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THERE have been two important accomplishments of the Truman administration; the Hoover Commission report on inefficiency and waste in government and the report of the Paley Commission on the natural resources of the United States. Both reports are in the interest of the American people and should transcend the boundaries of political parties. Both reports are starting points for the formulation of policies which must be continuously revised to meet changing conditions. Regardless of the outcome of the election the principles embodied in these two great documents must be kept alive. The Paley report is right in our own bailiwick of mineral raw materials and it behooves us to study it carefully as our responsibility to posterity. To those in the mining industry who have limited their field of observation to moving rock or to metal prices it may come as a surprise that our production of such staples as copper, lead, and zinc has fallen behind increased requirements to the point that substantial tonnages must be imported. Iron ore is next on the list and everybody knows that such metals as tin, tungsten, chromium, manganese, nickel, and cobalt are imported almost exclusively. The crisis in raw materials pointed up by the Paley report has been reported annually by Elmer Pehrson and others to small gatherings at the Mineral Economics Division sessions at the Annual Meeting for as long as we can remember. In September 1949, the United Nations Economic and Social Council held an international resource conference at Lake Success which disclosed these same grave conclusions: - Consumption of raw materials is multiplying at an alarming rate, faster than discoveries or replacements are being made. - Production has been wasteful and utilization lavishly beyond enginee¬ing and practical requirements. - Industrialized nations are depleted and many raw materials consumed by industry are not found in the industrialized countries. - Nations formerly exporters of raw materials are increasingly building their own consuming industries. - Political forces in the world are limiting access to raw materials. The Paley Commission selecting the quarter century, 1950 to 1975, to project raw material requirements for the United States, pointed out obstacles to meeting these requirements, and made recommendations for procurement. It is not important that we disagree that cobalt consumption will reach 344 pct of present, or fluorspar 187 pct when iron and ferroalloys are only expected to increase 75 pct. What is important it that the fabulous appetite of the United States for mineral raw materials has consumed more since World War I than was consumed by the entire world in all recorded history prior to 1914. And, unless the people of the United States are satisfied to remain at their present standard of living (which is unthinkable) this consumption is correctly plotted by the Paley Commission as continuing to expand. If the U. S. is to continue on a course of progress, it must procure raw materials wherever it can at the lowest possible cost. Natural resources are clearly an area in which the broadest cooperation between industry and government must exist to achieve efficient exploitation, economic consumption, and expansion of sources of supply. The message of the Paley report requires action comparable to that of the North Atlantic Pact. Its implication is as significant as military preparedness. It is a world problem. It is a mining engineering problem. Don't let it die!

Jan 1, 1952

RECENTLY, we were asked to name the greatest contribution to progress in mining technology during the past 25 years. Immediately, the introduction of the pneumatic hammer for making blastholes came to mind because it can be credited with speeding the excavation of rock and the elimination of hand drilling. Possibly this answer was so spontaneous because we were working on this "drilling issue" Of MINING ENGINEERING. Present drilling tools have devel¬oped so rapidly, that a great deal of engineering is. required in the selection of bits, steel, and machines for the drilling conditions at each mine. Formerly a modicum of engineering was utilized in selection of equipment for it was purchased from manufacturer preference. With the development of alloy drill steels, tungsten-carbide bits, throwaway bits, and the jackleg drill, mining companies began doing more experimental work before making selections. It is unfortunately true, that each operator must begin at the beginning by doing his own test work before choosing his drilling method, and tools. Some of this work has been done very well-under controlled conditions and obtaining proper data on the variables. Such data should be accumulated from the various mines, tabulated, and published. Such a volume would be of tremendous help to the small operator in selecting equipment and would permit the research departments of the larger companies to formulate some measure of rock drillability and to undertake more specialized research on the different phases of drilling.

