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By Joseph J. Wallace

1. The investigation shows that nine coal beds have been mined in Harlan County, of which the Harlan and Upper Elkhorn No, 3 are the most important from the standpoint of present production. Of less importance are the Hindman, Flag, Haddix, Wax, Fire Clay, Armburgy, and Upper Elkhorn No. 2. The Harlan, Upper Elkhorn No. 3, and Upper Elkhorn No. 2 beds contain the largest remaining known reserves. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves in all beds, based on a minimum thickness of 14 inches and 1,800 tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated at 2,138 million short tons as of January I, 1932. Of this total, 1,956 million short tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics are too meager for making an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study, Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1954

By Michael E. Henderson

The U.S. Bureau of Mines (BOM) constructed the Hydraulic Transport Research Facility (HTRF) to investigate the hydraulic parameters relating to the transport of coarse coal. To achieve these goals in a timely and efficient manner, the Bureau contracted to Boeing Services International, Inc. (BSI) the responsibility of operating the HTRF and providing technical support. This data report is a summary of the testing and data results for the period from 6 September to 9 September 1983. The testing covered herein is for coarse 2-in by 0 (minus 50 mm) Pittsburgh Seam run-of-mine (ROM) coal in a 12-in (300 mm) pipeline, at velocities ranging from 8 to 16 ft/s (2.4 to 4.9 m/s) and at concentrations ranging from 15 to 50 pct.

Jan 1, 1985

By W. W. Adams

[S,1.1.8'"' of explordves -permissible explosivos,21 other high explosives, and black blasting povrder -in the Uni ted States during the caJ.endar yenr 1937 reached a ~ombined total that slightly exceeded the quantity sold in 1936. A larger output was re orted. for permisAiblA and other hig! explosives but asmal-ler for black po~~er. Production of the three classes of explosives totaled 404, 744,294 pounds, more than 3 pel'CGnt over 1336. The total qrumti ty produced included 49,579,441 pounds of perminsibles, 2~8,924,253 pounds of other high ex-plosives, 36,403,950 pounds of black powder in pellet form, and 29,836,65q pounds of bla~k powder in granular form.]

Jan 1, 1938

By L. B. Pankratz

Thermodynamic data on carbides, nitrides, and other selected substances were reviewed, evaluated, and compiled at the U.S. Bureau of Mines Albany Research Center. Values for Cp°, S°, H° - H°298, -(G° - H298)/T, ?Hf, ?Gf, and log Kf are given in tabular form. Cp°, H° - H°248, ?Hf°, and ?Gf° are also expressed algebraically.

Jan 1, 1994

This publication summarizes the research (in-house and contract projects) programmed by the Bureau of Mines for fiscal year 1985 (October 1, 1984-September 30, 1985) under its Health and Safety Technology Program. The objective of these projects is to provide an ordered and sequenced advance toward the Bureau's overall goal of providing the system technology required to create a more healthful and safer working environment for the Nation?s mining and minerals processing workers.

Jan 1, 1985

By William F. Jahn

Because of the' situation in Europe during the summer of 1939, with the possibility of war and consequent curtailment or loss of supplies of tin to the United States, the Bureau of Mines undertook an investigation of domestic tin resources. This was permitted by the Strategic Minerals Act of 1939, which authorized investigation of possible domestic resources of strategic minerals necessary in a national emergency. The minerals selected were in short supply, and the United States depended almost entirely on imports to meet normal requirements. The Black Hills of South Dakota were selected for investigation as one possible source of tin because of the occurrence of the mineral there has been known since 1876, although production had never been important. The Tinton area, in the northern part of the Hills, had received the most attention and contained some minor indicated and inferred tin deposits.

