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By R. A. Brown

RIGHT NOW the Canadian oil business is suffering from growing pains brought on by developments outside our borders. I would like, therefore, to place our industry in perspective for you in two ways. I would like first to describe it briefly and let you see it in relation to the world oil industry. Then I would like to bring it back and place it into perspective against a strictly Canadian background. Naturally, in such a discussion, it is necessary to use a certain amount of statistical material. I'll endeavour, however, to keep it to a minimum. Eleven years ago, before the discovery of Leduc, Alberta could boast of having 21,000,000 barrels of crude oil reserves. Five years ago we had 1,810,000,000 barrels. At year end, 1957, our remaining recoverable reserves totalled more than 3,000,000,000 barrels. In 1957, our potential production in Alberta reached an all-time high of 756,000 barrels a day. Unfortunately, our actual average daily production dropped from 393,000 barrels per day in 1956 to 376,000 barrels per day in 1957. And in 1958, to date, it has dropped sharply to around 300,000 barrels per day.

Jan 1, 1958

By A. G. Scobie

THE research laboratory of this Company was recently faced with the problem of determining trace amounts of tungsten in a series of classifier sands. A spectrographie survey revealed the feasibility of using this instrument in the final evaluation, but a check of the common methods in use for the isolation of tungsten (3, 4) showed these methods to give incomplete separation for trace amounts. An investigation into the possibility of modifying these procedures, or developing others, was thus indicated. ASSAY PROCEDURE Weigh 10 grams of 200-mesh ore or concentrate into a 400-ml. beaker, wet the sample well with about 20 ml. of water, and add 100 ml. of hydrochloric acid. Cover, digest at 60° to 70° C. for about 1 hour, and then boil down to approximately 25 ml. Cool, add 25 ml. of hydrochloric acid and 10 ml. of nitric acid, and again boil to former volume. Add 20-ml. portions of nitric acid with successive boiling clown until chemical action is complete. Then add 20-ml. portions of hydrochloric acid until all nitric acid is removed. Take nearly to dryness on a law-temperature hot plate, but do not bake. Take up in 10 ml. of hydrochloric acid and 20 ml. of water and heat on a law-temperature hot plate until all iron goes into solution. Dilute to 200 ml. and heat to just below boiling. Stir in pulp of about half of a No. 41 Whatman filter paper (12.5-cm.) and continue digestion on plate with occasional stirring for 15 to 20 minutes.

Jan 1, 1943

By F. R. Joubin

MR. CHAIRMAN, Members of the C.I.M., and Friends -particularly friends, because I am not entirely a stranger in your city. I was last here some five years ago and it has given me a great deal of pleasure this evening to be able to say "Hello" again to those I had met at that time, when Bourlamaque and V al d'Or were very busy centres of intensive and successful gold exploration. My remarks this evening have to .do with Canada's Place in the Atomic Age. They will be of a general nature but I hope to tell you ?enough to whet your appetite so that you may be provoked into per-.suing the subject further. Now, atomic developments have become quite commonplace. Words like radioactivity, reactors, nuclear fission, and so on are known to everyone, even the youngsters. I re-member two or three years ago one of my office boys came to me and said "Mr. Joubin, I would like a raise." I gave the request a few seconds of serious thought and finally said "Alright, Jimmy, we'll give you a raise." However, he made no effort to leave, so after a -couple of seconds more I said, "Is there something else ?" and he said "Yes, Mr. Joubin, could you make that raise 'radioactive' to the first .of the year ?"