Jan 1, 1952

EDUCATION is a business; and, if the consumer is satisfied with the product, no one has any grounds for complaint. "Pretty well satisfied" about slims up the attitude of the mining industry toward the young graduates presently entering the field. Yet, with amazing regularity the controversy over the five-year curriculum recurs in educational circles. The educational mills grind out their products, some higher grade than others, depending on individual proclivity. The cycle continues almost without interruption. Arthur Taggart, however, takes his bowie knife to some of the sturdiest limbs of the tree of knowledge in his article on engineering education on page 770 of this issue. As all who know him might suspect, the pruning is not restrained. With one swing of the knife, such practically-labeled courses as Mine Design are stricken from the tree and transplanted to the field of Graduate Education. Emphasis on the basic sciences and the study of man through courses in history, economics, and literature are recommended to constitute an undergraduate curriculum. Such courses show the least depreciation and therefore give the student the most for his money. Partial justification for this dramatic departure from tradition is explained by the increasing number of companies giving training courses. Why make the student pay for what he can get paid for learning after graduation, the author argues. Other leading educators espouse this doctrine. Dean S. C. Hollister of Cornell, for the Committee on Adequacy and Standards of Engineering Education, recommended to ECPD in 1951 that emphasis be placed on the basic sciences. "Sifting back through the curriculum, it seems clear that instruction in the basic sciences, if taught in a manner such that knowledge of them makes available working tools, contributes the most sustaining part of the curriculum", reported the committee. Note that he would utilize practical problems from the fields of engineering in teaching the sciences. In our opinion the important thing to learn in college is how to think the engineering approach. Recitation on traditional solutions of classic problems sharpens the memory, not the ingenuity of the student. The engineering schools of the nation recognize the advantage of great emphasis on fundamentals, and the inclusion of cultural courses in the curriculum. However, industry presently requires graduates to have a substantial knowledge of the tools of the trade upon graduation. This means that the colleges are forced to pare to the bone to encompass the required studies in the time allotted. In addition, there is the limitation of student money. College educators also claim that entering freshmen are often improperly prepared in such subjects as writing and mathematics. These considerations make it difficult for the critic of the engineering graduate to make any headway with the educators. Actually with the mounting problems imposed by lower grade and more complex ores, a new breed of engineers is needed. The impetus for this new product must come from industry. If there was a concerted effort from industry for an improved type of engineer, the colleges would modify their aims to meet the demand for the kind of individual desired.

Jan 1, 1952

DEPENDENCY on foreign sources for many mineral raw materials is a characteristic of our economy which is becoming painfully evident. Although investment in foreign mining projects has increased, it has not kept up with the growing demand for foreign minerals. The sphere of American investment capital in mining ventures abroad has been severely limited by the rise of nationalism in many underdeveloped countries. Consequently, we can look back over half a century in which mining investment, exclusive of petroleum, has increased by 50 pct whereas other American investments abroad have multiplied by better than 300 pct. Investment in foreign mining or petroleum encounters different problems than capital investment for other industries. It is rarely invested in industrialized nations. Most of it goes to countries with expanding frontiers, like Canada, or to underdeveloped nations like Liberia. It must be used for building communities, recruiting and training labor, and establishing lines of communication and transportation. These complications are an accepted part of the mining game. However, the most complex problem is in those countries which consider mineral exploitation a usurpation of the people's natural heritage. This is a characteristic of the young government existing by a tenuous balance of power in an underdeveloped nation. American mining capital understandably has shunned these nations as being poor investment risks. However, they possess minerals which are needed by industry. Our government has attempted to stimulate mineral supplies beyond those provided from abroad by private capital. ECA, now under DMPA, makes loans to foreign mining companies. Since the ECA program cannot be expected to continue indefinitely, Point IV seems to be the logical next step to encourage foreign countries to fill our shortages. However, only 1 pct of the $35 million budget provided in the first year for Point IV was alloted for mining programs. Considering the need for minerals and the difficulties of procuring them by private investment, a larger share is needed and justifiable. Those who have been engaged in foreign mining can vouch for the fact that it takes many decades to teach the complex technology and economics of mining to the natives of under-developed countries. For this reason Point IV must be considered a long range program. Mineral requirements for the present must be met by more direct measures. Encouragement of private investment in foreign mining by such incentives as tax relief on profits from foreign sources, international bank-borrowing facilities for private capital, and diplomatic assistance in encouraging foreign countries to cooperate are imperative for our future mineral security.

