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By Sarah P. Guerrino

This chapter summarizes data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are the tables that show the principal nonfuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of Volume I and in the State chapters of Volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed ?mine output.? It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1987

By Rose L. Ballard

This chapter summarizes data on crude non fuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are the tables that show the principal non fuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production, The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of Volume I and in the State chapters of Volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1986

By Stephen D. Smith

This chapter summarizes data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Also included are tables that show the principal nonfuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of Volume I and in the State chapters of Volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may he measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1989

By Rose L. Ballard

This chapter summarizes data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are the tables that show the principal nonfuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of volume I and in the State chapters of volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is ordinarily termed "mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1982

By Stephen D. Smith

This chapter summarizes data on crude nonfuel mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Also included are tables that show the principal nonfuel mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of Volume I and in the State chapters of Volume II of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing. the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed ?mine output." It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the output from auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1989

This chapter summarizes data on crude mineral production for the United States, its island possessions, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. Included also are tables that show the principal mineral commodities exported from and imported into the United States and that compare world and U.S. mineral production. The detailed data from which these tables were derived are contained in the individual commodity chapters of volume I and in the State chapters of volume n of this edition of the Minerals Yearbook. Although crude mineral production may be measured at any of several stages of extraction and processing, the stage of measurement used in this chapter is what is normally termed "mine output!' It usually refers to minerals or ores in the form in which they are first extracted from the ground, but customarily includes the production of auxiliary processing at or near the mines.

Jan 1, 1979

By Russell. Paul L.

"INTRODUCTION Preliminary reports by Bureau of Mines engineers 3/ and by the Federal Geological Survey 4/ suggested that exploration would discover substantial reserves of minable ore in the Contact mine, Grant County, New Mexico. During February and March 1943, a sampling program was conducted on this property under the direction of the author. This was art of a general survey of the manganese districts of southwestern New Mexico.In its program of exploration of mineral deposits, the Bureau of Mines has as its primary objective the more effective utilization of our mineral resources, to the end that they make the greatest possible contribution to national security and economy. It is the policy of the Bureau to publish the facts developed by each exploratory project as practicable soon as after its conclusion. The Branch, Lowell B. Moon, chief, conducts preliminary examinations, performs the actual exploratory work, and prepares the final report. The Metallurgical Branch, R. G. Knickerbocer, chief, analyzes samples and performs beneficiation tests. Both these branches are under the supervision of Dr. S. Dean, assistant director. With respect to this report, special acknowledgment is due to C. H. Johnson, district engineer for New Mexico, and E. D. Gardner, regional engineer, and his staff, of the Central Region of the Bureau of Mines at the time of this work in 1943; also to Kenworthy, metallurgist at the Rolla. Mo., Laboratory of the Bureau of Mines, for work on beneficietion of the ore, and Sherman K. Neuschel, geologist of the Federal Geological Survey, for assistance in interpreting geological data at the project."

Oct 1, 1946

By Launa Mallett, Charles Vaught, Michael J. Brnich, R. Lincoln Derick

After thoroughly covering the health and safety training subjects required under Title 30, Part 48, of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), mine operators often find themselves with little or no time left in the class schedule for other important topics. This paper discusses a technique developed in partnership with RAG Twenty mile Coal Co., Oak Creek, CO, for incorporating employee participation at all levels in fire prevention and safe equipment operation training outside of traditional classrooms. The process involves development of training modules consisting of short, 5- to 7-minute videotapes coupled with toolbox talks that ground the content of the videos within the context of a miner’s workplace.