Jan 1, 1958

"Eastern Canadian thermal coal mined at Minto, New Brunswick, and in western Cape Breton at St. Rose, Inverness County, Nova Scotia, contains 6-8 per cent sulphur. Both coals are high volatile bituminous. types. The Minto coal averages 18 per cent ash, 7 per cent sulphur and has a Btu rating of 11,900 per lb. Pyritic sulphur accounts for 75 per cent of the total sulphur and the remainder is largely organic; the amount of sulphate sulphur is negligible. This means that in a 7 per cent sulphur coal, 2 per cent is organic and 5 per cent pyritic sulphur. Pit-head St. Rose coal contains approximately 10 per cent ash, 7 per cent sulphur and 11 ,800 Btu/lb. The distribution of sulphur is different to that of Minto coal because about 12 per cent sulphate sulphur is present. Thus, a 7 per cent sulphur coal would contain 4 per cent pyritic, 2 per cent organic and 1 per cent sulphate sulphur.The iron sulphides, pyrite and, to a lesser extent, marcassite occur over a wide size range from large sulphur balls to crack fillings, lenses, and individual crystals and framboids. Coarse-grained pyrite and sulphur balls are easily separated during washing. It is the fine grain sizes, intimately mixed with the coal constituents, that are difficult to separate. Quantimet analyses of the fine grains in coal from both localities showed that about 50 per cent were smaller than 30 micron(1).No efforts have been made to wash the Inverness coal of Nova Scotia and in 1980 washing ceased in New Brunswick. Previously, the Minto coal was processed in an antiquated jig circuit which reduced ash from the strip operation run-of-mine value of more than 20 per cent to less than 18. More effective removal of ash and sulphur could clearly be obtained. Laboratory tests on both Minto and St. Rose coal have shown that ash rejection rates of 40 to 50 per cent at yields of 70-80 per cent were possible(2), Little information on sulphur removal was available."

Jan 1, 1981

By M. Doucet

The introduction of high-nickel anodes to CCR in 2006 resulted in an increase of nickel in anodic slimes. Removal of the nickel in these slimes to below 3.0% is necessary in order to prevent slag viscosity problems in the subsequent pyrometallurgical step. A lower specification of 0.5% was chosen in order to minimize Ni losses to the slag and to recover this nickel as NiSO4. A 2-stage autoclave process, which was patented by CCR in 1992, was chosen to treat the high nickel slimes. Laboratory and plant?scale tests were performed in 2004 in order to validate the results of this process with the present slimes. These results along with corrosion tests were used to design two brick-lined autoclaves. These autoclaves were installed in October 2006 and successfully commissioned within 8 weeks. A "Design of Experiment" test program was performed in 2006 on an alternative autoclave process that reversed the cycles in the patented process. The effects of temperature and acid content were modeled using the results. The alternative process will be validated with the new autoclaves.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. Lasmanis, W. C. Utterback

"The Mount Tolman porphyry Mo-Cu deposit is 64 km south of Republic, Ferry County, Washington. It occurs in the composite Keller Butte pluton, which consists of the Keller Butte porphyritic biotite granite and granodiorite, the Mount Tolman quartz porphyry granite, and the Meadow Creek biotite granite phases. The three phases range in age from 61.3 Ma ± 2.3 Ma to 55.7 Ma ±2.0 Ma. The stockwork deposit occurs in the Keller Butte phase above the contact with the Mount Tolman quartz porphyry granite.Mount Tolman is a hybrid calc-alkaline deposit that has features of both a Climax-type and a plutonic type. Prior to post-ore faulting, the deposit had a flattened hood like shape. In plan it is elongated- 1.6 km wide, 3.2 km long, and up to 609 m thick. The orebody has a 292 o strike. It contains a geologic reserve exceeding 2.18 billion tonnes of ore averaging 0.093% MoS2 and 0.09o/o Cu using a 0.048% MoS2 cutoff. Of this total, 816 million tonnes of measured and indicated ore averaging 0.097% MoS2 and 0.09o/o Cu could be mined by open pit with an overall waste-to-ore ratio of 0.91 to 1.The deposit is a stockwork of quartz and quartz-sericite-pyrite veins and fracture fillings that contain molybdenite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and magnetite. Five separate episodes of fracturing and mineralization produced the orebody and were followed by four additional episodes of fracturing with sulrgrade mineralization. The Mount Tolman deposit contains propylitic, argillic, phyllic, topaz greisen, and potassic alteration zones. Extensive silicification overlaps the K-feldspathized, quartz-topaz, and phyllic alteration zones."