Jan 1, 1952

THE wave of nationalism co-mingled with communism which is sweeping from the Philippines across the Asiatic continent into the Middle East has climaxed in a tragedy in Iran which is shaking the foundations of the United Nations. Iran, who a few short years ago stood before the UN as a supplicant for protection against the occupation of the province of Azerbaijan by the Soviet, today defies its jurisdiction in the oil dispute with Great Britain.

Jan 11, 1951

By ME ME

IT just so happens that we do our best thinking while painting wood- work and last Saturday while finishing up the screens (the bugs come late where we live) the paint very nearly ran out. By adding turpentine, it just stretched. It was pretty thin for the job though, which made us think that that is just about what the situation is going to be in the mining industry if something isn't done to increase the number of enrollments in engineering curricula. Engineers are going to be spread too thin for the job at hand.

Jan 8, 1951

BEING at the crossroads, metaphorically speaking, seldom has the advantages of the literal sense of the words. One seldom has precise knowledge of the existence of the metaphorical crossroads or forks in the road of life. A case in point is the Committee on Education of the Engineers' Council for Professional Development, which for twenty years has been accrediting the engineering curricula in the educational institutions of the United States. The committee is now at odds with itself and with the National Council of State Boards of Engineering Examiners over the accrediting of courses which in the opinion of many engineers are not strictly speaking engineering curricula at all. Such courses include: fire protection engineering, crystal engineering, nuclear engineering, and geological engineering. The crossroads might be placed arbitrarily somewhere between 1936 and 1938 when the committee first started accrediting curricula and included the first course in industrial engineering. Purists might argue that the committee first wandered from the straight and narrow when it recognized subdivision of engineering into the major branches of mining, metallurgical, civil, mechanical, electrical, and chemical engineering. Accrediting is certainly an important function because it provides a standard for engineering education and it should be done on a national basis by an unbiased group like the Education Committee of ECPD. Students, educational institutions, and industry derive great benefit from proper standards. The autonomous State Boards of Engineering Examiners have long accepted ECPD accreditation as evidence of the required academic training of engineers aspiring to licensing. But the State Boards today question the wisdom of applying the name engineer to graduates of some of the so-called fringe curricula. The Education Committee, having gone so far in accrediting some of them, has numerous applications pending for accreditation of similar curricula and even new courses never before accredited. Arguments against recognizing highly specialized engineering curricula are numerous. The Salary Stabilization Board has disallowed industrial engineering from classification as engineering for its purposes. A graduate of a specialized course in geological engineering at a school in the Southwest slanted heavily for practice in the petroleum industry might not be interchangeable with a graduate of a similarly designated curricula at one of the institutions in the North Central states where the emphasis might be on metallic. mineral deposits. Industry in general should not expect the universities to supply a degree in each of the specialized engineering classifications it might set up for purposes of salary or job designation. Having gone so far, it is easy to understand the difficulty of the Education Committee. ECPD might well call a moratorium for the purpose of taking stock of its position. If the present trend is allowed to continue, it is apparent that an engineering institution could be subdivided into a multiplicity of departments teaching specialized curricula resulting in a subordination of the basic concepts of engineering. Although the parallel of the medical profession is trite, it should be pointed out that degrees in medicine are not labelled by the numerous specialities practiced by doctors. For practical purposes the ECPD would do well to accept the fact that the crossroads have been overreached "and protect the engineering profession by coming up with minimum standards for an engineering curriculum.

