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By ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS

BY this time almost everyone knows, in a general way, the corporate income distribution policies of the 1936 Revenue Act, and many of the practical problems arising there under. This article is not intended to be a technical discussion of that act by title, subtitle, section, or supplement, nor an analysis of inter- dependent sections of the various acts over many years woven on the fiscal loom f our Congressional machine. Such a discussion would require the spinning of a web of words too long for patience. Yet ,a general statement of the underlying plan of the 1936 Act, so far as it affects dividend policies, is perhaps useful.

Jan 1, 1937

After the close of the Revolution, settlers began to pour over the mountains, to settle in the western parts of Pennsylvania, of Virginia, to move down the Ohio into Kentucky, and in the late seventeen-eighties to settle on "the Indian side" of the river, now Ohio. With the growth of population the interest in coal increased and it was not long before the production of coal west of the mountains was larger than that east of them. Foreign nations, too, became interested in the young republic and in 1783, at the instance of the Swedish government S. A. Hermelin, an engineer, visited this country to investigate its iron industry. He made a very interesting report, not published until 1931, in which he gave many details of the iron plants in the eastern United States; apparently he was not west of the mountains, but was well informed about conditions there. He says, "that some coal near the first branches of the Schuylkill River has been mined and utilized by the blacksmiths," referring, of course, to anthracite; again that "coal mines have also been worked for several years near Pittsburg," and that "great supplies of iron ore are available at the Ohio Falls and further to the west, at Coney Creek, a part of the Green River, where there is also coal."' In 1788, Dr. Johann David Schoepf, who came to this country with the Hessian troops, visited Pittsburgh. He was an intelligent man and acquainted to some extent with minerals and methods of working them. In speaking of Coal Hill on the south side of the Monongahela he mentioned several strata of marble in the lower part and that

Jan 1, 1942

By N. O. Taylor

THE failure, by swelling, of several cast aluminum-zinc, spiral, pump rods, used to circulate water in a constant-temperature bath, brought up the question as to whether the presence of tin in varying quantities would have any appreciable influence in controlling this action. Previous workers had found the same difficulty with aluminum-zinc alloys, due to their swelling in water or solutions of electrolyte^.^ It was known that pure aluminum was practically insoluble in concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids, presumably due to the formation of an oxidized film on the surface. Concentrated sulfuric acid had little or no effect on pure zinc and tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid would attack all three metals. These facts aroused curiosity as to the probable reaction of the ternary alloys of these metals, and tests were made to determine their resistivity to the action of common laboratory reagents. Samples, covering the entire range of the ternary series of aluminum, zinc and tin alloys, were made up from good grades of the commercial metals.2 The materials were melted, at as low temperatures as possible, in graphite crucibles in a gas-fired crucible furnace. Graphite crucibles were used in preference to clay, to prevent the absorption of silicon by the aluminum, as found by previous workers. The melted materials were stirred thoroughly with pine sticks in order to ensure complete mixing and the greatest possible freedom from oxidation, and were cast in sectional, iron molds giving bars % in. in diameter and 5 in. long.

Jan 1, 1927

By MARSHALL D. DRAPER

CHINA is one of the large producers of the world's tin. About 95 per cent of the total Chinese production comes from the Kotchiu district in the southern part of the province of Yunnan. Yunnan occupies the southwestern part of China, bordering on Burma,. Siam and. French Indo-China. From the British port of Hong Kong,' small steamers sail southwest at about four-day intervals, reaching Haiphong in French Indo-China in two or three days. This, one of the principal ports in Indo-China, is a modern French city of some 50,000 population which, with its tropical surroundings, has much natural beauty. It is a few miles from the sea on the Red River, which has its source in China. Both at Haiphong and Hanoi, the capital of Indo-China, sixty-three miles north of Haiphong and also on' the Red River, there are foundries, shipyards, machine shops, cement and brick plants and various similar industries.