Jan 1, 1995

By A. Zrimsek, G. Vingas, R. Wolke

IN 1952, prompted by the great demand of the Canadian drilling and foundry industries for sodium bentonite, the Geological Department of Magnet Cove Barium Corporation, Limited began an extensive search for bentonite deposits throughout western Canada. Their efforts were rewarded in 1958, when substantial deposits of high quality material were found approximately 100 miles southeast of Edmonton, Alberta. The bentonite material, a part of the Edmonton formation in the Upper Cretaceous, is located approximately nine miles south of the town of Rosalind. The land where the bentonite lies has in places .been eroded by stream and glacial action to form a wide gully, convenient for strip mining methods (see Figure 1). The bentonite bed is almost flat-lying, dipping to the southwest at approximately 12 feet per mile. The main bed is 8 to. 10 feet thick and is covered with 15 to 25 feet of overburden. Before stripping, the area is drilled and sampled to evaluate the quantity and quality of the bentonite.

Jan 1, 1962

By D. Gorc, T. M. Fraser, Z. T. Nikic, R. Pesalj

"Mount Polley is an alkalic porphyry copper-gold deposit of Lower Jurassic age within the Quesnel terrane in south-central British Columbia. The silica-saturated Mount Polley intmsive complex is assumed to be coeval with volcanic rocks of similar composition in the Nicola Group in which it was emplaced. Other intmsions and some of the volcanic rocks in the Mount Polley area are silicaundersaturated and contain feldspathoids.The Mount Polley deposit is characterized by multiple intrusions that vary from diorite to crowded plagioclase porphyry to monzonite. Intmsion breccias are associated with some of the intmsive phases. Abundant hydrothermal breccias occur on the margins and above plagioclase porphyry intmsions. These breccias provide the main host for mineralization and are associated with the highest concentrations of copper and gold. The breccias are subdivided into four distinct types based on the dominant hydrothermal mineral in the matrix. Actinolite breccia is developed in an elongate zone within the core of the Central zone and grades laterally and vertically into biotite breccia to the southeast. Magnetite breccia is irregularly distributed and is relatively sparse throughout the deposit and albite breccia is dominant in the West zone. Pervasive and vein-related alteration correlates with the breccia types. The core of the hydrothermal system at Mount Polley is subdivided into three zones: actinolite, biotite and K-feldspar-albite. The margins of the core zone are overprinted by a discontinuous zone of calc-silicate minerals. This intermediate zone passes outward into propylitic alteration. Mineralization is most prominent within hydrothermal breccias and is generally present as disseminations, blebs within the matrix and abundant veins. Mineralization is associated with a chalcopyrite-magnetite-bornite assemblage in the core of the deposit passing out into magnetite-pyrite-chalcopyrite. Relatively constant copper to gold ratios suggest that both metals were precipitated under similar conditions.Hydrothermal breccias are genetically related to the emplacement of the crowded plagioclase porphyry melt. Crystallization of the melt was probably accompanied by volatile/aqueous exsolution, forming a water saturated carapace. Decompression of the chamber in response to magma withdrawal, fracture propagation and possible fault movement allowed hydrothermal brecciation to occur at the apex and margins of the intmsion. Alteration and mineralization appears to have been controlled by fluids migrating away from the plagioclase porphyry."

