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By W. P. Huleatt, R. B. McCulloch

"The Big Four zinc-deposit, directly above the north bank of the Green Mountain Reservoir on the Blue River, Summit County, Cole., was discovered in 1937 by the present owner, Walter McDaniel, who lives on the property. Mr. McDaniel, together with members of his family, have worked the mine on a small scale since its beginning and have shipped quantities of sorted high-grade ore to the International Smelting Co. at Tooele, Utah, and the Combined Metals Corp. at Bauer, Utah. More recently, parts of the nine have been operated by lessees.The property had been examined previously by the Federal Geological Survey, and the geological report was made available' to the Bureau of Mines.The Big Four mining claim was located in 1937 by Walter McDaniel and his wife Frances,- who had been prospecting in the vicinity since 1933. The discovery of the high-grade zinc deposit caused considerable excitement, as it had not been regarded as a mineralized area.Mining was begun in 1937 and carried on until 1944 by Mr. and Mrs. McDaniel with the help of a few hired miners. During 1944, parts of the mine were leased: to various parties Who produced small quantities of ore but did no development work.Shipments during 1941 .totaled 752 tons; during 1942, 387 tons; and during 1943, 510 tons. From the beginning of 1944 to April of that year, 98 tons wore produced and shipped to Utah,Since the lessees began operations, a grade of 30 to 35 percent zinc has been maintained by careful sorting. No production has been recorded for 1945.The Big Four mine is situated on Colorado State- Highway 9 between Dillon and Kremmling on the south face of Green Mountain overlooking the Green Mountain Reservoir, a Federal irrigation project on the Hue River, Green Mountain rises 1,600 feet above the general level of the valley to an altitude of 9,408 feet and the surrounding terrain, i s correspondingly mountainous and rugged."

Apr 1, 1946

By W. B. Berwald

The United States Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the Natural Gas Department of the American Gras association, has been studying actively for the past several years the problem of the flow of natural gas through high-pressure transmission lines. Numerous data on gas flow through pipe lines under many conditions of operation have been obtained by carefully conducted tests, and these data, together with all other available information, have been analyzed carefully to secure practical facts for the use of operators in designing pipe lines and determining the effects of different operating conditions on pipe-line capacities. The first procedure in initiating; this problem was to review, compile, and analyze all of the existing data on the flow of natural gas through pipe lines. Actual data applicable to pipe and operating conditions normally used in the transmission of natural gas were meager, and the several pipe line flow formulas developed by different investigators gave widely varying; results when applied to problems of pipe-line design. Therefore, further experimental work under conditions comparable to those found in transmitting natural gas was essential before any definite recommendations could be made.

Jan 1, 1931

By W. B. Berwald

The United States Bureau of lanes, in cooperation with the Natural Gas Department of the American Gas Association, has been studying actively for the past several years the problem of the flow of natural gas through high-pressure transmission lines. Numerous data on gas flow through pipe lines under many conditions of operation have been obtained by carefully conducted tests, and these data, together with all other available information, have been analyzed Carefully to secure practical facts for the use of operators in designing pipe lines and determining the effects of different operating conditions on pipe-line capacities. The first procedure in initiating this problem was to review, compile, and analyze all of the existing data on the flow of natural gas through pipe lines. Actual data applicable to pipe and operating conditions normally used in the transmission of natural gas were meager, and the several pipe line flow formulas developed by different investigators gave widely varying results when applied to problems of pipe-line design. Therefore, further experimental work under conditions comparable to those found in transmitting natural gas was essential before any definite recommendations could be made. The problem, as originally planned, included flow tests on pipe lines in operation, and in each test the measured delivery vas to be compared with the delivery calculated from several common pipe line flow formulas.

Jan 1, 1931

By M. Mentser

The exchange of oxygen between carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide that occurs reversibly on carbon surfaces was studied at temperatures of 750° to 850°C and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Carbon-14 was used to detect and measure the exchange reaction. The extent of oxygen exchange was a linear function of com- position of the gas mixture, and this relationship was used to evaluate the forward and backward rate constants of the reaction. Equilibrium constants, directly determined for oxygen exchange in this study, agreed well with values in the literature that were derived only by indirect procedures. This result establishes the validity of oxygen exchange in the mechanism of carbon gasification by CO2. Rates of carbon gasification were less than an order of magnitude slower than rates of oxygen exchange. Activation energies for these two processes were 58 and 53 kcal/mole, respectively. The closeness in the activation energies argues against any change in the rate-controlling step over a wide temperature span at atmospheric pressure. The role of CO as a retardant on the CO2-C reaction, and the nature of the carbon-oxygen complex are also discussed in view of the data obtained.