Jan 1, 1931

By H. M. Morse

This report covers the period from Jan. I, 1943 to Dec. 31, 1943. During the year, II2 wells were drilled in Mississippi, as foilows: wildcats drilled and abandoned, 54; wildcats producing oil, 4; oil wells drilled in oil fields, 26; oil wells drilled in fields, dry and abandoned, 10; sulphur-test wells drilled, 14; salt-water-disposal wells, 3; core tests, I. Prospecting Geophysical work in Mississippi during 1943 amounted to 1127 crew weeks, divided as follows: reflection seismograph, 809 weeks; gravity meter, 285; magnotometer, 30; torsion balance, 3. A considerable amount of core drilling was done over a large part of the state. The complete data on this activity are not available at the present time. Salt Domes To date, the following salt domes have been discovered in Mississippi: Midway, Edwards, Glass, Newman, Tatum, Oak-vale, Kings, Halifax, D'Lo, Hazlehurst, Byrd, Leedo, Prentiss, Carson, Moselle, Monticello, Ruth, Keno, Taylorsville. New Oil Fields Lincoln County.—On March 10, 1943, the California Company completed its Smith No. I in sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Lincoln County, as an oil well and produced 29 bbl. of 25" gravity oil in 24 hr. through a fi-in. choke. Two outpost wells have been drilled in this area by the California Company, and both have been abandoned as dry holes. Madison County. —Love Petroleum Co. completed its J. R. Anderson No. 2, sec. 2, T. 8 N., R. I W., Madison County, on Sept. 7, 1943. This well produced 135 bbl. of approximately 30" gravity- oil in 24 hr. through a )/4-in. choke. The production comes from a sand or porosity in the upper part of the Chalk formation of the Cretaceous age. Adams County.—The California Company drilled its National Gasoline Co. of Louisiana No. I in sec. 52, T. 7 N., R. I W., to a total depth of 10,383 ft., and at 10,280 ft, it perforated and obtained gas and a condensate. The well had several showings in the Wilcox of the Eocene age. Several of these showings were tested and the well finally was completed at 5888 ft. on Oct. 6, 1943, producing 44" gravity oil in the second sand in this formation. No other wells were completed in this field during the year. However, a number of wells are contemplated in the near future, and locations have been staked by the California Company. The Oklahoma Pipe Line Co. will market the oil through its pipe-line facilities. Wayne County.—The Gulf Refining Co. drilled Davis No. I in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 9 W. in Wayne County. After several stem tests 545'-in. casing was set at 6850 ft. and production was obtained in the so-called Massive Sand of the Lower Tuscaloosa. The well produced 359 bbl. of oil in 24 hr., and it Was completed on Oct. 4, 1943. Other locations have been staked ill this area and probably will be drilled in 1944 by

Jan 1, 1944

By H. M. Morse

This report covers the period from Jan. I, 1943 to Dec. 31, 1943. During the year, II2 wells were drilled in Mississippi, as foilows: wildcats drilled and abandoned, 54; wildcats producing oil, 4; oil wells drilled in oil fields, 26; oil wells drilled in fields, dry and abandoned, 10; sulphur-test wells drilled, 14; salt-water-disposal wells, 3; core tests, I. Prospecting Geophysical work in Mississippi during 1943 amounted to 1127 crew weeks, divided as follows: reflection seismograph, 809 weeks; gravity meter, 285; magnotometer, 30; torsion balance, 3. A considerable amount of core drilling was done over a large part of the state. The complete data on this activity are not available at the present time. Salt Domes To date, the following salt domes have been discovered in Mississippi: Midway, Edwards, Glass, Newman, Tatum, Oak-vale, Kings, Halifax, D'Lo, Hazlehurst, Byrd, Leedo, Prentiss, Carson, Moselle, Monticello, Ruth, Keno, Taylorsville. New Oil Fields Lincoln County.—On March 10, 1943, the California Company completed its Smith No. I in sec. 4, T. 7 N., R. 7 E., Lincoln County, as an oil well and produced 29 bbl. of 25" gravity oil in 24 hr. through a fi-in. choke. Two outpost wells have been drilled in this area by the California Company, and both have been abandoned as dry holes. Madison County. —Love Petroleum Co. completed its J. R. Anderson No. 2, sec. 2, T. 8 N., R. I W., Madison County, on Sept. 7, 1943. This well produced 135 bbl. of approximately 30" gravity- oil in 24 hr. through a )/4-in. choke. The production comes from a sand or porosity in the upper part of the Chalk formation of the Cretaceous age. Adams County.—The California Company drilled its National Gasoline Co. of Louisiana No. I in sec. 52, T. 7 N., R. I W., to a total depth of 10,383 ft., and at 10,280 ft, it perforated and obtained gas and a condensate. The well had several showings in the Wilcox of the Eocene age. Several of these showings were tested and the well finally was completed at 5888 ft. on Oct. 6, 1943, producing 44" gravity oil in the second sand in this formation. No other wells were completed in this field during the year. However, a number of wells are contemplated in the near future, and locations have been staked by the California Company. The Oklahoma Pipe Line Co. will market the oil through its pipe-line facilities. Wayne County.—The Gulf Refining Co. drilled Davis No. I in sec. 2, T. 9 N., R. 9 W. in Wayne County. After several stem tests 545'-in. casing was set at 6850 ft. and production was obtained in the so-called Massive Sand of the Lower Tuscaloosa. The well produced 359 bbl. of oil in 24 hr., and it Was completed on Oct. 4, 1943. Other locations have been staked ill this area and probably will be drilled in 1944 by