Jan 1, 2002

By R. D. Leitch, C. A. Taylor

Trinitrotoluene is made by the direct nitration of toluene by a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids . The exact procedure varies , but the product , where Grade I of TNT is desired , is similar , and consists largely of material that has a melting and setting point of 80.6 °c . The purification consists of draining off the liquid portions , including the acid and liquid nitro compounds . The mass is crushed and washed until the TNT is acid - free . It may still have a low-melting point due to the presence of material of lower nitration. Other isomers also have the same effect . The crystal mass may be washed with a solution of sodium sulphite , thiosulphate , sulphuric acid , or with an organic solvent such as alcohol , benzene , or carbon tetrachloride , Where a very pure product is desired , the TNT is separated by fractional crystallization from solution in organic solvents . The TNT is If it forms In some cases the material is melted during purification . agitated as it cools to prevent solidification in a solid mass . in a solid mass , this is broken up and screened . There has been some question as to the effect of the different methods of purification on the strength and sensitiveness of TNT , although all methods left a product that would give satisfactory tests .

Sep 1, 1923

By H. Stuart Auvil

Twelve samples of run-of-oven coke were taken at coke plants in the United States and Canada. Sampling procedure was directed toward obtaining the highest possible degree of uniformity in the gross samples, so that variations in results caused by sampling variations were at a practical minimum. Under these conditions the standard deviation of the screen analysis test on 500-pound samples is found to range from 1.2 percent for the 1-inch screen to 4.5 percent for the 5-inch screen. At present, the A.S.T.H. standard method of test requires that results be reported to the nearest 0.1 percent. This implies a higher than actual degree of precision, and revision of the report required by the method is suggested. Much larger Samples than are generally tested are required to reduce normal testing errors to a point where they are not appreciable fractions of the total variations found in a smoothly operating plant. For example, it is deduced that over 100,000 pounds of coke must be screened to determine if ordinary day-to-day variations in screen analysis have appreciable effects on the performance of a blast furnace.

Jan 1, 1950

By David Hoadley, Kenneth R. Maser, Ashok B. Boghani, James E. Billar, D. Randolph Berry, Mackenzie Burnett, Robert H. Trent

B 3 Principle Program Nomenclature The principal variable names used in the computer program are defined below. The following dimensions are applicable, unless otherwise indicated. Distance - Ft Velocity - Ft. /Minute Time - Minute

Jan 1, 1976

By Linda L. Chasko, Ronald S. Conti, John D. Cool

Mine operators often rely on mine rescue teams to save lives during an underground emergency such as an underground fire, explosion, roof fall or water innundation. It is extremely important that team members are provided with adequate exploration equipment and that training simulations are conducted in a realistic manner. A series of mine rescue training exercises was developed, conducted, and evaluated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in cooperation with the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Deep Mine Safety and several mining companies. The exercises were conducted at NIOSH’s Lake Lynn Laboratory and operating mines during 1995 to 1999 and resulted in improved technology and training for mine rescue teams. For example, existing technologies were identified to help rescue teams during exploration. These included various chemical light shapes and laser pointers to identify team members and mark crosscuts and mine materials, strobe lights for mapping out escapeways and marking crosscuts, and thermal imaging systems to see through smoke. A hands-free communication system showed potential for enhanced communications between team members and the fresh air base. Anew team lifeline that allows for flexibility of movement between team members was developed. A positive-pressure inflatable escape device (IED) was used to isolate the “hazardous” environment from fresh air and allow rescue team members to traverse through. An inflatable feed-tube partition that can rapidly block large openings such as underground passageways and simultaneously provide a feed-tube for high-expansion foam generators was also deployed for several simulations. During the simulations, mine rescue team members donned self-contained breathing apparatuses (SCBA) and traversed more than 400-m of mine passageways filled with nontoxic smoke. Visibility ranged from 0.3 to 0.9-m. In one area of the mine, a kerosene heater was used to simulate a fire and reduce the oxygen concentration. In another area, a 1.5 pct methane zone was established. The team members searched for "victims,” administered first aid, mapped the passageways, built temporary stoppings, and ventilated the smoke-filled entries. Advanced training included the extinguishment of a conveyor belt fire in a surface fire gallery. Two teams, each carrying charged waterlines, were escorted into the fire gallery through both doors. These teams controlled the rollback smoke and extinguished 7 to 9-m of burning conveyor belt. Team members indicated that the exercises were extremely beneficial due to the realism of thetraining simulations.