Jan 1, 1995

By Hector Monette

"AFTER SPENDING a lifetime in the mining industry it is normal that one should be concerned with the future of his profession, especially if he is directly responsible for the education and formation of future mining engineers. It is not necessary to insist on the importance of mining for Canada and for the entire world to prove the necessity of the Mining Engineer. A statement was made by Zay Jeffries, former vicepresident of General Electric Co., and here I quote: ""Even though minerals without man are of no moment, man would not be man as we know him without minerals ... ""minerals are as essential to the life of social man as food is to man himself"". This certainly expresses magnificently the purpose of the mining profession. These are the reasons why I have accepted to present my views on the future of the Mining Engineer. If I express some concern it is not because I feel that there is any danger for the profession to disappear; men will always respond to a challenge and this can be found in the extraction of minerals as well as in any other field of human endeavour. However, the first big question concerns the competitive position of Canada in the world of mining. To be made available to Canadians and to the rest of the world, all this tremendous potential mineral wealth that our country has been so generously endowed with by nature must be gained from the earth's crust at a competitive cost. Otherwise it will never become ore and will have no value. Let us not forget that although minerals are discovered, mines are not found but are made. So let us be more efficient mine makers. To accomplish this end, it is the duty of the different responsible organizations at all levels - be they governmental, para-governmental, public or private institutions - to do their utmost to assure the profitable development of our mineral wealth. The University has an all-important role to play in preparing all the specialists required by this intricate machine that mining is. All the different disciplines of engineering, health, social and -managerial sciences are needed for the good functioning of the mining industry. Although they are all essential, some will play a more important role as a member of the structure. In this discussion it is the role of the most important member, the mining engineer, who is actually responsible for the extraction of the minerals from the earth's crust that must be established. From this we will then be able to analyse his responsibilities and try to suggest the mining engineering program most suitable to prepare this engineer for his future role."

Jan 1, 1972

By I. C. Brown, J. F. Henderson

"IntroductionThe Yellowknife greenstone belt lies along the west side of Yellowknife bay on the north shore of Great Slave lake, some 600 miles north of Edmonton, Alberta. The producing gold mines along the belt include the Con-Rycon and Negus which came into production in 1938 and 1939, and the Giant Yellowknife, which followed in 1948. In addition to these, the Akaitcho and Crestaurum mines are potential producers and there are several promising prospects.Early geological work along the belt was done by A. W. Jolliffe who first recognized a number of great faults, the largest of which is the West Bay fault with a horizontal movement of more than 3 miles. In 1943, A. S. Dadson, following an examination of the Giant-Yellowknife property, advanced the hypothesis that Baker Creek valley was underlain by a series of major gold-bearing shear zones. Subsequent diamond drilling in 1944 bore out the correctness of this view and outlined the great ore-bearing shear zones that are now being developed and mined by Giant Yellowknife Gold Mines. Near the south boundary of the Giant property, the shear zones are cut off by the West Bay fault. This prompted Neil Campbell, District Geologist for the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company, to make a detailed study of the geology along the West Bay fault in the hope of finding the faulted extension of the Giant shear-zone system on the west side of this fault. In this he was entirely successful. By careful geological mapping he matched several faulted diabase dykes on both sides of the fault and, knowing their dip, determined the horizontal and vertical components of movement along the fault. Subsequent •diamond drilling based on Campbell's work located the presumed correlative of the Giant shear-zone system on the Con-Rycon and Negus properties, where it has been named the Campbell zone or system. At the present time, all production at the Negus Mines property is coming from orebodies along the Campbell zone."

Jan 1, 1950

By T. H. Peters

The historical development of this program, dating from the construction of Nickel Park at Copper Cliff in 1917 to the various current projects carried out in the Ontario Division's program, is reviewed. Practices used to grow vegetation on stressed areas, the beneficial aspect of the improved aesthetic appearance of company properties from the point of view of public relations and the improved approach to the workplace by the employee are discussed. The revegetation of the tailings area and its gradual transformation into a Wildlife Management Area is reviewed.