Jan 1, 1949

By Lloyd Williams

1. The investigation shows that the Poplar Creek and Big Mary beds contain the largest known recoverable reserves of coal in Morgan County, Tenn. The Poplar Creek bed has been the most productive. 2. Known measured and indicated reserves of coal, based on a minimum bed thickness of 14 inches and on 1,800 short tons per acre-foot of coal in place, are estimated to be 96 million tons, as of January 1, 1954. Of this total, 59 million tons is in beds 28 inches and more thick. Areas in each bed were omitted from the estimate because available data relative to the bed characteristics were too meager to make an estimate that conforms with the definitions of measured and indicated coal adopted for this study. Should future drilling or development prove reserves in these areas, such reserves should be added to the total estimated reserves.

Jan 1, 1956

By J. E. Geier

This Bureau of Mines report reviews hypotheses for the mechanism by which water jets reduce the specific energy of cutting for drag bits. Several of these hypotheses are shown to be inconsistent with published evidence and new observations. The notion of a limiting cutting speed, above which water jets would be incapable of rendering assistance, is shown to be improbable. The hypothesis that seems most plausible is that specific energy reductions are mainly due to the erosion of crushed materials from in front of the bit. This hypothesis leads to a prediction that, for a given rock type and jet-bit configuration at a constant depth of cut, the reduction in bit forces should be a function of dM/dx, the jet energy spent per unit length of cut. This dependence upon dW/dx is shown to be consistent with other workers? results.

Jan 1, 1987

By H. F. Weaver

The 17th National First-Aid and Mine Rescue Contest was held in the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center, Louisville, Ky., October 2, 3, and 4, 1957. The meet was under the auspices of the Federal Bureau of Mines and the Joseph A. Holmes Safety Association, in cooperation with the National Coal Association, United Mine Workers of America, State mining departments, local mining institutes, and coal operators' associations. The Arrangements Committee, as authorized by the General Committee, made all the necessary arrangements for conducting the 1957 contest. Members of the Arrangements Committee were: Harry Gandy, Jr. (chairman), National Coal Association; James B. Benson, Southern Coal Producers' Association; Charles Ferguson, United Mine Workers of America; George C. Trevorrow, Bituminous Coal Operators' Association; and James Westfield, Federal Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1958

By Wiliam L. Crentz

The importance of Somerset County, Pa., as a coal producer is due in large measure to the presence reserves of low-volatile bituminous coals. Although many coal beds of minable thickness are present, the important reserves are to be found in those beds underlying the Pittsburgh bed. The Kittenning beds and Freeport beds, which are responsible for the bulk of the present coal production in Somerset County and contain the largest reserves to meet future coal requirements, are usually thin and entirely free from impurities. The Pittsburgh bed, which has been such an important coal deposit in the coal areas immediately west and south of Somerset County, is of secondary importance in this county. Although generally rather friable, Somerset County coals have enjoyed wide receptability as excellent coals and to some extent have been utilized in the metallurgical market.

Jan 1, 1951

By Curtis D. Edgerton

Miami Oölite limestone is the only significant construction mineral in southeastern Florida. Its source area coincides with that of rapid urban expansion. Two-thirds of the existing resource is already unavailable because of development. Land-use conflicts place future availability of limestone in jeopardy. However, a sufficient limestone resource to meet demand for many years is present if its extraction is not restricted. Adverse environmental effects of quarrying Miami Oölite are not severe; land values often increase following quarrying. Future availability depends upon--(l) achieving uniformity of Federal, State, county, and municipality statutory requirements governing quarry operations; (2) setting aside specific land areas for future quarrying; and (3) cooperative planning to provide for land utilization upon completion of quarrying.

Jan 1, 1974

The Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) defines an independent contractor as any person, partnership, corporation, subsidiary of a corporation, firm, association or other organization that contracts to perform services or construction at a mine. Contractors that perform specific types of work are required to report the number of employees who work at coal mines and noncoal mines.

