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By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By E. C. Reed

Ninety wells were completed in Nebraska during 1941, of which 42 were producers. One of them was the discovery well of a new field. All of the production to date is in Richardson County. At the close of the year 14 wells were drilling and three more were shut down for orders, hoping for future development of production. Most of the drilling activity was in Richardson County, which had 68 operations; 10 wells were drilled in Nemaha County, 5 drilled or drilling in Gage County, 3 each in Otoe and Furnas Counties, 2 each in Cass, Harlan, Johnson and Sarpy Counties, and 10 wells were completed or drilling over the remainder of the state. The most important development of the year was the discovery in October of the Barada field, sec. 36, T. 3 N., R. 16 E.,

Jan 1, 1942

By H. Rosenthal, A. L. Jamieson

Stress-corrosion cracking of copper-base alloys is of considerable importance and has been the subject of many investigations which employed various accelerated tests and long-time service tests. The outstand¬ing accelerated tests used are variations of either the mercury cracking test reported by Rogers in 1905( 1)2 or the ammonia test reported in 1910(2). The ease of applica¬tion of the mercury test is probably the reason industry adopted it. Subsequent investigation of this test(3,4) revealed that a minimum threshold stress was necessary before mercury cracking could develop. Since season cracking has been found in some instances in caliber 0.3o ammunition which has passed the mercury test, it is evident that the threshold stress value of the mercury test may be too high for dis¬tinguishing between acceptable and un¬acceptable caliber 0.30 cartridge cases. This condition has naturally led to the study of an ammonia test with its ability to cause cracks with almost any stress level. But the lack of a definite threshold value means that standards are necessary for evaluating the results of the ammonia test.

Jan 1, 1945

By E. M. Wise

THE practice of adding moderate quantities of nickel to a variety of bronzes has been employed by foundrymen for many years with several objects in view. In some instances it was desired- to harden the alloy; in others it was to increase the fluidity or to improve the solidity of the castings, or to refine their grain. These important matters have been considered in detail by Pilling and Kihlgren1 and by numerous other workers cited by them, and with the exception of the first will not be considered in the present communication. The possibility of reducing the cost of bronze by replacing a portion of the tin with nickel received attention some years ago by Burgess and Woodward,2 and, as will be shown later, offers attractive savings in cost under present conditions. The age-hardening characteristics of the nickel bronzes of appropriate compositions have been known for some time and were mentioned by Price, Grant and Phillips3 and discussed by Wise4 in connection with their paper. These matters are further considered in recent patents,5 and are becoming of commercial importance in the production of high-strength castings.

Jan 1, 1934

By C. R. Johnson, R. A. Greenkorn, E. G. Woods

A new method of reservoir evaluation called pulse-testins has been developed for describing formation properties between wells. Pulse-testing utilizes a sensitive differential-pressure gauge at a responding well to measure and record the response generated by a series of flow rate changes (pulses) at an adjacent or pulsing well. Since the pulse-test instruments have a sensitivity of about 0.001 psi, pulses of several hours or less in duration will generate a measurable response in most reservoirs. For this reason, many well pairs can be tested in a short period of time with little interference in field operations. Comparison of pulse-test results to conventional testing methods shows that the pulses obey unsteady-state, compressible-flow theory and thus provide a measure of both transmissibility (kh/µ) and storage (Fch). In additian, the method can be used qualitatively to describe communication across faults and between zones, and direction and tnagnitude of fracture trends. INTRODUCTION To obtain maximum usefulness of new reservoir analysis methods as well as to aid the field engineer in understanding local reservoir anomalies, improved methods are needed to describe heterogeneities in specific reservoirs. Optimum well spacing, equipment specifications, well completion design and especially the economics of pressure maintenance and secondary recovery programs depend on the extent and location of the heterogeneities that affect flow behavior in the field. One method for obtaining a measure of areal reservoir heterogeneity is an interference test. In the simplest interference test. constant-rate production or injection is initiated at one well and the effect of this flow is measured as pressure vs time at another well. Thus, during interference tests the flow characteristics of the formation are determined in situ. Despite their obvious usefulness in reservoir delineation. interference tests have not enjoyed frequent usage. Reasons for this have been the weeks or months required in many fields to obtain a pressure response measurable with conventional gauges, and the interruption of routine field operation during the field-wide shut-in normally required during these long times. Also, only average properties of the relatively large volume of the reservoir disturbed during these long times can normally be obtained — variations in properties between individual wells cannot be delineated. To eliminate these drawbacks of conventional tests, a special reservoir description technique called pulse testing' has been developed. Pulse-testing has several advantages that make it more convenient and practical for field use than interference tests. Valid tests are more certain because use of a series of flow disturbances gives rise to a diagnostic pressure response that can more readily be distinguished from unknown trends in reservoir pressure and other "noise." The time required is only a fraction of that for an interference test because a special, high-sensitivity differential pressure gauge can detect a much smaller pressure change. Variations in properties between individual wells can be delineated because of the relatively small volume of the reservoir disturbed during these short times. Finally, wells other than the pulsing and responding wells do not have to be shut in or carefully regulated.