By Verne S. Mutton, William A. Slivensky, Eric S. Weiss, Kenneth L. Cashdollar, Deepak R. Kohli

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Pittsburgh Research Laboratory, cooperated with Tecrete Industries Pty. Ltd. and BHP Australia Coal in a research program to evaluate the strength characteristics and air leakage of four seal and two stopping designs for use in underground coal mines. A fundamental safety research area for NIOSH is to eliminate the occurrence of coal mine explosions or to mitigate their effects. One approach to achieve this goal is to develop new and innovative seal designs that provide increased explosion isolation protection for the mining personnel against ignitions that originate from within the gob or. other worked-out areas of the mine Full-scale seals and stoppings were constructed in the Experimental Mine at Lake Lynn Laboratory near Fairchance, Fayette County, PA. They were ail--leakage tested, then subjected to a series of explosions with average pressure pulses ranging from 25 to 500 kPa (3.5 to 72 psi). Instrumentation measured seal displacement and acceleration as a function of time, providing data to assist in the development of numerical models 1'01- future seal design. All three seals designed with Meshblock wire forlnwo~-k ant1 a lnonolithic shotcrete core withstood the first explosion test, which generated an avcr-age rnaximu~n pressure of - 140 kPa (-20 psi) while maintaining acceptable air leakage rates. These seals I-anged from 175 to 325 mm thick. They included a 2.7-m-high by 325-mm-thick seal that was tesled 27 hr after completion against this - 140-kPa explosion pressure, a special requirement of the test program. This seal survived explosions with pressure pulses up to 300 kPa (43 psi). The 2.3-m-high by 325-mm-thick Meshblock seal survived three explosion tests with overpressures up to 455 kPa (66 psi) and satisfied the air leakage criteria. A I ,200-mm-thick plug seal was constructed of two Gunmesh formwork walls in-filled with shotcrete and a 3,450-kPa (500-psi) strength Aquablend core. This plug seal survived three explosions with pressure pulses ranging 11-om 150 lo 430 kPa (-22 to 62.5 psi) with no measurable postexplosion air leakage. Two Gunmesh stoppings with thicknesses 01' 40 and 75 inln withstood explosion overpressures of 23 and 115 kPa, respectively. Anchoring all seal and stopping designs into the roof, ribs, and floor with steel "rootbolts" provided very effective boundary constraint that is critical to the performanceofstructures subject to explosion overpressures.

Jan 8, 1999

By Robert L. Lagace

This final report documents the work done by Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL) on behalf of the U.S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh Mining and Safety Research Center (PMSRC) , on Contract H0122026 (which began in August of 1971) . Under this contract ADL provided technical assistance to the Bureau on a task basis on virtually all aspects of the Bureau's programs related to present and planned emergency and operational communications and miner location systems for underground coal mines. The work consisted of in- dependent investigations, analyses, experiments, breadboard and prototype hardware development, workshops and technology transfer seminars on mine communications, and on-going evaluations and guidance related to the Bureau's contracted programs on electromagnetic noise, mine communications systems, and trapped miner location. This final report documents the work in two volumes, Volume I, "Emergency and Operational Mine Communications," and Volume II, "seismic Detection and, Location of Isolated Miners." The Tables of Contents of both Volumes are included in each Volume.

Jan 1, 1974

By E. J. Gleim

[of- ac tore affecting the e -success of recent conveyor miningsystems forLt. extraction. 1 GL C ,_tfreedom shoot &apos;_)`u 2--ethe.1 is coal while e en othershot firers re:7 t _e&apos; _U-tin , w J, e coal .Z- 311.ing States conveyors because ;-.;lax .ca requires thatblasting be limited to when c .. men os. _o tend neces¬sary officials 1 s . re out c-z ,r 7t ...y e:e l z<: woes no t a -¬#to 1 C" such restriction on blasting conveyor miningbeen extendedWhere ere t ere. re no _ c: t&apos;_ _c tit-----! . kind cutlasting;,1CL?; C&apos;. _ z)carried anI-7LC. AT continuouslyHowever, unless et._&apos;0:, precations are taken under r&apos;t e , accidents, n is or such, as111 electricity r 1C- from.J--_,._.1t ,° =&apos;1?without usingholes, as well as numerous-o _&apos;1&apos;-1 -= e troublehe record of mineexplosions (some of themSo so _C&apos;_ °:&apos;,v 0f rock- dusting]