Jan 1, 2008

By Carl H. Beal

The oil industry in the United States is further advanced than in any other country, because of American initiative and the development of industries dependent in some way on petroleum or its products. For this reason the output has constantly increased (fig. 1), and as a result this country has produced more than half of the total output of the world. Trw total past output of the world is approximately 7,000,000,000 barrels of 42 gallons each; of this the United States produced about 4,000,000,000 barrels, or about 57 per cent. The limit of production in this country is being approached, however, and although new fields undoubtedly await discovery, the yearly outpnt must inevitably decline, because the maintenance of a given output each year necessitates the drilling of an increasing number of wells. Such an increase becomes impossible after a certain point is reached, not only because of a lack of acreage to be drilled, but because of the great number of wells that will ultimately have to be drilled. According to figure 1, the daily production per well each year has increased during the last few years. However, this increase is abnormal, being caused by the new pools brought in. Although such a condition may continue for several years, the average production per well will finally begin to decrease on account of the lack of new pools to make up for the normal decline in production of the old ones.

Jan 1, 1919

By Robert N. Roby

"The Moffet-Johnston property was investigated by the Bureau of Mines with the object of determining the presence of ore reserves that might be utilized during the war emergency. Preliminary examination was made during May and Juno 1943, as a result of which the Johnston 'tunnel was cleaned out and repaired, the .mime was surveyed, and a small program of exploration was undertaken. This report describes the work performed and presents the data obtained.In its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as soon as practicable after its conclusion. The Mining Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts prelimi¬nary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocker, chief, analyzes samples and performs benefication tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. R. S. Dean, assistant director.The chemical and spectrographic analyses were made at Reno, Nov., under the direction of A. C. Rico, acting engineer in charge, Rare and Precious Metals Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines. The ore-dressing tests were under the direction of Rollien R. Wells, metallurgist, at the Salt Lake City laboratories of the Bureau of Mines.The author acknowledges the cooperation and assistance of the lessee of the property, H.R. Hakes, who furnished nine reports and other information.The Moffet-Johnston property is in secs. 2 and 3, T. 3 S., R. 5 W., in the Tidal Wave mining district of Madison County, Montana.The portal of the Johnston adit is near the mouth of Bear Gulch, 9 miles northeast of Twin Bridges, Mont. It is reached by an improved dirt road that serves mining properties farther up Bear Gulch. The Moffet mine and the Mountain View shaft are now accessible from the Bear Gulch road over an access road recently completed by the U. S. Grazing Service. The Grazing Service road has also been supplemented by bulldozer trails built by the Bureau of Mines.An electric-power line extends from the Montana Power Co's substation at Twin Bridges to mines at the head of Bear Gulch and passes within 200 feet of the Johnston portal.The claims of the Moffet-Johnston property were located about 1900. A report by H. V. Winchel, consulting geologist, in 1904 indicates that most of the development on the Johnston adit was completed by that date. At the time of the Winchel report, the Moffet workings had just penetrated the first ore shoot (fig. 4)."

Sep 1, 1946

By John J. Mulligan

The Bureau of Mines investigated coal deposits at Mount Gran (latitude 76°59' S, longitude 161°07' E), Victoria Land, Antarctica, during the austral summer of 1959-60 as part of the continuing U.S. Antarctic Research Program, which is under the auspices of the National Science Foundation. The coals and associated rocks were measured, sampled, and analyzed. Five coalbeds, ranging in thickness from over 10 feet to scattered fragments of coaly material in sandstone, occur in a sandstone-coal series overlying a series of crossbedded red-buff sandstones. Both series are part of the Beacon group of sediments, and both show some evidence of pressure metamorphism. The sandstones are poorly cemented and are composed dominantly of rounded and often frosted quartz grains. The sediments have been broken and uplifted by a series of massive diabase sills. The broken nature of the sediments precluded an estimate of the amount of coal present. The Mount Gran coals are highly attrital banded anthracites and semianthracites that have most commonly a moderately dull luster but do include bright bands. Coal in contact with or near diabase intrusives is partly graphitic but shows no evidence of coking. Apparently the coal was beyond coking rank before emplacement of the adjacent intrusives. Fragments of the plant Glossopteris indica found with the coal suggest Permian age but do not prove it. The coals appear to be derived from plant remains that collected in shallow basins; individual coalbeds would tend to be lenticular bodies that formed in different places as the dominantly sandy sediments were deposited. The wide distribution of coal indicates that coal-forming conditions prevailed over much of the continent; the great thickness of Beacon sediments indicates that similar conditions may have persisted through a long period of geologic time. Generally similar coal deposits may occupy widely separated stratigraphic positions.