Jan 1, 1952

IT is certainly fitting and proper that the shortage of engineers should be the topic of frequent editorials in the professional magazine of mining engineers, but many of you are directly concerned with another shortage; namely, the shortage of skilled miners. It is often said that the military organization is built around the noncommissioned officer and it is similarly true that the mining organization depends for its production on the skilled miner-the NCO of the mining industry.

Jan 10, 1951

Time Now For Thinking In these turbulous times a natural restiveness is created among the younger men of the mining profession. Many of them are veterans of World War II and the question is raised in their minds as to whether or not to go back into military service. There is time to think about this question now and it is advisable to do so in order that snap decisions may be avoided if war is declared.

Jan 2, 1951

AN unprecedented expansion of the mineral industries began in mid-1950. There are few minerals on the strategic list for which some source of supply here at home has not been found. All types of inducements have been utilized, ranging from RFC loans to guaranteed-price purchase contracts. No one can deny that tremendous progress toward mineral self-sufficiency has been made. Despite the greatness of these accomplishments, made' in the name of national defense, one cannot help but. have a feeling of uneasiness over the price which has been paid-in indebtedness, in freedom, and in the sacrifice of private enterprise. The people of the Soviet have been enslaved by a military state which attempts complete control of the economy. A similar yoke has been imposed on the business life of this nation. Of course, there is a difference in degree of control and in purpose. We are dedicated toward defense and the resistance of aggression. And, our personal liberties have not been usurped. The realization of the extent to which this nation has been forced by Communist aggression to adopt the practices of the socialized state is appalling.

Jan 1, 1952

THIS issue is about Chuquicamata and the new sulphide plant. Chuquicamata is moving into a new cycle of productivity; she has begun to give up the sulphide copper which lies deep-seated beneath the oxide ore zones in large but yet unknown quantity. After forty years of production, Chuqui may be likened to a strapping youngster, with adolescence and maturity still ahead. Mining operations are being projected-not for decades -but for generations. Although there are still many years of open-pit mining ahead, planning of future underground mining has been started. The bottom of the orebody is still unknown, but enough work has been done to show that Chuqui is one of the largest known copper orebodies in the world. Until recently, only the oxide ores have been mined and these have been treated at the rate of 50,000 to 60,000 tons per day by leaching. Construction of the sulphide plant was timed to coincide with reduction in production of oxide ores. The new sulphide concentrator and smelter, designed in keeping with the magnitude of the orebody, will be brought on the production line at the rate of 30,000 tons per day. The capacity of the plant now planned can be expanded to treat 60,000 tons of sulphide ore. Little wonder that Chuqui is a name legendary in the remotest mining circles. But to those who have known her more intimately, and there is hardly a mining camp without a Chuqui graduate, she means much more. She is an orebody that has made engineers. Reposing at 10,000 ft on the western flank of the Andes in the arid northern reaches of Chile, water is scarce, common fuels absent, and volcanoes and earthquakes add drama and hazard. It is these natural difficulties which have created the fascination and challenge which have caused many engineers to devote their lives to unlocking this treasure house of nature.

