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By Enrique Touceda, Henry M. Howe

This paper gives the composition of the iron and slag at different stages in the " air-furnace" process of preparing " hard metal," or white castriron, for conversion into malleable cast-iron by annealing. The details of the process are given in an appendix. One of us had been trying for years to work some chemist of some of our malleable-iron plants up to a degree of enthusiasm which would lead him to make such an investigation. It would have had the advantage of the greater familiarity with the conditions which one habitually on the spot must have. Failing in this, he made use of an opportunity which presented itself of taking samples here represented, with such fairness as the conditions permitted, holding firmly that a rough approximation to the truth is better than the complete lack of data, or that a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush. We hope that this attempt may stimulate others effectively to duplicate this work, and thus correct or confirm it. Our results are shown in Table I. and graphically in Figs. 1 arid 2. Discussion.—At the time when the first two samples were taken, the metal and slag were still too sluggish to permit fair sampling, and not until sample 6 were the conditions really favorable, because at the time of the fourth sample the metal was not fully melted, and even at the time of sample 5 it was still sluggish. Indeed, the slag was probably very heterogeneous throughout, because it took up silica and alumina rapidly from the bottom, and because it was so siliceous as to be sluggish at this relatively low temperature. This hetero-geneousness is exaggerated in the two samples of slag 8, apparently by the great viscosity due to its extraordinary acidity. Note that the manganous oxide of one sample is about two and

Jan 1, 1909

By Magnus Troilius

For some time I have been using with great advantage, for the purpose of determining rapidly and accurately the chemical composition of gases from Siemens producers, an apparatus arranged generally like that proposed by Prof. Eggertz; * and I now take pleasure in laying before the members of the Institute a description of the apparatus and its use, hoping that some of them may find it. of practical advantage. At the end of the paper are given some results obtained and heat calculations, with the necessary data for the same. COLLECTION OF GASES. Fig. 1. Shows the arrangement for taking a sample of gas. The funnel F, which may be made of tin plate, is made to fit the test-hole. The gas passes up through the funnel and through the rubber-tubing with the glass tube K, filled with asbestos for retaining dust,, and is drawn into the upper flask by means of water flowing from the same into the lower flask. The upper flask must be completely filled with water from the beginning, so that no air remains. When filled with gas the screw-compressors are securely fastened on, and the flask disconnected from the funnel and receiver. Quart flasks, with openings at the bottom, are very suitable, and easily obtainable. COMPOSITION OF THE GASES. The ingredients found in producer gases are: carbonic acid (CO2), oxygen (0)) ethylene (C2H4), carbonic oxide (CO), hydrogen (H), and marsh gas (CH4). The nitrogen is taken by difference. CO2,O,C2H4, and CO are determined by absorption in various liquids and by observing the resulting diminution of volume. H and CH4 are determined by combustion with oxygen. Carbonic acid.—For this gas is used a solution of 16 grams of potassium hydrate in 100 C.C. of water. 4 or 5 C.C. of this solution absorb 100 C.C. of CO2.

Jan 1, 1883

By H. P. Greenwald

THIs paper brings forward a discussion that was prepared for the meeting of the Coal Division in Chicago in 1938.1 War in Europe less than a year after that meeting, followed by our defense preparations and entry into the conflict, caused general cessation of large-scale experimentation on the subject, and it is best to confine this paper to events in the United States during the five-year period since the preceding paper was written. The views of members of the Coal Division's Committee2 on Rock-dust-ing for 1943 were obtained before this paper was written and the manuscript was reviewed by them. Extent of Rock-dusting Statistics on the use of rock dust in the United States during the years 1930-1933, appearing on page 97 of Volume 139 of the Transactions are extended in Table I herein through the year 1941. The results through 1933 did not appear encouraging, but there has been improve-ment since that date. It has always been true that the larger operations were the ones that used rock dust. In 1941 only 10 per cent of the mines in the country used rock dust, but they produced 57 per cent of the coal, employed just under 50 per cent of the miners, and accounted for 52 per cent of the man-hours. Unfortunately, collection and compilation of these statistics are slow procedures, and figures dealing with the tremendous war expansion of the industry are not likely to be available for a year or more. In 1941 the five leading states in regard to percentage of man-hours worked in mines using rock dust were: Utah, 92.1; Wyoming, 79.3; Alabama, 77.4; New Mexico, 72.5; West Virginia, 65.3. The first four states were the same as in 1933, but West Virginia displaced Washington in fifth place. On the basis of pounds of rock dust used per ton of coal, the five leading states in