Jan 1, 1963

By Clarence O. Babcock

In this report, the Bureau of Mines presents a method for reducing the complexity of designing room-and-pillar mining systems by treating them as anisotropic soft inclusions in the surrounding ore or host rock. Theoretical models were derived for the calculation of the effective Young's moduli for these systems. The predicted behavior of the plate-type elements used in these models agreed well with test results from 21 plates each with 49 holes spaced on a 7 X 7 Cartesian grid. The plates behaved as anisotropic solids, the effective Young's moduli of which could be predicted from the scaled hole size and spacing. Actual hole shape was insignificant. The effective Young's moduli for simple mining systems are calculated in sample problems. This approach should provide information about field stress in the mining region and the stress distribution in the surrounding ore or host rock when the actual mining configuration is replaced by an anisotropic inclusion in a finite element analysis. The field stress within the inclusion can then be applied to the actual opening shape to determine the stress distribution within the mining region.

Jan 1, 1970

By Charles A. R. Lambly

This paper, which describes the mining practices of the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. at Metaline Falls, Wash., is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in various mining districts of the United States. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Acknowledgment is made to L. P. Larson, president, and Jens Jensen, secretary, of the Pend Oreille Mines & Metals Co. for permission to publish this paper. information was supplied by E. Berglund, mine superintendent; Earl Miller, chief engineer; Lynn Kinney, John Currie, and Wally Frick, engineers; Arthur Newman, chief clerk; and Jack Crampton, assayer.

Jan 1, 1941

By Thomas P. Mucho

Cable bolts are emerging as the newest ?twist? for roof support in U.S. underground coal mines. For decades cable bolts installed in underground metal mines in the United States and Canada used cement-based grouts for anchoring. The cement anchoring process, because of the time and expense for installation, made cable bolts impractical for use in coal mines. Today, the introduction of resin-anchored cable bolts provides a system more consistent with tradi­tional U.S. coal mine roof bolting practices and requirements. Expecta­tions are that the utilization of cable bolts for a number of U.S. mining applications will expand, particularly in coal mining.

Jan 1, 1998

By John Ward Smith

Variations in specific gravity of oil retorted from oil shales of the Eocene Green River Formation in northwestern Colorado were evaluated statistically, demonstrating that these variations are very strongly associated with stratigraphic position and less strongly but still significantly associated with geographic location. Specific gravity of oil retorted from these oil shales apparently varies with the carboxyl group content of the oil shale's organic matter. Higher temperatures accompanying increasing depth of burial probably progressively decarboxylated oil shale's organic matter producing the decrease of oil specific gravity associated with deeper stratigraphic position. The geographically associated oil-gravity variations were probably produced by regional variation in the original thickness of late Cenozoic extrusive rocks once overlying the Green River Formation.

Jan 1, 1966

By J. A. Ruppert, P. M. Sullivan

A study was made of filtration techniques for recovering the major part of the tin contained in iron - tin alloys known as hardhead . Special smallscale filtering apparatus and a three - stage cyclic process were developed . Eighty- seven percent of the tin contained in an alloy of 82 percent tin and 17 percent iron was recovered as pure metal by pressing at 975° C followed by a second pressing at 800 ° C and a final filtering at 250 ° C. Small amounts of Sb , Cu , and Fe impurities were removed by adding Al to the molten product and performing another filtration at 250 ° C.

Jan 1, 1964