Jan 1, 1978

By C. M. Campbell

IN 1934 Newfoundland, after extravagant operation based on exaggerated ideas of what she had to work with, became bankrupt, ceased to be a self-governing Dominion, and passed into the hands of a Commission. Since the days of Dawson, Canadians have been taught that no country in the world is as rich as their own. This idea has become a religion; contrary views are heresy, and are suppressed even by technical organizations and government departments. Following the alleged habit of the ostrich, we have buried our heads in the sand and have refused to face the facts. This policy of "to have today and to hell with tomorrow" is now bearing fruit. After forty years of operation on the basis of unlimited natural wealth, with resulting over-expansion, wholesale depletion of capital assets, and huge borrowings, we are, now that our wealth has been shown to be very limited, face to face with the status of Newfoundland. Already, in this Province, commission government of bankrupt municipalities is not uncommon. The ostrich is referred to as the most foolish bird in the world. That is not the case-no ostrich ever hid his head in the sand. In the clear air of his home on the South African veldt, an area characterized by low bushes, he is a conspicuous object. When danger approaches, he lowers his head; matches his background, the bushes; and danger passes him by. This leaves the Canadian, with his head still in the sand, to fill the r61e cast for the ostrich. Fortunately, a few Canadians never did get their heads covered; others are getting them out far enough to see what is going on. Their comments are very much to the point. "Nowhere in the world," says Mr. Meighen, "has more harm been done to any country by an exaggeration of its resources and potentialities than has been done in Canada'.

Jan 1, 1941

By Nathaniel S. Scott

Caland Ore Company Limited, a subsidiary of Inland Steel Company of Chicago, Illinois, leased an iron ore deposit from Steep Rock Iron Mines Limited on January 1, 1953.. This deposit lay underneath a lake and was covered with 161,000,000 cubic yards of Jake bottom material, mainly silt. Removal of this material was done on a contract dredging basis. This contract was divided into a plant phase and an operating phase. The plant phase consisted of supplying two cutter-type suction dredges, each with two booster pumps in the discharge lines. All six pumps were centrifugal, had 36" discharges and were powered by 10,000 horsepower electric motors. Peak demand was 59,157 kilowatts. One hundred and forty miles of steel tower line were built to bring power to the site. The balance of the plant consisted of tugs, 12 miles of discharge line, varying from 36" diameter to 42" diameter and attendant land-based equipment. A number of interesting dams were constructed

Jan 1, 1961

By J. Keith Haddock

"Introduction The Boundary Dam Mine is located 5 km south of the City of Estevan, Saskatchewan and is operated by Manitoba and Saskatchewan Coal Company Ltd., one of the Luscar companies. The entire production of 1.7 million tonnes per year is delivered to the Boundary Dam Generating Station of Saskatchewan Power Corporation. Geology There are basically two seams mined on the property, the main Estevan seam ranging in thickness from 3.0 m to 4.5 m with partings and the upper Roche Percee seam (roughly 15 m to 23 m above the Estevan) which ranges from 0.6 m to 2.0 m in thickness. Most of the reserves are concentrated in the Estevan seam, the Roche Percee only being mined whenever its thickness makes it economic to recover. The coal measures belong to the Ravenscrag Formation of Tertiary (Paleocene) Age. This formation is widespread in North Dakota and Montana and contains the lignite fields of North Dakota and subbituminous coals of Montana. The formation is gently tilted to the southeast at Boundary (0.5 degrees) and consists of weak sandstones, siltstones and silty mudstones. Reserves and Coal Quality The present minesite encompasses a coal reserve of approximately 50 million tonnes calculated to a maximum stripping depth of 37 metres or 20:1 mining ratio. The reserves form only a part of the total reserves in the Estevan area which are owned by the Saskatchewan Power Corporation. The coal being mined is classed as Lignite ""A"" and has the following specifications:"