Jan 1, 1944

By H. P. Greenwald

THIs paper brings forward a discussion that was prepared for the meeting of the Coal Division in Chicago in 1938.1 War in Europe less than a year after that meeting, followed by our defense preparations and entry into the conflict, caused general cessation of large-scale experimentation on the subject, and it is best to confine this paper to events in the United States during the five-year period since the preceding paper was written. The views of members of the Coal Division's Committee2 on Rock-dust-ing for 1943 were obtained before this paper was written and the manuscript was reviewed by them. Extent of Rock-dusting Statistics on the use of rock dust in the United States during the years 1930-1933, appearing on page 97 of Volume 139 of the Transactions are extended in Table I herein through the year 1941. The results through 1933 did not appear encouraging, but there has been improve-ment since that date. It has always been true that the larger operations were the ones that used rock dust. In 1941 only 10 per cent of the mines in the country used rock dust, but they produced 57 per cent of the coal, employed just under 50 per cent of the miners, and accounted for 52 per cent of the man-hours. Unfortunately, collection and compilation of these statistics are slow procedures, and figures dealing with the tremendous war expansion of the industry are not likely to be available for a year or more. In 1941 the five leading states in regard to percentage of man-hours worked in mines using rock dust were: Utah, 92.1; Wyoming, 79.3; Alabama, 77.4; New Mexico, 72.5; West Virginia, 65.3. The first four states were the same as in 1933, but West Virginia displaced Washington in fifth place. On the basis of pounds of rock dust used per ton of coal, the five leading states in

Jan 1, 1944

By James D. Sisler

Among the various studies made by the Coal Fact Finding Commission, appointed by President Warren G. Harding in 1922 to investigate all phases of the coal-mining industry in the United States and to report to Congress, was one concerning the amount and nature of losses in mining bituminous coal in the eastern part of the United States. This study was carried on under the direction of the U. S. Bureau of Mines. The writer was appointed field engineer to investigate the problem in Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Some 400 mines were studied in these three states and conclusions were drawn from many sources of data. The summary report written by George S. Rice and J. W. Paul states that "the field reports indicate that the recovery in Ohio will remain about as at present, except in the Belmont district; whereas in Pennsylvania it will gradually improve, and in West Virginia it will improve rapidly." Since 1922, the writer has been interested in gathering material to substantiate or contradict these prophecies. Nature of Coal Losses There are six general causes of losses of coal in mining: (1) coal left on the roof and bottom; (2) coal lost in room, entry and panel pillars; (3) coal lost in oil-well or gas-well pillars; (4) coal lost under buildings, railroads and boundaries; (5) coal lost in handling and prepayation, underground and surface; (6) coal lost by rolls, thin or dirty areas and under streams. Local economic aspects that dominate the type of mining conditions determine to some extent whether certain losses are avoidable or unavoidable. In general, however, unavoidable losses include coal lost in the protection of buildings, streams, railroads, restricted properties and around oil and gas wells. Barrier pillars and other safety pillars are unavoidable losses as long as their size does not exceed the minimum for adequate safety. Natural physical conditions beyond human control, such as rock faults, clay veins, partings and binders, bad top and bottom, rolls and horsebacks, cause unavoidable losses. Unavoidable losses