Jan 1, 1973

By Phillip Allender, Wolf Karo, Knox Van Dyke, Lixin Wu, Ali Ardekani, Jorge Garcia, Jaime Gutierrez

"We report that two different micropolystyrene round beads linked to either luminol or lucigenin have been developed. The 1-µ.m-diameter beads arc useful reagents that allow one to perform chemiluminescent (light producing) phagoeytic reactions without opsonization. It is known that luminol reacts with peroxidases (e.g., myeloperoxidase) while lucigenin reacts mainly with superoxide anion. Luminol and lucigenin beads produce cellular chemiluminescence (CL) with neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and differentiated human promyelocytic leukemic cells (HL60). When myeloperoxidase (MPO) is present luminol beads evoke higher CL from neutrophils, but when little or no MPO is present, lucigenin beads produce higher amounts of light. Lucigenin beads appear to be active inside these cells where unbound lucigenin does not enter freely.INTRODUCTIONA variety of cells, e.g., neutrophils (Ns) and macrophages (Ms), can engulf foreign particles (1). This engulfing or phagocytic activity is used by the body to kill bacteria and to eliminate foreign particles such as respirable dusts, e.g., coal, silica, or cotton. The neutrophil engulfs or phagocytizes bacteria which are coated with plasma antibodies and/or complement proteins (Fig. 1). The coating or opsonization allows the neutrophil to recognize foreign substances. Usually the absence of opsonization prevents the cell's recognition of a foreign particle and the particle is not phagocytized. Macrophages, particularly the alveolar Oung) cells, do not require opsonization for phagocytosis. Ms should not be selective toward individual dusts because they serve a major role in eliminating a variety of these.Particle size can also be a factor. Usually a particle with a diameter of 0.5-5 µ.m is considered in the respirable range. Larger particles are trapped before they reach the alveoli Oung spaces where oxygen exchange with blood occurs), ·and smaller particles do not generally settle, and are not engulfed by macrophages (2). Tabato and Ikada (3) found that maximal phagocytosis of microspheres takes place when their diameter is in the range of 1.0 to 2.0 µ.m. In addition, they found that beads with hydrophobic surfaces were more readily phagocytized than hydrophilic surfaces."

Jan 1, 1990

By L. A. Morley

Volume IV of the final report examines the problem of indirect contact of overhead high-voltage power lines by mining personnel. This refers to the contact of energized lines by workers through some intermediate conductor such as a metallic tool or a piece of high-reaching mobile equipment, thus the term "indirect contact." The shock hazard presented by such contact has been a major cause of electrical fatalities associated with mining operations. The report volume is divided into three major areas. The first gives a general background of overhead lines, basic characteristics, and associated hazards, and continues to describe presently used techniques and devices which attempt to alleviate the contact problem. The second area narrows the discussion to the mining industry by presenting a detailed analysis of 39 overhead-line contact accidents in mining since 1970. The third major section uses the information from the first two areas to formulate recommendations to prevent these accidents and subsequent electrocutions at mining operations.

Jan 1, 1982

By Charles W. Perdue

This U.S. Bureau of Mines report considers, from a psychological perspective, the perceptual process by which miners recognize and respond to mining hazards. It proposes that if the hazard recognition skills of miners can be improved, mining accidents may be reduced to a significant degree. Prior studies of hazard perception in mining are considered, as are relevant studies from investigations of military target identification, pilot and gunnery officer training, transportation safety, automobile operator behavior, research into sensory functioning and visual information processing. A general model of perception is introduced, and selected concepts from the psychology of perception that are applicable to the detection of mining hazards are reviewed. Hazard recognition is discussed as a function of the perceptual cues available to the miner as well as the cognitive resources and strategies employed by the miner. The development of expertise in responding to hazards is related to individual differences in the experience, aptitude, and personality of the worker. Potential applications to miner safety and training are presented.

Jan 1, 1995

By T. A. Henrie

The Federal Bureau of Mines has investigated methods of sodium reduction of titanium chlorides to produce high purity titanium metal (14).4/ This investigation was made to obtain a better understanding of the reactions involved in sodium reduction of titanium chlorides and was part of the Bureau's activities toward improving the technology of titanium. Theoretical and experimental evidence show that sodium reduction of titanium tetrachloride occurs by stepwise reactions. The first stage reduction between sodium vapor and vapors of titanium chlorides produces titanium di-and trichlorides which subsequently condense with sodium chloride to form a salt mixture. The second stage reduction takes place in the condensed salt mixture between sodium and titanium subchlorides. Final reduction is a heterogeneous reaction between two separate phases, the a phase which consisted of sodium dissolved in sodium chloride and the ß phase titanium subchlorides dissolved in sodium chloride. The mechanism of the heterogeneous reaction between these phases is electrochemical in nature. The model proposed is a galvanic reaction at the interfacial region.

