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By G. H. Keith

A vanadium-base alloy consisting of the following elements in weight-percent--molybdenum, 20; titanium, 10; carbon, 0.1; silicon, 0.5; and yttrium, 0.5--had exceptionally high strength at temperatures up to 1,200° C. This alloy was capable of fabrication to sheet of ~ 1 mm thickness by a combination of hot swaging and hot and warm rolling. In the warm-rolled condition at ambient temperature, its ultimate tensile strength was 1,205 MN/m2. The strength at 1,200° C was 150 MN/m2. Within the temperature range of 25° to 1,200° C, the ductility of the alloy as measured by elongation increased from 4 to >90 percent. Strengthening was achieved by both solid-solution and dispersed-phase mechanisms. Alloys of 20 percent molybdenum and 10 percent titanium were stronger than the other molybdenum-titanium alloy compositions tested. Strength was increased 15 percent in the temperature range of 25° to 800° C, with no accompanying loss in ductility, by the addition of 0.5 percent silicon. Workability was improved by additions of 0.25 and 0.5 percent yttrium.

Jan 1, 1970

By A. L. Engel

[This report describes preliminary tests of samples from six deposits of oxidized copper ores .in Nevada. The tests for the most part were confined to laboratory-scale acid leaching to extract the copper.'The exceptions consisted of flotation tests to demons' ate the possibilities of treating the ore by that method. The samples tested were representative of oxidized copper ores from six counties in all parts of Nevada. The results obtained by the preliminary tests described were indicative of the extractions of copper to be expected, In the five leaching experiments, the approximate consumption of acid was also indicated.]

Jan 1, 1953

By Daryl E. Radcliffe

The Bureau of Mines, as part of an agreement with the Bear Coal Co., Somerset, Col o., evaluated the response of a coal mine roof to time lapse. Time lapse, the interval between exposure and support of the roof, was studied using both instrumentation and statistics. Instrumentation studies were designed to equate displacement and rates of displacement with areas of roof left unsupported from 15 minutes to more than 4 days. A statistical study was completed to compare roof fall occurrence with time lapse intervals encountered during normal room-and-pillar mining. Results from this investigation show time lapse, in the Bear mine, to he insignificant with respect to roof stability after installation of permanent support.

Jan 1, 1980

By Frank E. Cash

The data in this circular were compiled so that individual phosphate companies might have the benefit of the experience of other phosphate companies, and that industries in general might compare experiences (taking into consideration relative hazards), thereby promoting accident preven¬tion. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The descriptive matter is taken in part from a. paper by Cash and von Bernewitz.4/ Production figures ore from Mineral Resources of the United States;5/ accident data were furnished by each of the operating companies in the pebble-phosphate district, and their assistance in making this report possible is gratefully acknowledged.

Jan 1, 1936

By R. W. Smith

The Bureau of Mines has been engaged in a systematic evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of combustion gases. These studies were designed to provide basic thermodynamic information of high accuracy, facilitating the theoretical study of flame and combustion phenomena.4 This report is the fifth of a series5/ presenting results of the study for particular fuel-oxidant systems. These calculations have as their objective the constant pressure flame temperature of acetylene-air for a range of pressures.

Jan 1, 1954

By Paul T. Allsman

The vanadiferous deposits of the Sublette Ridge and Salt River Range, 2 miles east of Raymond, Idaho, in western Lincoln County, Wyo., were examined August 24 to August 30, 1942, by an engineer of the Bureau of Mines, who was shown these properties by W. W. Rubey of the Geological Survey, Washington, D. C. The Sublette Ridge deposits are owned by the former U. S. Phosphate Co. H. F. Chaney, Portland, Oreg., is the representative for the company. The following report covers the history of the district, outlines the physical features and communications, mentions the property, and notes the ownership. The deposits and ore are described, and work performed by the Bureau of Mines is explained in detail. Ore-dressing tests and methods are explained.