Jan 1, 1944

By AIME AIME

MILLING called for four sessions and a luncheon and covered broad ranges from speculative theory to basic practice, and from coal to gold. An attractive and profitable feature was the "get-together" of "coal preparers" and "ore dressers" for mutual discussion of their common problems. The first event was the Milling Luncheon in the Engi¬neers' Club on Monday. A concentrated group of high¬grade appeared and many matters were discussed, but only two called for official action: The meeting unanimously recommended the use of the Tyler standard sieve scale as against any new scale, and also the adoption of micron designation for fine particles in place of decimals of an inch or millimeter, or theoretical mesh size. The real sessions began on Monday afternoon with a menu of Mineral Physics for the ore dresser, metallurgist, geologist, physicist, et al. Four papers by the staff of the U. S. Bureau of Mines dealt with the chemical and physical aspects of mineral structure as revealed by the first two years of research to date. A fifth paper by Dr. M. J. Buerger correlated to the foregoing the knowledge of "The Lineage Structure of Crystals" and finally a sixth paper was a progress report of further developments of the last year in explosive shattering of minerals by the U. S. Bureau of Mines.

Jan 1, 1933

By Charles H. Fulton

(Cleveland Meeting, October, 1912.) I. INTRODUCTION. THERE are comparatively few accurate data on the melting-or the freezing-point temperature of metallurgical slays, or on related physical phenomena, such as fluidity near the melting-point, specific heat, latent heat, etc. With the exception of the work of H. 0. Hoffman,1 and some older work by R. Akerman, P. Gredt, and H. M. Howe, no information is available that is of direct interest to the metallurgist. Hofman's valuable work is the only one that refers to slags produced in the metallurgy of copper and lead. The classic work of J. H. L. Vogt,2 who views slays from the standpoint of physical mixtures (solutions in which the entities are minerals), has opened up a. new field in the study of slags, and has placed the investigation of such properties as melting-temperatures, etc., on a rational basis. The recent work of A. L. Day, E. T. Allen, and W. P. White, of the Carnegie Institution, at Washington, and of European investigators 3 on certain systems of silicate minerals confirms the value of the investigation of silicate series from this standpoint, and it is my aim to apply this method to metallurgical slaws, in order to gain exact data of value in metallurgy. The work recorded in the present paper is the result of an investigation of reverberatory-furnace slags made for a Western smelting company to determine exactly the influence of change in composition, within comparatively narrow limits, on the melting-point. For a general discussion concerning the mineralogical character of slaws and the principles on which this investigation is based, reference should be made to other work,4 for the subject is too large to be stated in this paper, except very briefly in the following outline 1 Trans., xxix., 682 (1899). 2 Die Silikatschmelzlösungen; I. Ueber die Mineralbildung in Silikatschmelzlösungen; II Ueber die Schmelzpunkt-Erniedrigung der Silikatschmelzlösungen (Christiania, 1903-04). 3 Doelter, Handbuch der Mlineralehevu:e (1911) 4 C. H. Fulton, Principles (of Metallurgy. Chapter viii., on Slags, p. 24.5 (1910).