Jan 1, 1952

THERE has been a lot of talk about the shortage of engineers and we have done our share of it; but recently we heard a spot radio commercial-between broadcasts-urging high school seniors to study engineering. We think this is going too far. Engineering is an exacting profession requiring the highest personal qualifications. Publicity for the purpose of interesting capable young people in choosing courses in engineering should emphasize qualification. The opportunities for a career in a great constructive profession which is the basis of our high standard of living should be properly evaluated. Although there is a need for more engineers today, nobody knows what the employment potential is going to be four years hence. The profession may do itself a grave disservice by attempting mass recruitment in the face of an unpredictable national economy. The mining and metals industries are in a special position as fewer engineers are needed in these fields. Only 10 pct of all engineers are mining and metallurgical engineers. Today's shortage is not so much in recent graduates, but in trained practicing engineers. The shortage has served the profession to good effect because it directed the talents of engineers into more productive channels. In some areas high school graduates have been put into routine jobs such as, surveying. If there is one thing the mining profession does not want, it is an oversupply of graduates which would relegate college men to years of work and discouragement in routine jobs. The public has a clear cut picture of the legal and medical professions and thus the respect knowledge imparts. But the engineer is variously thought of as a man who pulls the throttle lever on a locomotive, tends a furnace, or builds a bridge. The term engineer is too loosely used. For instance we have heard of "crowd engineers" and "exterminating engineers." In some unions an engineer designation has been established to describe a person doing routine checking or other control job. We do not disparage these positions but they are different from the work done by the man qualified by years of experience and study. Many of these so-called engineers are not engineers at all. The engineering profession has cooperated closely on a program of recruiting high school graduates for engineering study. It should start a cooperative public relations program to enlighten the public on the accomplishments and work of engineers. This type of publicity need not be of the bombastic type. It can be educational and dignified. Radio, television, and the periodicals can be used to convey information. It is time that laymen and interested young people learn to make a distinction between the true engineer and the technician. Such a program would instruct parents and high school students and thereby interest the right type of people in the engineering profession. The Centennial of Engineering sponsored by the American Society of Civil Engineers is a step in the direction of instructive public relations. This fine start should not be allowed to remain as a one pass venture. The engineering profession as a whole should follow this exposition with a sustained, well directed effort to inform the public of the engineer's work and the possibilities it holds for a constructive career.

Jan 1, 1952

WE vote this month without knowledge of either major presidential candidates' position on mineral problems. Too long have we kept our own counsel, turned our backs on the public. Certainly we must formulate policies upon which we may unite in industry council, but implementation of these by legislative bodies requires popular understanding, if not support. The earth and its resources are the province of the miner and the farmer but beyond this, and the basic need of the economy for both, the similarity ends. In this election year the disparity between the poll strength of these two fundamental callings is apparent. While both candidates have found it essential to incorporate a farm plank in their platforms, mining has been neglected as not being a basic issue. If this gives the mining fraternity the advantage of voting objectively, it also leaves the general public in the dark as to the attitude of the candidate on a basic issue. It is an issue on which depends the future of the nation, but, unfortunately, the public is not aware of its own vital stake in mining. Thus election time brings with it a fresh example of the evils of automatic lawn sprinkling-a long standing peeve of ours. Back in the days of the hand-held sprinkling hose in the intimacy of the twilight the mining man had the opportunity to unburden himself on the problems of mining to his neighbor who might be a doctor, lawyer, or accountant. With the encroachment of mechanized sprinkling, yet another forum for the indoctrination of the layman into the significance of mining has disappeared. Familiarizing your neighbors with mining in the lawn sprinkling societies of yesteryear was the individual's contribution to public relations for mining. The corporations can use educational advertising in popular magazines as is practiced by such companies as Kennecott. The AIME can play an important part by providing career guidance information on the mineral industries. We offer the suggestion to the American Min¬ing Congress, that the splendid exhibitions of mining machinery featured in alternate years for metal and coal mining, respectively, might be opened to the general public one night during the week of the show. Newspaper publicity would add greatly to the public's interest in such an opportunity. Power for the public is considered a vote-getter and no candidate has neglected to make his stand on this subject. Is the price of the kilowatt in the home of greater importance to the voter than the price of the metal durable goods which he purchases every year? Not really, but the voter thinks so. Mining has as much sales appeal as 'potatoes or kilowatts if presented in the proper way. We suggest that a little hand lawn sprinkling by the right people in the right places would produce an abundance of publicity which would give Mr. and Mrs. American something new to expect from their representatives-a vigilance over the flowering of their mining industry.