Jan 1, 1941

By J. Douglas Causey

In 1986, at the request of the Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied the 7,940-acre Southern Otay Mountain Wilderness Study Area (CA-060-029), and the 5,750-acre Western Otay Mountain Wilderness Study Area (CA-060-028) in order to evaluate their mineral resources. The wilderness study areas are located in San Diego County, CA, about 20 miles southeast of San Diego. No mineral resources were identified in the Southern or Western Otay Mountain Wilderness Study Areas, based on literature, field observations, and sample results. The wilderness study areas are underlain by a complex blend of Late Jurassic, moderately metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Evidence of mineralization is not obvious.

Jan 1, 1987

By V. Castranova, K. VanDyke

"INTRODUCTION A soluble mediator has been described which is released from activated rabbit leukocytes and induces histamine secretion from rabbit platelets (Barbaro and Zvaifler, 1966; Siraganian and Osler, 1971). This factor has been isolated, characterized and named platelet activating factor, PAF (Bcnveniste et. al., 1972). PAF has since been chemically identified as l-0-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphocholine (Benveniste et. al., 1979; Demopoulous et. al., 1979).PAF is a lipid mediator of broad biological activity. It causes smooth muscle contraction, contraction of lung tissue and decreased FEV 1; while enhancing capillary permeability thus causing edema (Pinkard, 1983). In addition, PAF is a chemoattractant and can lead to inflammation.PAF has been reported to stimulate the release of lysosomal enzymes, leukotriene B,, and lipid metabolites from neutrophils (Smith et. al., 1983; Shaw et. al., 1981; Lin et. al., 1982; O'Flaherty et. al., 1984). The objective of the present investigation was to further characterize PAP-induced stimulation of granulocytes and to develop a bioassay, i.e. chemiluminescence, for screening PAF receptor antagonists and inhibitors of PAP-induced activation of granulocytes. The possible use of the chemiluminescence assay to monitor PAF synthesis by human granulocytes is also described.METHODSBlood was drawn from healthy volunteers into a blood storage bag containing CPD anticoagulant. Granulocytes were partially purified by dextran sedimentation and further purified by centrifugal elutriation as described previously (Jones et. al., 1980). Granulocytes obtained by this procedure were approximately 95 percent pure. The number of granulocytes in this preparation was determined using an electronic cell counter (Coulter Model Z1, Coulter Instrument Co., Hialeah, FL). Isolated granulocytes were used to monitor membrane potential, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide release, oxygen consumption, calcium uptake and, in some cases, chemiluminescence. Studies of PAF receptor antagonists were conducted using neutrophils isolated by density centrifugation. Briefly, blood was layered onto Mono-Poly-Resolving Medium (Flow Laboratories, McLean, VA) and centrifuged at 22 °C and 300 g for 30 min. Neutrophils collected from the second band of this gradient were at least 90 percent pure."