Dec 1, 1912

By Reginald Williams

THE amount or value of the precious metals consumed in dentistry is probably amazing to most people. It falls very little short of that which is consumed in jewelry. Inasmuch as the ultimate destination is in the human mouth, dental alloys enjoy some importance because life and health depend upon restorations made with them. Prosthetic dentistry has made wonderful progress in the last few years. The manufacturers who supply the metals also deserve commendation. This industry which deals with metals to go into people's mouths is comparatively new. There is no literature on the subject, and little or no precedent by which to be guided. It was only by close cooperation with the dentist or prosthetic technician that desirable physical properties were produced, as nearly as possible, in the metals which were available and permissible. It is true that there were and still are conflicting opinions among the dentists as to the physical properties they require. Sometimes they request the impossible, such as alloys which are exceedingly stiff and springy, yet will bend or adjust easily. Even in this latter instance, progress has been made by supplying methods of heat-treatment whereby metals may be softened or hardened at will. (Figs. 1 and 2.) The demands made upon manufacturers are extremely varied. They must supply metals of tensile strengths ranging from approximately 30,000 to 100,000 lb. per sq. in. and over. The latter metals must be workable and in many instances capable of extreme deformation. They must not be affected by mouth conditions, nor should they oxidize greatly when molten, at red heat, or during a soldering operation. In addition to physical specifications, color demands must also be met. The firm of which I have the most knowledge manufacturers 11,553 standard stock articles of precious metals, taking into consideration formulas, finenesses, grades, colors, gages, lengths, sizes and weights. If special demands are taken into consideration, the number would be in excess of 25,000. Wrought metals are manufactured in a great many alloys of different sizes and shapes, such as plate, bar, rod, wire, sheet, strip, mesh and foil. There are also other products of importance.

Jan 1, 1928

By AIME AIME

READERS of a technical paper, or the audience if the paper is presented orally, judge the paper on several counts. The September 1940 issue of MINING AND METALLURGY contained an excellent short article by S. Marion Tucker en- titled "Are You Going to Present a Paper," which considered the general subject of presentation. In it Dr. Tucker referred to the large number of poorly prepared and badly delivered papers that are presented annually before the large number of technical and other societies that meet regularly, and he stressed the point that good delivery, length of paper, content, and composition are of great importance. All of Dr. Tucker's points were well taken; however, good illustrations are equally important in explaining certain phases of some papers.

Jan 1, 1941

By A. L. Blomfield

THE Golden Cycle Mining and Reduction Co. operates its custom mill at Colorado Springs on Cripple Creek ores exclusively. These ores are straight sulpho-tellurides, with practically no base metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, As, or Sb. Upon entering the mill, the ore all passes through the sampler to storage bins, where beds of 5000 tons each are made to insure uniformity in roasting. CLASSIFICATION OF ORES For efficiency, it has been found advisable to separate the ores into two classes according to their line content. Other constituents have their effect, such as alumina and magnesia, but, speaking generally, these are roughly proportional to the line, which, as CaO, is used as the indicator. Class A contains not more than 2 per cent. CaO and comprises about 66 per cent. of the ore treated. Class B contains over 2 per cent. CaO, and comprises 34 per cent. of the ore treated. Typical analyses of both classes are as follows: Class A Class B Insol 56.70 75.90 Al203 2.30 3.40 Fe 3.26 3.48 CaO 1.57 5.12 S 1.79 1.80 Mg0 0.21 1.08 Ignition loss 3.20 6.50 99.03 97.28 The beds of each class of ore are made as large as possible with the available ore as it comes in, to avoid changing from one bed to the other any oftener than necessary. Each roaster will handle 50 percent. more of class A ore than of class B, with practically the same results. This necessitates changing the rate of feed for each new bed and tends toward a poor roast and loss of tonnage at each change.