Jan 1, 1952

“IT is decreed by Divine Providence that those who know what they ought to do and then take care to do it properly, for the most part meet ' with good fortune in all. they, undertake; on the other hand, misfortune overtakes the indolent and those who are careless in their work." These are the words of Georgius Agricola. to. those who are engaged in mining, taken from De Re Metallica, Book II, second paragraph. Safety in mining is just that simple, when considered on the basis of the individual. The words imply a .knowledge of what is to be done and how to do it. Armed with this knowledge it is only necessary to proceed with diligence and care to achieve the desired end without personal or financial mishap. Obviously the complication arises in the large company operating numerous mines and the consequent ramifications of company structure embodying management, supervision, engineering, and labor. Agricola stresses later on the importance of supervision and direction by the owners of the mine. We know that this principle is recognized today by the frequency with which the statement is repeated "a safety program must stem from management." People charged with responsibility for safety and management also stress the importance of securing the cooperation of the employees in formulating and carrying . out safe working practices. Safety committees consisting of employees, supervisors, and. representatives of management are recognized as the most practical method of achieving safety consciousness in all levels of mining company organization.

Jan 1, 1952

IN the western mines, the boss, engineer, geologist, or nipper in making rounds have a password which usually guarantees safe entrance to a working place from below the working miner. Most men won't climb a raise or enter a stope from below where a miner is working until they have shouted "nothin' down" and heard those words shouted back by the miners above. "Nothin' down" is a safety pledge as necessary and as binding as the truce flag to the soldier. It implies mutual confidence that work will be suspended until the person below has come abreast of the workers; and also confidence that the miner who replies "nothin' down" is reasonably sure the place is safe to enter. Like truce flags which are not infallible, so is this password subject to human errors or unexpected falls of rock, tools, or timber. Everyone knows these unavoidable hazards, but what is important to the exposed man is that in that precise moment of time when he has heard the reassurance of "nothin' down," he knows that safety is uppermost in the minds of the men above him. With such assurance we would go anywhere and so would most mining men. If that period of safety consciousness, procured by the utterance of two words, could be multiplied to equal the hours in the working day, there would not be any accidents but those by "the act of God." It is the aim of every safety program to make safety as natural as breathing. That is the reason for the posters, the conferences, instruction periods, safety engineers, and the inspections. But none of these are as effective as one accident, which keeps men on their toes for weeks to come. This is not the price we want to pay for safety consciousness. This Annual Review number of Mining Engineering is full of talk about production. Production for defense, production for profit. In this tremendous surge of industrial might . to make this nation and our very families safe S from the predatory forces abroad in the world today; let us not lose sight of the fact that the . safety of our manpower is more precious than any commodity. Production without safety is detrimental to the national interest, to that of the company, and to the individual. If the words "nothin' down" can give us the best human guarantee of safety, for however brief a time, let us adopt them at least in principle as our slogan in 1952. Production for preservation in '52 - but NOTHIN' DOWN!

Jan 1, 1952

COLLECTIVE bargaining, hereto-fore loudly proclaimed as one of the stout timbers of the Republic, has passed from the picture. The coup de gr[a]ce was struck by the President of the United States when he ignored his vested legal prerogative and seized the steel industry by the dubious authority of, his "inherent powers." Autocratic judgment by a single official replaced arbitration by the steel industry and labor union. This is the outcome of a battle which has been bitterly waged for months in the hazy atmosphere created by well oiled propaganda machines. Prior to government intervention, there was no clear picture of the issues at stake. All parties concerned marshalled their accountants to conjure up figures proving their respective contentions. The results were fed into public relations departments for embellishment and dissemination. Thus, the public was asked to believe on one hand, that the steel worker, who is second only to the coal miner in hourly wages, was entitled to an increase in pay and other benefits. Nothing was said about the effect-of such an increase on the national economy. Industry in turn pointed to declining profits after taxes, but failed to mention the more than a billion dollars spent on plant expansion, in addition to the payment of substantial dividends for 1951. With the intervention of the administration, the immediate issue became clear to freedom-loving Americans. Is the executive branch of the government above the law, or is it supposed to uphold and carry out the .laws of Congress? The present administration forgot that it is a servant of the public and has become despotic. The American people must obliterate this dangerous precedent which has been set by the administration or accept the. ominous consequences of submission. Fortunately, the strongest weapon of the citizen-the ballot -still remains. When democratic procedure is restored, stabilization of the economy will continue to challenge us. This is the main public stake in the steel controversy. Only a solution based on bed-rock democracy will work. If the emergency is real, and we must assume that it is, this is the time for sacrifice. Industry and labor must meet without rancor to resolve wage contracts through collective bargaining. The government role, under emergency conditions, must be to objectively maintain wage, and price ceilings in the interest of stabilization. Political expediency cannot be permitted to' influence these controls. Politics and not the public weal have been the guide lines for too long. We are at the cross roads. By all sober judgment, this is the time for Americans to take a militant interest in their government today. Tomorrow will be too late.