Jan 1, 1960

By W. E. Pittman

The Bureau of Mines, as part of its Health and Safety Technology Program, is conducting research on the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) for mine hazard detection. GPR offers a possibility of mapping immediate below-surface geologic conditions, including faulting and other anomalies, thereby exposing potential safety hazards to miners. This report summarizes a literature review of the current status of GPR research in and outside the Bureau.

Jan 1, 1984

Early in 1936 the Interstate Oil Compact Commission and other groups interested in forecasts of demand for petroleum requested the Bureau of Mines to make a physical inventory of crude-oil stocks in the United States. Accordingly, the 74th Congress -appropriated funds for conducting such a survey during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1937. In the discussions end hearings2/ relative to the need for the survey, the opinion was expressed that crude oil held is storage for long periods had lost so much of its gasoline content that the economic significance of total stocks should be discounted materially. Therefore, a primary objective of the survey was to

Jan 1, 1938

Toward the goal of maximizing minerals and metals recovery from domestic resources, the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, has conducted in situ corrosion studies at the Salton Sea Known Geothermal Resources Area (KGRA) in the Imperial Valley, Calif., to evaluate and characterize materials of construction for geothermal resources recovery plants. General-, pitting, and crevice-corrosion characteristics of 13 commercially available alloys were investigated for periods of 15 and 30 days in seven process environments expected to be found in typical geothermal resources plants. Stainless steel alloy 29.4, Inconel 625, and the Hastelloys G, S, and C-276 were the most resistant to general corrosion, did not pit, and exhibited little susceptibility to crevice corrosion. Stainless steel alloys 430, E-Brite 26-1, and 6X had low general corrosion rates, but pitted and were susceptible to crevice corrosion. Stainless steel alloy 316 L had a low corrosion rate, but corroded intergranularly, pitted, and was susceptible to crevice corrosion and to stress-corrosion cracking. Titanium-1.5 nickel and TiCode-12 had low corrosion rates, did not pit, and were not susceptible to crevice corrosion. Carbon and 4130 steels had high corrosion rates, pitted, and had high susceptibilities to crevice corrosion. The major scale-forming mineral on the corrosion samples in most of the process environments studied was galena mixed with lesser amounts of other minerals.

Jan 1, 1979

By Louis H. Berkelhamer

"INTRODUCTION The method of differential thermal analysis suggested by Le Chatelier (1)1 in 1887 has recently emerged as an outstanding means of studying the constitution of various substances, particularly clays, soils, and miscellaneous hydrous materials (2). The literature ably discusses the applications and results obtained but has paid too little attention to specific details of construction of the apparatus. Knowledge of the apparatus is of importance to the experienced research man as is extremely useful to the novice v ho ventures into this field of analysis. Further, it is generally acknowledged that the variations in design and conditions of operation are one of the essential causes for differences in characteristic temperatures as reported by various investigators. A step forward in the elimination of such differences is the publication of the details of construction and operation of a simple and inexpensive apparatus that has proved useful at the southern Experiment station of the Bureau of Mines, where it was used in cooperation with the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala."

Jul 1, 1944

By Pedro Lilienfeld

This Final Report describes a program whose objective was to design, develop, fabricate, and test an airborne mass monitor for unattended and recording measurements of the concentration of dust in mining environments. Sensing collection are performed by beta-radiation attenuation and inertial implementation respectively. The instrument is portable, battery or line operated provides a digital printout of the mass concentration during each selection sampling period, as well as the accumulated mass of dust, and the elapsed sampling time.

Jan 1, 1974

By E. C. Lane

[This Is the ninth in a series of reports on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee and the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the interior. The first report gave data on motor gasoline sold during the winter of 1935-36.3/ The Present report presents analytical data for 2,033 samples, representing the products of approximately 80 companies, which, as in previous surveys, include both large and small suppliers. In addition, the Pacific coast is represented by data that were average by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before 'being submitted and are published exactly as they were received. As in previous surveys, the data are divided into the three groups of samples of regular-price, premium-price, and third-grade gasolines, and each group has been averaged separately. The cumber of samples, items, and brands comprising each group, exclusive of those of the Pacific coast, arc as follows: Regular price, 1,066 samples, 208 items, and 49 brands; premium price, 575 tamales, 154 items, and 38 brands; third-grade gasoline, 7;4 samples, 150 items, and 53 brands. The meanings of these terms as used in the surveys tar as follows: Sample: The individual supply of gasoline obtained at the filling station and analysed in the laboratory.]