Jan 1, 1931

By S. R. B. Cooke, H. S. Choi, I. Iwasaki

In magnetic taconite of the East Mesabi range, quartz, magnetite, and cummingtonite (OH}(Fe, Mg)(Si4O11)2) are the three major ore-forming minerals.' Fine grinding and magnetic separation of the taconite leads to a concentrate analyzing 64 to 65 pct Fe and 8 to 9 pct insoluble; the gangue content of the concentrate arising from the presence of locked magnetite-gangue particles, and of occluded gangue particles in magnetic floccules. To further upgrade such taconite concentrates, flotation appears to offer a particularly promising approach. To evaluate its effectiveness in separation, a knowledge of the flotation characteristics of each mineral comprising the concentrate becomes desirable. The floatability of magnetite and of quartz have already been reported in a previous paper,2 in which the flotation characteristics of the two minerals were correlated with the electrokinetic properties at the mineral-solution interfaces. Since cummingtonite has somewhat intermediate chemical composition between the above-named oxides, the electrokinetic and the flotation behavior of this mineral becomes of interest for both practical and fundamental reasons. In the present article the results of electrophoretic mobility measurements and of Hallimond tube flotation tests on cummingtonite are reported and are compared with those of quartz and magnetite. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of cummingtonite-rich taconite, received from the Mitchell pit, near Babbitt, Minn., was crushed and ground through 100 mesh, and the product was fractionated magnetically into three portions. First, a drum-type laboratory cobber was used to separate a highly magnetic portion, consisting mainly of free, but also containing locked, magnetite particles. The cobber tailing was then passed in two stages through a Franz isodynamic separator. The middle fraction was isolated, and, upon examination petrographically, was ascertained to be principally cummingtonite. The 100 to 150 mesh fraction of this sample was selected for the present study. It was cleaned by leaching briefly with hot, dilute HC1 and then by rinsing repeatedly with demineralized water. A ground and elutriated fraction of -5p cummingtonite was used for the electrophoretic measurements.

Jan 1, 1961

By Alwyn Birchmore Cox, Ian William Wark

Sodium sulfide is used extensively to increase the recovery of oxidized copper and lead minerals by flotation, particularly when using xanthates as collectors. It is generally assumed that the sodium sulfide converts a film of the oxidized mineral to the sulfide, and that the xanthate, while not a very effective collector for the oxidized minerals, is a good collector for the sulfide. On the other hand, Taggart and his collaborators1 claim that unless sulfide minerals are oxidized they cannot adsorb xanthates and do not float. Gaudin2 states that amyl xanthate, used in conjunction with sodium sulfide, gives better results than ethyl xanthate. Rabone3 and Mayer-Schranz4 agree that excess of sulfide functions as a depressant. Owing to the greater solubilities of the oxidized minerals than of the sulfides, the consumption of sodium sulfide is greater than that of most other flotation reagents, up to 10 lb. per ton of ore being used in some plants. Luyken and Bierbrauer5 recommend a water washing to remove soluble heavy metal salts; by this means sulfide consumption may be reduced. It was desirable to determine the limits of the sulfide concentrations between which contact is possible at surfaces of anglesite and cerussite in xanthate solutions. Similar determinations were desirable for the sulfide minerals with which the oxidized minerals are usually associated, since conditions should be chosen, if possible, so that the two types of mineral will float together. Because of the formation, especially in acid solutions, of hydrogen sulfide and of the hydrosulfide ion (HS-), the permissible limits of sulfide addition are obviously dependent upon the pH value. Sphalerite responds to ethyl xanthate only in the presence of an activator; for example, copper sulfate. It was necessary, therefore, to determine whether sodium sulfide interferes with the activation of sphalerite by copper sulfate. The combined effect of sulfide and copper sulfate was determined also for galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite.