Jan 1, 1967

By H. L. James

THIS paper presents the results and analysis of field trials of various magnetic instruments over anomalies ranging from 20 to 5000 gammas of vertical intensity. The following instruments were used: Askania vertical magnetometer, Wolfson vertical magnetometer (model M-I), Hotchkiss Superdips (used both parallel to and normal to the magnetic meridian, with several settings of the "sigma" angle), Lake Superior dip needle, and the dipping circle for measurements of inclination. The change in inclination over the measured anomalies ranged up to 4°; this caused pronounced changes in sensitivity of the Hotchkiss Superdip oriented parallel to the magnetic meridian. The variable sensitivity not only gives apparent displacement of crests of anomalies, particularly at high sensitivities, but also makes the data difficult or impossible to use in preparation of iso-anomaly maps. This weakness in field performance of the Superdip is shown to be eliminated by orienting the instrument normal to the magnetic meridian and measuring vertical intensity only, which in the latitude of upper Michigan is equal to 97 pct of the total intensity. The dip needle is seen to be relatively ineffectual for location of anomalies of less than 400 gammas.

Jan 1, 1947

By J. Weertman

High-temperature creep experiments were carried out on indium, lead, and on binary substitutional alloys of In-Pb, In-Sn, In-TI, In-Cd, In-Hg, Pb-Bi, Pb-Sn, Pb-In, and Pb-Cd. The stress at which the power law creep equution breaks down was found to be much smaller for indium and lead than for metals with larger elastic moduli. The exponent over the stress in the power law creep equation was found to decrease upon alloying from values close to 4.5 to values near 3. THIS paper describes a set of high-temperature creep experiments made on high-purity lead and indium and on lead-rich and indium-rich single-phase binary alloys of various metals. These ex- periments were carried out to check two predictions of some creep equations derived by us"2 from a dislocation creep model due essentially to Mott. This model is shown in Fig. 1. Here dislocation loops are emitted from sources, not shown, situated on different slip planes. As the loops expand they come into each others' stress fields and are stopped. However, at high temperatures, as Mott has pointed out.

Jan 1, 1961

By J. D. MacKenzie

THE world production of copper for the first eight months of 1927 shows an increase of 3 per cent over the same period in 1926. Since February of this year, however, production has been considerably curtailed. The United States reduction in the last four months has been offset by the increased South Ameri-can and Belgian Congo production. The United States is now producing 58 per cent of the world production, Chile and Peru 17.3 per cent, Belgian Congo 5 per cent. In 1926 the United States produced 54 per cent, Chile and Peru 16.3 per cent, Belgian Congo 6.3 per cent. Production, Tons 1917-largest war year 1,580,000 1925 1,581,000 1926-increase 3 per cent 1,628,000 1927-increase 3 per cent 1,670,000 Copper Producing Countries, 8 mo., 1927: Tons Per Cent United States 644,000 58.0 Chile and Peru 192,000 17.3 Europe 90,000 8.1 Belgian Congo 56,000 5.0 Japan 46,000 4.1 Mexico 30,000 2.7 Canada 23,000 2.1 Figures are not available for Spain and Portugal, which would probably precede Mexico.