Jan 1, 1952

Changes have been made in the Bulletin, Section I., for this month ; Personal and Employment columns have been added, and a Forum, in which will be included letters and discussions of general interest to members of the Institute ; live news and new matter have been inserted near the front; lists of officers and committees are placed next to the technical section, while standing matter and other information which is interesting chiefly when sought for, has been segregated as much as possible. Members are urged to co-operate with the Editor by sending in news items of themselves and others, and by giving some of their spare time to this department each month.

Jan 4, 1913

The celebrations which took place in 1986 to mark South Australia's Jubilee 150 served to focus attention on all aspects of the State's heritage. Until that time the sites and relics of South Aus- tralia's early mines had been generally neglected. Marked by the ruins of enginehouses and littered with the remains of the massive technology of the Industrial Revolution, these sites have now been recognised as containing the threads of a fascinat- ing story. In the early days of settlement the economy of the Colony was based on land and farming. Droughts caused periods of economic depression which were alleviated by chance discoveries of gold, lead, silver, and copper ore. Some of the mines which were opened on the copper deposits were the largest in the world at that time and their names well-known throughout mining circles. Working by hand with primitive equipment, the early miners excavated vast networks of shafts and stopes often extending to great depths: at Moonta- Wallaroo Mines for example workings extended to 860 m below ground. Because of the presence of underground water, mining to these depths would not have been possible without the Cornish pumping engine. Operated by steam power these massive engines and their associated equipment were transported from Cornwall by clipper and delivered to the mines by bullock cart. At this time the engines were at the peak of their devel- opment and, although expensive to import and install, they were highly reliable: the engine oper- ating Hughes pump at Moonta worked continu- ously for sixty years without a major breakdown.

Jan 1, 1987

By Steve Skelhorn

Edmonton South LRT is the latest expansion of the Subway system in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Consisting of twin 5.8m segmental lined tunnels, 280m long, driven by a Lovat EPB machine. The key challenges were as follows. A 6% downhill grade. Tight radius curves of 250m.Overlying structures within 3m of the tunnel. Strata consisting of sand above the water table, glacial tills and bed rock below the water table. Located within The University of Alberta Campus and adjacent to a hospital. Northern Alberta climate with winter temperatures routinely falling below—minus 30 degrees Celsius. This paper provides a case history and outlines the challenges involved in completing this project.

Jan 1, 2005

By AIME

BORN in 1899, in Bridgeport, Conn., E. A. Anderson grew up in a center of the nonferrous metal industry. Perhaps that had something to do with his selection of mining as a career while an undergraduate in Yale. After securing his Ph.B. in mining he worked for a year at Handy & Harman. By this time physical metallurgy had supplanted his interest in mining and he entered the Yale graduate school where he secured his M.S. degree in metallography under C. H. Mathewson. After completing his graduate work he entered the employ of The New Jersey Zinc Co. in their research division where he has remained ever since. The transition from graduate study to industry involved no disruption of technical interests. Academic research relating to the zinc-aluminum alloys, then coming into use for die-casting, was followed by extensive and productive industrial research in the perfection and commercialization of these alloys. Research on rolled zinc and rolled zinc alloys, corrosion and stress corrosion, dry cells, electroplating on zinc, and electrodeposition of zinc followed in overlapping succession as time passed.

Jan 1, 1947