Jan 1, 1949

By Donald F. Smith

This report describes the construction and calibration of two ice calorimeters and includes results of high-temperature heat-content measurements, made by the Federal Bureau of Mines, on rubidium fluoride, hafnium tetrafluoride, cesium chloride, and cesium iodide. The heats and entropies of fusion of rubidium fluoride, cesium chloride, and cesium iodide have been calculated at their respective melting points using equations derived from the experimental heat-content data. Hafnium tetrafluoride did not melt within the range of temperatures investigated. Heat and entropy of transition of cesium chloride from the alpha to the beta form were also determined. INTRODUCTION Free-energy data usually afford the cheapest and quickest means of determining the feasibility of experimentally untested reactions. For known reactions, free-energy data show the variation of the equilibrium constant with temperature and make it possible to calculate, without experiment, the maximum ratio of product to raw material for a given chemical process.

Jan 1, 1961

By W. H. Ode, W. A. Selvig

Briefly, this swelling test consists in heating 1 gram of pulverized coal in a silica crucible over a gas flame under prescribed conditions to form a coke button which is compared in size and shape with a series of standard profiles numbered 1 to 9. These profiles are intended to cover the size and shape of buttons obtained from coals covering a wide range in plastic properties. The number of the standard profile with which the maximum cross-sectional area of the button most nearly corresponds is recorded as the swelling index. Although the swelling test showed poor relationships with the various tests that were used for measuring expansion or contraction of coal during carbonization, it gave indications of having value in measuring free-swelling and coking properties of coals when burned on fuel tests. An opportunity to investigate this occurred when an engineering company reported pronounced differences in burning characteristics on grates of various shipments of Pocahontas coal. Some of these coals gave trouble by swelling excessively and clogging the grate. Samples were obtained, and it was found that the troublesome coals gave radically higher free-swelling numbers than did the coals that performed satisfactorily. Also, it was found that the free-swelling index test gave better differentiation between coals than could be obtained from the coke buttons from the standard volatile-matter test or iron agglutination-value results. The results of the free-swelling test were confirmed by the Subcommittee on Plasticity and Swelling, Coal, a special group of the Subcommittee, under the chairmanship of R.A. Shuman, worked along with the test method. Estberg, Limacher, and Shuman of the Battelle Memorial Institute investigated the various factors affecting the test and found that the swelling index was a good indication of the suitability of coal for performance on residential-type stokers from the swelling characteristics of the coal. Data were presented that also showed that the index was helpful in the selection of coal for industrial underfeed stokers.

Feb 1, 1948

By R. E. Lindstrom, D. J. Bauer

Studies were conducted to assess the potential of naphthenic acid as a fractional extractant for rare- earth mixtures and yttrium in sulfate solution . Naphthenic acid was an effective extractant , and separation factors were favorable in the presence of aqueous phase chelating agents . Addition of EDTA to the naphthenic acid extraction system resulted in average separation factors of 2.2 between adjacent yttrium- group elements , whereas DTPA resulted in average separation factors of 3.5 between adjacent cerium- group elements . EDTA was of value in separating yttrium from the rare- earth elements . Thorium and uranium were preferentially extracted over the trivalent rare- earth elements by naphthenic acid .

Jan 1, 1964

By Gary L. Hundley

The Bureau of Mines has devised a procedure to recover chromium chemicals from low-grade domestic chromites, which contain silicon and aluminum impurity levels that are too high to permit processing by present industrial processes. The Bureau procedure consists of reacting chromite with molten sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under oxidizing conditions to form sodium chromate (Na2Cr04). The reaction product is leached with methanol to remove the majority of the unreacted sodium hydroxide, then with water to remove the sodium chromate and the remainder of the sodium hydroxide. The sodium chromate product is recovered by evaporative crystallization from the aqueous solution. This report presents results of laboratory tests to determine the optimum fusion conditions and the chromium extractions obtained from several domestic chrotdte concentrates. These concentrates are from a variety of sources, including the Stillwater Complex in Montana, Kanuti River-Caribou Mountain, Red Bluff Bay, Kenai Peninsula, and Kodiak Island areas in Alaska, deposits in northern California, and a nickel-cobalt laterite from southern Oregon. All of these concentrates were successfully treated by the Bureau procedure. The best chromium extrac-tions obtained for each of these materials ranged from 69.5 to 98.9 pet.