Jan 12, 1927

By I. L. Barker

ALTHOUGH valuable information has been pub-lished on the important problems of slag losses with which every copper metallurgist has to contend, a great deal of money is still being wasted in copper smelters all over the world, through metal being irretrievably lost in reverberatory slags. When smelting a relatively low-grade pyritic concentrate together with a proportion of direct-smelting oxi- dized ore, as is done in Oroya, slag volumes are of necessity high, and even a relatively clean slag, say of 0.5 pct Cu, means a loss of almost 4 pct of all the copper charged, or over $1,000,000 annually at present output and prices. While it is known that such losses can often be reduced by allowing the slag time to settle, with or without addition of a reducing agent such as coal or pyrite, the facilities for such treatment are not always available in a plant of old design working to capacity under severe space limitations. Nor is it easy under such conditions to run large scale tests which may endanger the smooth flow of production for considerable periods without yielding

Jan 1, 1958

By Frank Firmstone

The indicator cards shown herewith were taken by the writer in June, 1877, from the water-pressure blowing engine of the Longdale Iron Co., at Lucy Selina Furnace, Longdale, Virginia. A description of' this engine with figures, and some indicator cards, was published by Washington Jones, Esq., Superintendent of the I. P. Morris Co.,* in the Journal of the Franklin Institute for May, 1877, to which those desiring a full account are referred, but for convenience the principal dimensions, etc., are given below. The machine consists of a pair of horizontal direct-acting blowing engines, connected at right angles to a common fly-wheel shaft. The blowing cylinders are 4 ft. diameter by 5 ft. stroke; the water cylinders were 18 in. diameter by 5 ft. stroke as built. Both water and blowing cylinders are double acting. The water valves are balanced piston valves, 18 in. diameter, moved directly by eccentrics on the fly-wheel- shaft. Great care was taken to have the areas of the ports and passages at least equal to the area of the working piston. The engine is set about 14 ft. above the tail-race, and the

Jan 1, 1879

By Dilip K. Paul, Charles H. Jacoby

The economic importance of salt domes has been recognized throughout the world, primarily because of oil and gas accumulations on their flanks, and to a lesser degree, for the value of their salt and potash. Recently they have become of value as hosts for cavities used to store hydrocarbons. In the near future we believe that their main value will be a source of geothermal energy. Although tremendous effort has been expended on the understanding of the geology and physical characteristics of the strata intruded by salt domes, relatively little energy has been exerted in the comprehension of the salt dome itself. Salt domes have long been recognized as a geological heat anomaly. With respect to other sedimentary rocks, salt is a good conductor of heat. Expressing values in 10-3cgs units, sedimentary rocks vary from 1.0 to 8.0; metamorphic rocks from 5.2 to 8.4 and igneous rocks from 3.1 to 9.8. Rock salt in its pure form has a thermal conductivity of 17. Thus a salt dome can be expected to act as a conduit bringing heat vertically from deep within the earth's crust.

Jan 5, 1974

By E. R. Parker, E. A. Smith

Metallurgists and engineers have always been interested in the mechanism of high-speed deformation because metals are rapidly deformed in various applica-tions and manufacturing processes. The deformation of metals by impact loads has recently engaged the attention of a number of investigators. Many of their results have not been disclosed but some of the published investigations1-8 have shown that the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation generally increase with increasing strain rate. The investigation reported herein is an attempt to determine the reason for this increase in strength and elongation. found to depend upon the strain rate. In the bars broken at high speeds, the slip bands appear to be more numerous. This might account for the higher strength as well as the greater elongation. Experimental Procedure Single crystals of copper (approximately 99.98 per cent) were made in graphite molds by the conventional method of lowering the mold out of the hot zone of a hydrogen furnace at a rate of one inch per hour. Solidification progressed from the bottom upward, forming a single crystal. The crystals were about 0.30 in. in diameter and 4 in. long. They were