Jan 1, 1985

By R. B. Paine, B. M. Wright

"Syncrude has entered a new era involving the use of pipeline slurries to convey oil sand to the extraction plant. Hydrotransport operations and base plant operations encounter vast performance differences when processing different types of oil sand. This paper describes the hydrotransport process, its history at Syncrude, methods of describing the source ore characteristic and plant performance. The use of this information within Syncrude and how it will be managed on an ongoing basis will also be described. IntroductionThe Syncrude Canada Ltd. site is located 43 km north of Fort McMurray, Alberta, on the Athabasca oil sand deposit. The Syncrude operation consists of mining, extraction, upgrading, utilities and other support facilities. The mined ore is sent to the extraction plant where water and solids are removed from the bitumen. The bitumen is then sent to the upgrading plants to be further processed into Syncrude Sweet Blend (a light sweet crude oil). Syncrude produced 73.5 Mbbls of Syncrude Sweet Blend in 1996 and produced 75.7 Mbbls in 1997. Prior to 1993, Syncrude moved ore from the pit to the extraction plant via four dragline / bucketwheel/ conveyor systems. These systems, supplemented by auxiliary ore crushers, satisfied the feed requirements of the extraction plant. Ore was conveyed to the control tower area and placed in the dump pocket via four radial stackers. Various blending scenarios occurred at this point, using feed from the four mining quadrants and from auxiliary feed crushers. Upon entering the extraction plant from the base mine, the oil sand passed through a series of tumblers where it was mixed with hot water and caustic. It then proceeded to one of four primary separation vessels where bitumen froth was floated off and the middlings and coarse fractions were recombined and sent to the tail oil recovery vessels, or TORs, for further processing."

Jan 1, 1999

By J. S. DeLury

Introduction The problems of metallogenesis are largely related to those concerning the origin of igneous rocks, which, in turn, are involved with the question of crustal mechanics. Many ore-bodies are genetically related to associated intrusive and there is an equally close association apparent between igneous intrusion and crustal deformation. The problem of ore-deposition is concerned, therefore, with the fundamental problems of geology. For a long time speculations regarding crustal movements rested largely on the contraction theory and its associated conceptions. Vertical movements were considered to be all important and horizontal movements secondary to them. Magmas were pictured as rising more or less vertically in the crust and were believed to form in vertically disposed magma-chambers or reservoirs. The principle of magmatic differentiation seemed to offer the best explanation of the origin and association of diverse rock types and it seemed also to require the existence of quiescent magma-chambers for the admittedly slow process of differentiation. Accumulating evidence of the importance of horizontal movement in the crust, has, along with other considerations, discredited the contraction hypothesis and many of the inferences that go with it. The same evidence may require some change in the prevailing conception of the origin of the various types of igneous rock and of the mechanics of intrusion. Geologists are now at sea concerning some of the vital and fundamental problems of the crust, and the field is open for speculation. The writer is developing a hypothesis which seems to permit an explanation and? a correlation of earth structures and phenomena. If it rests on a firm foundation, the hypothesis, because it is fundamental, is certain to have a profound bearing on the problems of economic geology. It is for this reason that an outline of the hypothesis is offered at this time. Only a few of its economic bearings are foreseen at this time and these will be indicated.

Jan 1, 1932

By T. Patching

"COAL MINING at Canmore, Alberta, began in 1886 and continued there until July 1979. A comprehensive review of the Canmore operations is not available, but the following notes have been prepared to accompany references where more complete information about the operations and problems encountered may be found. The coal measures at Canmore occur in the Kootenay formation of Lower Cretaceous age, and at least twelve seams of varying thickness and horizontal extent have been recognized. The coal, of high quality, ranges from semi-anthracite in the lower seams to low-volatile bituminous in the upper seams. The strata of the Canmore area form an asymmetric syncline, the western limb being overturned to vertical by the Palaeozoic strata of the Mount Rundle Range. The eastern limb is more gently sloping, its dip ranging from IO to about 40 degrees. Tectonic movements have created a troubled and complex coal field. The seams were initially not regularly or uniformly deposited, and mountain-building activity folded and faulted the strata and in many places sheared and crushed the original structures of the coal(l,2,3,4,5). The lack of continuity of the seams, and changes in thickness and inclination, made longrange mine planning difficult and necessitated flexible methods of work, and the local disturbances sometimes created problems in roof support and contributed to the occurrence of sudden outbursts of coal and gas. Almost all of the coal was produced from underground operations but a few relatively small V-cut mines were worked along surface outcrops. These have all been filled in and revegetated. The basic method of underground work was by room-and-pillar, but many variations in layout and sequences were employed. Gangways were driven along the strike and pillars were formed by raises or slopes and crosscuts. Pillars were recovered to the extent that ground conditions permitted by splitting or taking 'skips' from the sides of the raises or splits or crosscuts. Because of the variety of conditions that existed in the field a considerable range of cutting, loading and support methods were employed, including hand-loading, slushers and scrapers, duckbills and shaker conveyors, mobile loaders and continuous miners. Except for the coal obtained by continuous miners most of the coal was broken out by blasting when driving narrow working places or by air picks when cutting from a face. In the early years hand loading onto cars or conveyors predominated. A continuous miner was introduced into Canmore in 1959 on a trial basis, and another was subsequently acquired, in order to minimize blasting and hand loading, but problems in operating these machines in inclining seams and difficulties in providing safe roof support for the machines and workers restricted their efficient use. Another major difficulty with the use of continuous miners was the problem of ventilating development headings in the very gassy conditions. In the early 1970s they were replaced by electric and compressed air slushers and scrapers, resulting in a general increase in productivity, roof control, safety, and flexibility of operations(1.6,7,8.9)."