Jan 1, 1985

By G. S. Rice

The Experimental Mine of the United States Bureau of Mines is a unique coal mine that serves as a large-scale testing laboratory. It is used primarily for testing the explosibility of coal-dust and gases but is also the workshop for many other kinds of research work of which the chief object is to increase safety in mining. The mine is situated in Allegheny County, Pa., about 13 miles southwest of Pittsburgh among the high hills of the west bank of the Monongahela River, at the northeastern edge of the gas-coal district of the Pittsburgh coal bed which extends south through the Connellsville coking-coal district into West Virginia. The Pittsburgh bed, of the Upper Carboniferous age, is one of the most extensive continuous coal beds in the United States, if not in the world. Throughout large areas it shows remarkable uniformity of thickness, levelness, and character of coal, which is a coking coal of high-grade bituminous rank. Its thickness in the northern part is 5 to 5 ½ feet and in the central and southern part is 7 to 9 feet.

Jan 1, 1933

By Harold E. Marr

The Bureau of Mines evaluated two drill-hole probes for the delineation of Missouri lead ores. The battery-powered, portable instruments, weighing less than 30 pounds, were designed for logging holes of 1.8 inches in diameter or larger. These probes have dual scintillation detectors, balanced filters with a pass band for lead Ka radiation, and a cobalt-57 source of radiation. The results of field tests in Missouri confirm laboratory tests indicating that probe response can be correlated to lead ore grade using counting times of 10 seconds or less at any selected depth in the hole.

Jan 1, 1972

By A. C. Richardson

During the past two and a half years the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama, with the cooperation of the different coal operators, have been making an extensive study of coal preparation in the State of Alabama. Considerable time has been devoted to the study of the washing characteristics of the Mary Lee bed and the various methods used in preparing from it a low-ash coal suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke. One of the phases of this problem is the utilization of middlings products from the washing plants. This paper gives the results of treating jig middlings on a coal-washing table at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Tuscaloosa, Ala. The sample used was secured from the Sayreton washery Of the Republic Steel Corporation, Sayreton, Ala.

Jan 1, 1931

By Earl L. Phillips

The Bureau of Mines conducted laboratory tests on samples of pozzolaniccement concrete to develop a low- strength backfill . Results show that support costs can be lowered by replacing a portion of the portland cement in mine backfill with pozzolan ( fly ash ) and lime . Unconfined compression tests on various ratios of fly ash to cement in 84 samples produced compressivestrength curves that can be used to estimate the best backfill mix for any mine .

Jan 1, 1964

By Joe L. Castagno, Kenneth H. Johnston

Several hundred membrane - filter tests were made as part of a program to develop equipment and procedures to evaluate the quality of waters and to determine the quality of water suitable to efficiently flood oil sands of known permeability . Results indicated that neither the color of the water nor that of the precipitate on a membrane filter is a criterion for determining the quality of injection water . Reasons for poor water quality include poor operation of filtering systems , dirty filtering aggregates , excessive amounts of oil in injection water , commingling of incompatible waters , and excessive use of chemicals . A good water is required to efficiently flood sands of low permeability , but fair results may be obtained in flooding more permeable sands with poorer quality water .

Jan 1, 1964

By George L. Gates

This report presents is an evaluation by the Federal Bureau of Mines of the effect of clay-water, brine, and oil-base drilling fluids on the productivity of test wells drilled on the Umiat anticline in U.S. Naval Petroleum Reserve No. 4 in northern Alaska. Eleven, wells were drilled on the Umiat structure as part of the U.S. Navy's extensive exploration of the Reserve during 1944-53 to determine the possibilities for oil production. The Federal Geological Survey cooperated in the exploration program and has published a comprehensive report3/ on the geology of the area and case histories of the wells. The re¬port also includes the results of special studies by the Bureau in connection with the drilling and coring of well 9 with oil-base mud in hole and was the source of much of the information used in preparing this publication. Of the eleven wells, four were drilled with rotary tools and water-base mud (one of the water-base muds was an oil-in-water emulsion mud), five were drilled with cable tools with brine in the hole, one was drilled with cable tools with brine in the hole and later reamed with rotary tools and crude oil, and one was drilled with rotary tools and oil-base mud. Although all of the wells penetrated sandstones that contained oil and gas, some were productive and others were not. The latter two wells, one completed with crude oil in the hole (with some added brine) and the other with oil-base mud, had the greatest productive capacities. The wells drilled with cable tools and brine in the hole had lower productive capacities. In contrast, two of three wells completed with rotary methods and fresh-water drilling mud and the well com¬pleted with rotary and emulsion mud were unproductive.