Jan 1, 1944

By E. A. Smith, E. R. Parker

Metallurgists and engineers have always been interested in the mechanism of high-speed deformation because metals are rapidly deformed in various applica-tions and manufacturing processes. The deformation of metals by impact loads has recently engaged the attention of a number of investigators. Many of their results have not been disclosed but some of the published investigations1-8 have shown that the tensile strength, yield strength and elongation generally increase with increasing strain rate. The investigation reported herein is an attempt to determine the reason for this increase in strength and elongation. found to depend upon the strain rate. In the bars broken at high speeds, the slip bands appear to be more numerous. This might account for the higher strength as well as the greater elongation. Experimental Procedure Single crystals of copper (approximately 99.98 per cent) were made in graphite molds by the conventional method of lowering the mold out of the hot zone of a hydrogen furnace at a rate of one inch per hour. Solidification progressed from the bottom upward, forming a single crystal. The crystals were about 0.30 in. in diameter and 4 in. long. They were

Jan 1, 1944

By Felicia F. Peng

The computer graphic routines and digital simulation program of coal cleaning circuits have been developed in the Mineral Processing Engineering Department, West Virginia University. The functions of the program include computing, tabulation and graphing of 1) washability characteristics of raw coals, 2) blending, 3) Tromp distribution curves for two washer types-- water only and dense medium, 4) predicting the functional relationship of yield and qualities of clean coal product in individual and overall coal cleaning circuits in coal preparation plant, and 5) determining the optimal clean coal yield based on the market and environmental specifications. Amdahl 470 V/7A digital computer, Tektronic 4025 graphic terminal and Tektronix 4663 digital plotter with Fortran IV are used to achieve the goals. The simulation with the aid of graphic routine program of coal cleaning circuits is a useful tool for coal preparation engineers in evaluating the feasibility of proposed flowsheets, in investigating the effect of a modification in a unit operation of an existing plant, in analyzing the off-line optimization, and in comparing the alternative circuit control strategies. The coal cleaning process simulation with graphic routine can contribute greatly to the decision making processes of preparation plant design.

Jan 1, 1983

By C. V. Millikan

TEMPERATURE measurement in wells is an old practice and geothermal gradients have been of interest to geologists for many years.1,2 Their application to the operation of oil wells is a more recent practice. It has long been recognized that temperature anomalies occur in drilling and producing wells but thermometers that could obtain a satisfactory record of the anomalies were not available.3 The normal geothermal gradient is con-sidered as being about one degree Fahren-heit for each 60 ft. of depth.4 This "nor-mal" gradient varies in different areas, but whatever it may be in an area there is little variation from the surface to as deep as the drill penetrates. The normal gradient is appreciably changed by gas expanding from the reservoir into the borehole or by the movement of fluid through a borehole while drilling, producing, or circulating. It is the resulting anomalies and abnormal gradients from which conditions in wells can be interpreted. Some of the applications of such interpretations are locating the position of oil or gas sands, permeable strata in a reservoir zone, gas-oil contact, source of water, casing leaks, and the top of cement behind casing.

Jan 1, 1940

By T. A. Read, M. S. Wechsler, D. S. Lieberman

IN the formation of martensite in steel, it has been observed that the habit plane does not change continuously as the alloy content is varied. Instead, it appears that discrete habits correspond to certain ranges of composition. Greninger and Troiano' found that in low-, medium-, and high-carbon steels, the habits are approximately (1l1), (225), and (259), respectively.* The work of Mehl and Van Winkle2 indicated that the change from the (225) to the (259) habit is fundamentally a consequence of the lower transformation temperature rather than the higher carbon content. Also, Otte and Read3 observed that the habit plane orientation for a chrome-carbon steel scattered within a cone of semivertex angle of 5 deg, which was outside of the experimental error in the determination of the habit plane. These observations suggest the importance of investigating what factors in the crystallography of the formation of martensite account for the several types of habit and the inherent scatter in the precise orientation of the habit plane. A theoretical treatment of the austenite-martensite transformation has been given,4 which considers the total transformation distortion to be composed

Jan 1, 1961

By William Ide Pierce

It is often desirable to work an old mine that has not been in operation for some time arid that is filled with water. This is especially true in Nova Scotia, where no great depth has yet been reached in any of the mines. The following is a description of a self-dumping water-tank which was used by me at Tangier, for draining a mine, and which did the work of a large pump, while the original cost is merely nominal, in comparison with the price of a pump. The tank, A, Pig. 1, is 1 1/3 by 3 feet and 4 feet high, inside measurement, made of 2-inch stuff and securely bound with iron. There are two clacks in the bottom which open as the tank is lowered into the water, and which close and hold the water as the tank is raised. B is an iron rod running through the tank, below and back of the center, and projecting beyond the sides of the tank. C is one of two guides, and D, a movable iron rod in each guide. This rod, attached to an upright, E, is moved forward and close up