Jan 1, 1940

In 1967 the United States consumed 58.8 quadrillion Btu of energy. Both the Atomic Energy Commission and the Resources for the Future, Inc., a private economic forecasting group, predict that the United States energy requirements will reach 135 quadrillion Btu by the year 2000. In 1967 bituminous coal produced 21.4 percent of the energy used in the United States and anthracite coal another 0. 5 percent. Coal Reserves Coal reserves make up about four-fifths of the United States storehouse of fuel in proven reserves. Seventy-five percent of all fuel, likely to be found and recovered is coal. Electric utilities consume more than half of the bituminous coal mined in the United States in generating 53 percent of the nation's electricity. Atomic Energy Commission analysts have proposed the development of a vast "national energy system" based upon long-distance electrical transmission from abundant untapped coal reserves in the western United States. The study predicts that even if uranium supplies are available and economic breeder reactors developed, coal requirements for electricity generation will more than double by 1980 and increase another 50 percent before the year 2000.

Jan 1, 1970

This volume constitutes the final report for the Rescue Subsystem portion of the Coal Mine Rescue and Survival System program conducted by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation under contract to the United States Bureau of Mines (Contract Number H0101262 dated Jung 17, 1970). The program was directed by the Special Systems Department of the Westinghouse, Baltimore, Maryland facility. The basic objectives of the CMRSS program were to develop and test hardware to determine the efficacy of a variety of coal mine rescue and survival concepts and techniques. These concepts were drawn from two major- sources: the Request for Proposal from the Bureau of Mines and the final report on the Mine Rescue and Survival Study conducted by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE).

Jan 1, 1971

By Rexford D. Singer

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current literature on the use of calcium chloride and ligninsulfonates as dust suppressants with respect to potential adverse effects on health or the environment. Calcium chloride poses little internal hazard to man and animals, but toxicity to vegetation in and around the area of application should be expected. The effects, however, should be considerably less than those observed from using calcium chloride as a road deicer. Except for trout, ligninsulfonates seem to pose little direct systemic toxicity problems in aquatic organisms, animals and man or any problem with local vegetation. Because of a greater volume of information on its use and effects, calcium chloride is recommended over ligninsulfonates.

Jan 1, 1982

By R. S. Dean

Boron compounds have been considered for many years as possible additions to iron and steel. A very recent use of boron-steel rods was for the control of neutron intensity in the graphite-uranium pile at the Clinton plutonium plant(130).4/ Norris(129) reports that slags containing boric oxide reduce the ferrous oxide content of steels and thereby the aluminum required for deoxidation. Boron is not considered an alloying element, but minute amounts produce what is often called a "needled" steel. The study of a series of iron-boron alloys by convenient steps, starting with iron containing no boron, indicated that boron was a hardening agent and made the iron very difficult if not impossible to forge. Then came the discovery that very minute traces of boron are quite different from the smallest amount previously thought worthy of study.

Jan 1, 1946

[Early in 1936 the Interstate Oil Compact Commission and other groups interested in forecasts of demand .for petroleum requested the Bureau of Mines to make a physical inventory of crude-oil stocks in the United States. Accordingly, the 74th Congress appropriated funds for conducting such a survey during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1937. In the discussions and hearing2/ relative to the need for the sway, the opinion ms expressed that crude oil held in storage for long periods had lost so much of its gasoline content that he economic significant of total stocks should be discounted materially. Therefore, a primary objective of the survey was to]

Jan 1, 1938

By C. M. Frost

Two Federal Bureau of Mines recycle hydrogenation experiments to prepare catalytic cracking feed stock were made at 3,000 pounds pressure with crude shale oil retorted from Green River (Colo.) shale in the gas-combustion retort. The hydrogenated product from the first experiment, made at 784° F., was used for investigating the effects of nitrogen content on catalytic cracking yields and for determining the quality of the catalytically cracked gasoline. Hydrogenated product containing 0.14 percent or more of nitrogen produced less gasoline when cracked in a CAT "A" unit than was obtained from East Texas light gas oil cracked at the same conditions; product containing 0.10 percent or less nitrogen produced a quantity of cracked gasoline equal to that obtained from the East Texas light gas oil. The catalytically cracked gasoline had research octane numbers calculated to be approximately 95 clear and 103 with 3 ml. of tetraethyl lead. The principal product from the second experiment, made at 828° F., was a low nitrogen content gas oil which was used for investigating the yields of cracked products obtained when it was catalytically cracked to different degrees of conversion. Yields of cracked products, when plotted as functions of conversion, were essentially the same, within the experimental range of the data, as published yields from catalytic cracking of East Texas heavy gas oil; however, yields from cracking the shale-oil product did not display the sensitivity to change of cracking temperature that has been found for East Texas gas oil.

Jan 1, 1960