Jan 8, 1918

By L. B. Herring, Harold Decker

The area under discussion includes districts 2 and 4, so designated by the Texas Railroad Commission,‡ and comprises the following 26 counties: Bee, Brooks, Calhoun, Cameron, De Witt, Duval, Goliad, Gonzales, Hidalgo, Jackson, Jim Hogg, Jim Wells, Karnes, Kenedy, Kleburg, Lavaca, Live Oak, Nueces, Refu-gio, San Patricia, Starr, Victoria, Webb, Willacy, Wilson and Zapata. Drilling and Production The total number of wells drilled in this district during 1944 is shown in Table 5. This indicates a 41 per cent increase in all drilling over 1943. In spite of every handicap created by the war, the oil industry more than met the crisis in its drilling program in this district. Last year we thought it would be impossible to add to the total number of wells drilled in the previous yea;, but in spite of the lack of manpower and materials this large increase was shown. During 1944 this district produced 124,201,978 bbl. of oil from 11,607 producing wells, whereas in 1943 it produced 88,421,693 bbl. from 11,211 producing wells. This is an increase of 35,780,285 bbl. of oil. Some decline has been shown in the older fields arid undoubtedly the majority of wells in the district are producing at too high a rate. However, this district has been able to meet any demands made on it by the Petroleum Administration for War for increased production. Discoveries and Extensions There was a slight decline over the preceding year in the number of wildcats drilled, but the number of discoveries increased. In most instances subsequent development has not been sufficient to arrive at preliminary valuations but it appears that the over-all oil discoveries were below normal and that the gas discovcrics were relatively more important. The Canolis and Tijerina pools, Jim Wells County, and the Dan Sullivan pool, Brooks County, appear to be the outstanding oil discoveries of the year. No important oil reserve was discovered or developed in the Wilcox horizons, although considerable wildcatting was done. Important extensions were made at Agua Dulce and Stratton in Nueces and Teleberg Counties. Production was increased appreciably at Willimar, Willacy County, and Seeligson, Jim Wells County, in sands and areas which were apparently productive at the beginning of the year. Refining Most of the major work in the changing and completing of refineries was finished this past year. Some of the most modern refineries in the industry are now located in the Corpus Christi area. Gas and Condensate No new recycling projects were commenced during the year, nor were there any important additions to the old operations. No major gas reserve was developed, although several new discoveries suggest potentid possibilities.

Jan 1, 1945

By ELIHU THOMSON

IN 1877, Professor Thomson delivered at the Franklin Institute, [Philadelphia, five lectures on electricity. The object of the lectures and the demonstrations, which were numerous and many of them original even to the employment of special apparatus constructed by the lecturer, was to show clearly that electricity, of whatever name, was the same., differing only in tension (as it was termed) and in the current flowing, or quantity (the old term), in steadiness or in wave-like character. In those days, the textbooks divided the subject into statical and dynamic electricity, with sub-divisions such as frictional electricity, voltaic electricity, magneto electricity, electromagnetism, thermo electricity, and animal electricity. The well-known Ruhmkorff coil,' or spark coil as it is now called (as when used for the ignition of automobiles), was employed to step, up a battery current to a high-tension discharge which would charge condensers, such as Leyden jars.

Jan 1, 1921

By A. L. Blomfield, M. J. Trott

ThE Golden Cycle Mining and Reduction Co. operates its custom mill at Colorado Springs on Cripple Creek ores exclusively. These ores are straight sulfo-tellurides, with practically no base metals such as Pb, CU, Zn, As, or Sb. Upon entering the mill, the ore all passes through the sampler to storage bins, where beds of 5000 tons each are made to insure uniformity in roasting. Classification of ORes For efficiency, it has been found advisable to separate the ores into two classes according to their lime content. Other constituents have their effect, such as alumina and magnesia, but, speaking generally, these are roughly proportional to the lime, which, as CaO, is used as the indicator. Class A contains not more than 2 per cent. CaO and comprises about 66 per cent. of the ore treated. Class B contains over 2 per cent. CaO, and comprises 34 per cent. of the ore treated. Typical analyses of both classes are as follows: Class A a B Insol.......................... 86.70 75.90 Al2O3........................:.. 2.30 3.40 Fe.............................. 3.26 3.48 CaO............................. 1.57 5.12 S............................... 1.79 1.80 MgO........................... 0.21 1.08 Ignition loss..................... 3.20 6.50 99.03 97.28 The beds of each class of ore are made as large as possible with the available ore as it comes in, to avoid changing from one bed to the other any oftener than necessary. Each roaster will handle 50 per cent. more of class A ore than of class B, with practically the same results. This necessitates changing the rate of feed for each new bed and tends toward a poor roast and loss of tonnage at each change.