Jan 1, 1886

By W. H. Bassett, J. C. Bradley

In their paper on the directional properties in cold-rolled and annealed commercial bronze,' Phillips and Samans suggest that cupronickel, under distinctly different treatments, shows both "45" ears" and "90" ears. Fig. I shows the ears on some cupronickel cups made some 17 years ago for bullet jackets for small arms ammunition. In this case the material heated to 425° C. had "45" ears, while that annealed at 950°C. showed long "90" ears" when drawn with the same tools. The method of cupping, the shape of cupping tools, etc., were found to have very little influence on the earing tendency, but the deeper the cup was drawn, the higher the ears would be. Method of Manufacture Cupronickel cast bars were 1 in. thick. Ordinarily, they were rolled with numerous passes to a thickness of 0.4 to 0.2 in., according to conditions. They were then given a single intermediate anneal, and rolled to finish thickness, frequently 0.032 in. After a last anneal the material was cupped with a "cut and draw" operation. Progress of this is indicated in Fig. 2, illustrating five different stages at which the drawing

Jan 1, 1933

By D. G. Westlake

THE structure observed in thin foils by transmission electron microscopy is not necessarily representative of the initial bulk material. We have shown that hydrogen, originally present in a specimen of vanadium, niobium, or tantalum, can be concentrated by the thinning operation used to prepare foils from the bulk materials.' These foils exhibited domain walls indicative of a tetragonal distortion of the bcc unit cells, probably caused by ordering of the hydrogen in preferred interstitial sites. We believe this ordering does not occur at room temperature in the bulk material which contains less than 1 at. pct H. In a continued effort to prepare metal foils whose hydrogen concentrations remain constant during preparation, we have developed some new chemical and electrothinning techniques for vanadium. Each of the procedures presented in Table I produced foils that were thin enough for transmission electron microscopy. The experiments described below were performed to test the effect of each thinning procedure on hydro-

Jan 1, 1968

Ellsworth Daggett, who joined the Institute in 1873, and had beeu a prominent figure in the mining profession of Utah and other Western states for many years, died in San Francisco, Jan. 5, 1923. Mr. Daggett was a contemporary and intimate friend of Clarence King, James D. Hague, R. W. Raymond, and other Nestors of the mining engineering profession prominent in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. He was born at Canandaigua, N. Y., May 24, 1845; graduated from Sheffield Scientific School in 1864; pursued post-graduate courses there for two years, and for one year at the Bergakademie, in Berlin. He was in active practice as mining engineer from 1866 to 1914, but devoted most of his time during the World War to the perfecting of a submarine torpedo. He was connected with the United States Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel in 1870. The plates illustrating mining industry, Volume III of the reports of that survey, were engraved from drawings obtained in the field during progress of the survey and prepared for the engraver by Mr. Daggett. He operated the Winnamuck mine and smelter at Bingham Cation, Utah, in the early seventies; the mines and mill at Cusihuiriachic, Chihuahua, 18867; and the Berlin mine near Austin, Nevada, 1904-6. On June 24, 1874, Mr. Daggett married Miss June Spencer, of Salt Lake City, who survives him, residing in New Haven, Corn. Appointed United States Surveyor General for Utah by President Harrison, in 1888, he was the first engineer to hold that office in Utah. He reorganized the mineral division of the office, required the courses of mineral surveys to be referred to the true meridian determined by solar or stellar observations, and did much to improve the accuracy and reliability of such surveys. Mr. Daggett was a member of the Alta and University Clubs of Salt Lake City, and president of the latter from 1890 to 1892; he was also a member of the Century Club, New York. Through his instrumentality, irrigation was brought to considerable tracts of land in northeastern Utah, and Daggett County of that state is named for him. Re wrote numerous technical papers, and an economic review entitled "A Quarter of a Century of Prices," in which was shown the close relation

Jan 1, 1923