Jan 1, 1989

By J. L. Stauffer, L. J. Gaydos, L. M. Demers, D. C. Kuhn

"Eicosanoids and cytokines produced by alveolar macrophages (AM) are key mediators of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. In order to determine if eicosanoid production and cytokine production are altered in AM obtained from coal miners, we compared production of prostaglandin E2 (PCE2), thromboxane A2 (TXA2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1B ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNfa.) by cultured AM from normal human subjects and coal miners. The recovery of AM from miners' lungs by bronchoalveolar lavage was significantly greater than that from control subjects. Mean eicosanoid and cytokine production by AM from active miners was also increased compared to AM from control subjects, but this increase was not statistically significant. AM from control subjects produced significantly more TXA2 and TNFa. when exposed to lipopolysaccharide than did AM from miners. The cyclooxygenase inhibitor suprofen reduced PGE1 and TXA1 production and TNF0t. release but had no effect on LTB4 production or IL-1B release by miners' AM. The lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid attenuated TNFa release, as well as that of LTB4, but had no effect on IL-1B release. Inhibition of thromboxane synthase by UK 38,485 also reduced TNFa release by active miners ' AM but had no effect on PGE1, LTB, production, or IL-1 f3 release. The results of these studies suggest that occupational inhalation of coal dust may increase total lung eicosanoid and cytokine levels and reduce the reactivity of AM to bacterial endotoxin. Furthermore, coal dust-induced changes in both eicosanoid and cytokine release may be subject to pharmacological modulation.The alveolar macrophage (AM) is a primary defensive cell in the lung and is one of the first cell types to encounter inhaled mineral dust. The response of the AM to invading foreign material is designed to enhance the defensive capacity of the lung. However, in the case of occupational inhalation of mineral dust particles, this response may be inappropriate, resulting not in the defense of the lung but in chronic inflammation and fibrosis (Rom et al., 1987; Takemura et al., 1989). The reaction of the AM to chronic mineral dust exposure may involve the exaggerated release of paracrine mediators of lung function, including eicosanoids (oxygenated derivatives of arachidonic acid) and peptides, including cytokines and growth factors (Sibille & Reynolds, 1990). Eicosanoids are involved in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle reactivity, vascular permeability, fibroblast growth, and the recruitment of additional immune cells to the alveolar space (Barnard et al., 1992; Elias et al., 1985; Scott et al., 1982). AM-derived cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 B) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TN Fa) have a variety of biological activities including the regulation of fibroblast growth and proliferation (Becker et al., 1989; Libby et al., 1989; Schmidt et al., 1984). Interestingly, in vitro studies with macrophages suggest that the production of cytokines may be linked to eicosanoid production, in particular that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) may down-regulate IL-1 f3 and TN Foe production by the AM (Bonta et al., 1989; Kunkel et al., 1986; Monick et al., 1987)."

Dec 1, 1996

By J. K. Whyatt

The Bureau of Mines, under a cooperative agreement with Callahan Mining Corp., measured rock displacement at the 4,7S0-ft level of the 5,100-ft-deep rectangular, timbered Caladay Shaft in northern Idaho. Displacements were measured with multiple-position borehole exten-someters (MPBX) installed 4 ft above the face and timber extensometers (TE) installed with the timber sets. This report presents the displacement data along with preliminary, qualitative observations of rock behavior. The measured displacements showed an instantaneous response to shaft sinking and significant time dependency. The relative magnitudes of displacement measured at the shaft walls were heavily influenced by local geologic structure and distance from the shaft bottom.

Jan 1, 1987

By Warren E. Morrison

Demand for energy in the United States in 1965 was stimulated by the continuing expansion of the economy. A gain of 5.9 percent in gross national product for the year was accompanied by a 4.4-percent rise in energy consumption. Domestic energy resources met about 93 percent of the nation&apos;s requirements. The remaining 7 percent consisted of imported fuels, mainly of crude petroleum and residual fuel oil. The major fossil fuels-natural gas, crude petroleum, and coal, in that order-contributed 96 percent of all commerical energy utilized, with the balance of 4 percent being primary electricity from hydropower and nuclear power plants. Production was up for all of the major mineral energy resources in 1965, with the single exception of anthracite, output of which continued to decline. Bituminous coal output for the year was 512 million tons; marketed production of natural gas, 16,039 billion cubic feet; and crude petroleum output, 2,848 million barrels. Among the secondary products processed from primary energy resources, the most significant gains were in coal carbonized for coke which increased 6.7 percent to 95 million tons, and in the output of liquefied gases from natural gas which rose 4.8 percent to 11,257 million gallons (268 million barrels). Within the latter category, the off? take for petrochemical feedstocks continued to rise at a very rapid pace.

Jan 1, 1967