Jan 1, 1919

By Henry G. Morris

The use of compressed air for the transmission of power has reached so great a development that we find numerous large establishments devoted to the manufacture of machinery for its production and application, and special periodicals published for the dissemination of information on the subject. Moreover, its employment is so general in mining operations that no apology is needed for the presentation to the Institute of such a paper as the present. The admirable articles of Mr. E. A. Rix, published in Conzpressed Air, show a wide range in the mechanical efficiency of air-compressors, varying, under different conditions, from 15 to 60 per cent.; and it is evident that any

Jan 1, 1902

By McHenry Mosier

MeRcuRy is one of the strategic metals of which the supply has been raised from critical uncertainty to more than enough for essential demands. Work by the Bureau of Mines has contributed substantially to increased production of mercury in the United States and to consequent accumulation of Government stocks. Other contributing factors have been higher prices for mercury and Government loans to operators. The Bureau has undertaken 13 exploration projects, 10 of which have been completed. This work has comprised 28,376 ft. of several types of drilling and 23,798 lin. ft. of surface trenching, and has indicated commercial ore containing 34,800 flasks of mercury and marginal ore containing 26,200 flasks, a total of 61,000 flasks; equivalent, respectively, to domestic production for 8 months, 6 months, and 14 months. As Government stocks are now adequate, domestic production (currently at the rate of 50,000 flasks per year) is gradually being curtailed through Government control of labor and operating supplies. Introduction Mercury was one of the seven metals designated as strategic by the Army and Navy Munitions Board in 1939, when Congress appropriated funds for the investigation of domestic sources of supply of war minerals. The Bureau of Mines immediately started a limited search for strategic minerals, but the first mercury project was not begun until December 1940. The U. S. Geological Survey assisted in the search for cinnabar by contributing information on domestic mercury deposits, preparing maps, and making geological studies of exploration projects. The present high rate of production of mercury in the United States was encouraged by the increase in price to $196 per flask at New York (Fig. I) and Government loans to operators for mine development and plant construction. The Bureau of Mines has issued, for restricted distribution subject to wartime controls, 13 War Minerals Reports on individual mercury deposits (listed in appendix A). In March 1942 it also published a Progress Report of the Metallurgical Division, R. I. 3627, Cinnabar-reduction Plants of the Southwestern Arkansas Quicksilver District. Uses of Mercury Mercury and its compounds have more than 3000 uses. Its principal use is as a catalyst in the manufacture of gases for chemical warfare; the next largest is in pharmaceuticals. Mercury is essential also for: (I) certain electrical apparatus, (2) industrial control instruments at many war plants, (3) munitions, including blasting caps, (4) insecticides in agriculture, (5) antifouling paint for ship bottoms, (6) dental preparations, (7) general laboratory use, and (8) amalgamation of free-milling gold ores.

Jan 1, 1949

By McHenry Mosier

MeRcuRy is one of the strategic metals of which the supply has been raised from critical uncertainty to more than enough for essential demands. Work by the Bureau of Mines has contributed substantially to increased production of mercury in the United States and to consequent accumulation of Government stocks. Other contributing factors have been higher prices for mercury and Government loans to operators. The Bureau has undertaken 13 exploration projects, 10 of which have been completed. This work has comprised 28,376 ft. of several types of drilling and 23,798 lin. ft. of surface trenching, and has indicated commercial ore containing 34,800 flasks of mercury and marginal ore containing 26,200 flasks, a total of 61,000 flasks; equivalent, respectively, to domestic production for 8 months, 6 months, and 14 months. As Government stocks are now adequate, domestic production (currently at the rate of 50,000 flasks per year) is gradually being curtailed through Government control of labor and operating supplies. Introduction Mercury was one of the seven metals designated as strategic by the Army and Navy Munitions Board in 1939, when Congress appropriated funds for the investigation of domestic sources of supply of war minerals. The Bureau of Mines immediately started a limited search for strategic minerals, but the first mercury project was not begun until December 1940. The U. S. Geological Survey assisted in the search for cinnabar by contributing information on domestic mercury deposits, preparing maps, and making geological studies of exploration projects. The present high rate of production of mercury in the United States was encouraged by the increase in price to $196 per flask at New York (Fig. I) and Government loans to operators for mine development and plant construction. The Bureau of Mines has issued, for restricted distribution subject to wartime controls, 13 War Minerals Reports on individual mercury deposits (listed in appendix A). In March 1942 it also published a Progress Report of the Metallurgical Division, R. I. 3627, Cinnabar-reduction Plants of the Southwestern Arkansas Quicksilver District. Uses of Mercury Mercury and its compounds have more than 3000 uses. Its principal use is as a catalyst in the manufacture of gases for chemical warfare; the next largest is in pharmaceuticals. Mercury is essential also for: (I) certain electrical apparatus, (2) industrial control instruments at many war plants, (3) munitions, including blasting caps, (4) insecticides in agriculture, (5) antifouling paint for ship bottoms, (6) dental preparations, (7) general laboratory use, and (8) amalgamation of free-milling gold ores.