Jan 1, 1960

By H. C. Hamontre

The liquid-level gage described in this report is an instrument designed to locate liquid levels in wells rapidly and accurately and, with auxiliary equipment described, to follow moving liquid levels automatically. The depth at which the instrument makes contact with the liquid in a well is indicated at the surface by a depth meter on the cable to which the instrument is attached. When the gage is used to follow a surging moving level, the liquid depth is indicated continuously at the surface. This report contains a description and illustrations of the gage and outlines the operating procedures. The instrument is 1-3/4 inches in diameter and approximately 6 feet in length and may be operated through 2-inch tubing. The gage consists essentially of a float that moves upward with respect to the rest of the assembly, causing a change in the flow of electric current from the surface when the liquid level is reached. The instrument has been tested under a variety of conditions and has been found to be sensitive to changes in liquid level of 1/2 inch. Its accuracy is limited principally by the accuracy of the wire-line depth indicator used. It is not affected by pressure or temperature, and it can be run in open hole or under pressure through a lubricator. It employs only one electric circuit and can be run on an Amergraph single-conductor cable (type 1-H-0) ,

Jan 1, 1954

By Larman J. Heath

Preliminary results of an explosive fracturing-solvent injection heavy oil recovery experiment conducted by the Bureau of Mines at a shallow oil reservoir near Bartlett, Kans., are given. Three wells 35 to 50 feet apart were drilled to a depth of 360 feet, and an open hole interval from 300 to 350 feet in the Bartlesville Sandstone Formation was explosively fractured with 3,000 pounds of pelletized TNT in each well. Laboratory tests were made on cores obtained from these wells to confirm the suitability of using an aromatic-type solvent. Injection of a 74-percent aromatic solvent was begun into one well and continued intermittently for approximately 2 months. Crude oil production amounted to 29.6 bbl, or 11.7 percent of the total oil con¬tained within the three-well interwell zone.

Jan 1, 1972

By A. C. Richardson

[During the past two and a half sears the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the University of Alabama, with the cooperation of the different coal operators, have been making an extensive studs of coal preparation in the State of Alabama. Considerable time has been devoted to the studs of the washing characteristics of the Mars Lee bed and the various methods used In preparing from it a low-ash coal suitable for the manufacture of metallurgical coke. One of the phases of this problem is the utilization of middlings products from the washing plants. This paper gives the results of treating jig middlings on a coal-washing table at the Bureau of Mines laboratory at Tuscaloosa, Ala. The sample used was secured from the Sayreton washery of the Republic Steel Corporation, Sayreton, Ala. WASHERY PRACTICE The Mary Lee bed is very bony, and operators find it difficult to produce from this bed a washed coal much under 10 per cent ash. Experience has shown that in the preparation of a coking coal from the Mary Lee bed it is best to use a process which permits the recovery of a middlings product. Middlings are desirable because separation according to specific gravity is never perfect, and a middlings product makes possible a low ash in the primary warned coal without excessive losses of combustible in the refuse. The general washery practice on the Mary Lee bed is to crush the run-of-mine coal through some maximum screen size and wash it upon some one type of jig without re-treatment of any of the products made. The maximum size treated varies from 3 inch to J inch. The middlings product from multiple-cell jigs is usually termed "boiler fuel" and when possible is utilized as such. At present the production of boiler fuel is often in excess of power requirements, and the surplus, due to its high ash content, becomes waste.]

Jan 1, 1931

By K. K. Kelley, W. W. Weller

The heat capacities of four crystalline silicates of barium ( BaSiO3 , BaSiO4 , Ba Si¸0 , and BaSi₂0 ) and two crystalline silicates of strontium (SrSio and Sr₂Sio ) were measured over the temperature range from 51 ° to 298° K. The results were used to evaluate the entropies at 298.15 ° K. The entropy values were joined with known heats of formation to obtain the free energies of formation of the silicates with respect to their constituent oxides at 298.15 ° K.

Jan 1, 1964