. Specific energy demonstrated a statistically significant increase with flat area at the 0.32-and 1.27-cm cut depth only. Specific ARD showed a statistically significant decrease with increasing flat area only at the 0.64-cm cut depth. Increasing cut depth increased cutting force but decreased specific energy and specific ARD. Normal force increased with increasing cut depth for the new bit but exhibited a maximum at 0.64 cm for the bits with flats.

Jan 1, 1983

By Richard L. Ash

Introduction The blasting capabilities of commercial explosives are often rated according to their loading densities and detonation velocities. Both the density and velocity are relatively easily measured, the values of which can be used for determining the approximate detonation pressure developed by an explosive during any given set of blasting conditions (1-5). Knowledge of the actual rate of detonation attained at all points along a charger's length also is considered to give a good indication of how well the explosive is functioning. Many factors affect the density and velocity and have been thoroughly discussed by various authors (4, 6-12). For recording velocities several methods are available, but the resistance-wire, or probe, continuously recording technique has the distinct advantage of providing a record of the complete progress of an explosive reaction from the time it first initiates. Figure 1 is a copy of a typical record obtained by the procedure with certain significant information indicated. The theory and applications of the method are extensively covered in the literature so need not be reviewed for this report (13-18). Only the specific equipment and procedure employed for this investigation are presented.

Jan 1, 1973

By E. G. King

The literature contains little thermodynamic information regarding inter-oxidic compounds of the ferroalloy elements and, as a result, thermodynamic considerations of extractive and utilization processes involving these elements have been hampered. As part of a Bureau of Mines program to improve this situation, this paper reports the heats of formation of three calcium vanadates and two magnesium vanadates. There were no previous similar data for any of these compounds. The experimental method was hydrochloric acid solution calorimetry, using calorimetric reaction schemes involving the vanadates and their component oxides. The results were expressed as heats of formation from the component oxides and from the elements. Corresponding free energy of formation values were calculated. The data show that the calcium and magnesium vanadates are stable with respect to all possible decompositions in which vanadium remains pentavalent. This conclusion is similar to the one drawn by Koehler6 for three sodium vanadates.

Jan 1, 1962