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert I. Jaffee, Walter L. Finlay

IN the broad survey of the nonferrous' metallic elements contained in this book, the reader may well be impressed by the wide range of property combinations offered by the many metals and alloys the metallurgist has prepared since before Kubla Khan. The diversity is great and the overlap is considerable. It is particularly surprising, then, to find the latest structural metal new- comer designated by such extravagant terms as "Cinderella Metal," "Wonder Metal," "Miracle Metal," "The Metal of Tomorrow," "Dream Metal or Nightmare?" and "The Middleweight Champion of the Structural Metals." Of these and others, the most appropriate designation for the metal involved, titanium, appears to be that of The Middleweight Champion. Its intermediate density of 4.5 and elastic modulus of 16 million is a unique combination between the lower density and modulus of magnesium and aluminum and the higher density and modulus of copper, nickel, and iron. It is light, strong, ductile, and corrosion resistant. A chemical neighbor in group IV of the Periodic Table, zirconium, is similar to titanium in many respects but is appreciably denser, 6.5 instead of 4.5, less stiff and relatively much less abundant. On the other hand, the resistance of zirconium to acids and alkalies is better than that of titanium. Also, compensating for its higher density, lower stiffness, and somewhat lower strength level compared with titanium, zirconium has much better permeability to slow neutrons and is much more suitable as a material of construction for nuclear reactors.

Jan 1, 1953

By R. Gilman Brown

INTRODUCTION. MINES are interesting by reason of what they have done for man, or of what has been done for them by nature. Not all are interesting on both scores. Many profitable mines are commonplace to the geologist; and many presenting unique geological conditions have been sad failures commercially. The Standard group at Bodie has produced in 25 years, $14,500,000, paying $5,000,000 in dividends.' On the other hand, this output has been mined (almost wholly above the 1,000-ft. level) from a system of more than 100 veins, ranging in thickness-from 0.5 in. of "specimen rock" to 30 ft. of clay and quartz; distributed through a zone about 2,000" ft. in width, and representing from three to five distinct periods of formation. This group, therefore, by reason of its industrial record as well as its geological features, may fairly be regarded as doubly interesting. The Bodie district occupies an island of recent (Tertiary) hornblende-andesite, surrounded by a complex of igneous rocks and breccias. It lies at the summit of the eastern foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada mountains, and within the Great Basin, a few miles from its western edge, marked here by Mono lake on the line of the Great Fault. The average elevation of the outcroppings of the veins may be taken at about 5,700 ft. The andesite projects from south to north in a great tongue, 12,000 ft. long and 5,000 ft. wide, reaching an extreme height at the northern end of perhaps 1,000 ft. above the adjoining small canyons. These separate it from the main mass of the foot-hill

Jul 1, 1907

By Arthur T. Word

STANDING room only seemed to be the order at the annual session and luncheon of the Eastern magnetite committee. Gatehouse check at the former indicated at least 80, with 33 attending the luncheon - all the crowded facilities could handle. Chairman Crockett opened the meeting by calling upon Meredith E. Johnson, who presented his illustrated paper on "Prospecting for Iron Ore in New Jersey in 1943." This "wartime" brief was discussed by Lucien Eaton, P. W. Henry, and Chairman Crockett. H. E. Hawkes, Jr., of the U. S. Geological Survey, then presented his unscheduled paper on the "Magnetite Deposits of the Jersey Highlands." Discussion was by A. W. Pinger and Chairman Crockett. Fred E. Stiefel then described shaft sinking at the Fisher Hill mine of the Republic Steel Corp., giving a detailed description of how modern

Jan 1, 1944