Jan 1, 1985

Slurry flow, including flow through the charge, through the discharge grates, along the pulp lifters and its discharge from the mill is an important contributor to the efficiency of the grinding process within a SAG mill. Poor transport of finer ground material can adversely affect grinding leading to excess energy consumption and over-grinding of fine material. This paper extends a 1-way coupled DEM-SPH method to three dimensions and applies it to a 1.8 m diameter by 0.6 m long AG/SAG pilot mill. This provides detailed information on the internal flow of slurry within a SAG mill, including the prediction of dry regions and of slurry pooling. Full 3D analysis also allows the pulp flow patterns into and out of the mill via pulp lifter chamber to be investigated.

Jan 1, 2012

By C. Jewell, G. H. Rupay

"67 - 2:15-3:00Regeneration of Hydrochloric Acid from Waste Pickle Liquor Using a Fluidized Bed Reactor System. G. H. RUPAY and C. JEWELL, Dominion Foundries and Steel Ltd., Hamilton, Ont.The disposal of acidic waste liquors from pickling processes has always been a problem for the steel industry. With increased awareness toward environmental control and the problems acidic wastes create, processes utilizing recovery and regeneration of the waste acids are becoming more popular. This paper describes the Keramchemie/Lurgi process for regenerating hydrochloric acid from waste pickle liquor using a fluidized bed reactor system. The process parameters are outlined, together with a brief description of the equipment. This is followed by a discussion of the operating problems and concludes with economic data."

Jan 1, 2000

By G. A. McGuffin

"IntroductionWITH the increase in quantity of sour gas reserves in the Province of Alberta, and the wider market for sulphur brought about by mounting world demand and restrictions placed on the principal supply, it was inevitable that this important source of sulphur would be .developed. In the light of these facts, it seems timely that a general paper on sulphur recovery from petroleum gases be presented. This, then, is the purpose of the following text. A short discussion of each of the following subjects is presented:(1) Properties and uses of sulphur(2) Existing sources(3) Market research(4) The recovery process in Turner Valley(5) Hazards of sulphur productionNo pretext of originality of material is made since innumerable reports have been prepared on this and related topics and information contained in these has been used quite liberally.Properties and uses of SulphurSulphur is a non-metallic element having an atomic weight of 32.06. The stable crystalline form at atmospheric temperature is referred to as 'rhombic' sulphur. It is bright yellow and has a specific gravity of 2.05, equivalent to 129.2 lb./cu. Ft. Above 204°F. sulphur has another stable crystalline form, referred to as 'monoclinic'. This is reddish-brown and is slightly less dense than the rhombic variety (122.4 lb./cu. Ft.). Sulphur in bulk form weighs 84 to 90 lb. per cu. Ft. Sulphur melts at approximately 240°F. to a straw coloured liquid which is quite viscous."

Jan 1, 1952