Jan 1, 1939

By Ian William Wark, Alwyn Birchmore Cox

Sodium sulfide is used extensively to increase the recovery of oxidized copper and lead minerals by flotation, particularly when using xanthates as collectors. It is generally assumed that the sodium sulfide converts a film of the oxidized mineral to the sulfide, and that the xanthate, while not a very effective collector for the oxidized minerals, is a good collector for the sulfide. On the other hand, Taggart and his collaborators1 claim that unless sulfide minerals are oxidized they cannot adsorb xanthates and do not float. Gaudin2 states that amyl xanthate, used in conjunction with sodium sulfide, gives better results than ethyl xanthate. Rabone3 and Mayer-Schranz4 agree that excess of sulfide functions as a depressant. Owing to the greater solubilities of the oxidized minerals than of the sulfides, the consumption of sodium sulfide is greater than that of most other flotation reagents, up to 10 lb. per ton of ore being used in some plants. Luyken and Bierbrauer5 recommend a water washing to remove soluble heavy metal salts; by this means sulfide consumption may be reduced. It was desirable to determine the limits of the sulfide concentrations between which contact is possible at surfaces of anglesite and cerussite in xanthate solutions. Similar determinations were desirable for the sulfide minerals with which the oxidized minerals are usually associated, since conditions should be chosen, if possible, so that the two types of mineral will float together. Because of the formation, especially in acid solutions, of hydrogen sulfide and of the hydrosulfide ion (HS-), the permissible limits of sulfide addition are obviously dependent upon the pH value. Sphalerite responds to ethyl xanthate only in the presence of an activator; for example, copper sulfate. It was necessary, therefore, to determine whether sodium sulfide interferes with the activation of sphalerite by copper sulfate. The combined effect of sulfide and copper sulfate was determined also for galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite.

Jan 1, 1939

By John M. Crowl, L. E. Sawyer

5.3-1. General Public Resistance to Strip Mining. Surface (strip) mining is the oldest recorded method of extracting coal and other minerals from the earth. This method of mining completely alters the topography of the earth's surface, leaving an area of more or less parallel ridges or of peaked mounds of the materials which overlay the mineral seam. It destroys all original vegetation and provides materials for new type soil. During the early years the acreage mined by this method was small, land was plentiful, and with a growing young nation no thought was given to the restoration of the disturbed areas to some form of productive use. Early in the present century the development of steam shovels and drag-lines made it possible to remove thicker overburden to recover the products. With the deeper digging, the size of the disturbed areas increased. With this increase in the size of equipment and the improvement of blasting techniques, mining was expanded into more prominent locations and to areas of more valuable land. The more progressive operators became aware of the need to reclaim those areas for some productive use. Electric shovels with capacities of up to 200 cu yd and draglines with capacities of 145 cu yd, capable of uncovering products over 100 ft below the surface, are now in use. Combined with the increase in the size of equipment, the expansion of contour mining or rim stripping in the mountainous areas has focused public attention on the need for a sound reclamation program for all disturbed areas. APPEARANCE. After mining, the areas consist of varying percentages of rock, shale, slate, and soil material devoid of all plant and animal life. Unless a definite reclamation plan is carried out, many of the mined areas will remain bare for a period of years. The topography of the area is completely altered. What may have been level to rolling land in cultivation, in grass, or in timber is thrown up into a series of ridges or mounds.

Jan 1, 1968

By L. H Levenson, Charles S. Barrett

The orientation of metal crystals and grains, both large and small, can be detcrmined conveniently and accurately without the use of X-ray apparatus. This seems to be appreciated by so few metallurgists that it may be useful to explain in detail the method we have found most satisfactory in the laboratory—the reflection of light from crystallographie etch pits. This note includes a description of a suitable inexpensive instrument and instructions for etching various metals and for plotting the data. As the stereographie projection is used to facilitate handling the data, this note may he considered as an appendix to an earlier review of the metallurgical uses of the stercographie projection.' Various methods involving etch pits have been used by other investigators. Bridgman's method2 consists of attaching the specimen to a sphere (a transparent sphere is convenient4 , holding it at arm's length, and marking a spot on it when it has been turned so that the eteh pits reflect light into the eye of the observer from a lamp standing behind him. It has an accuracy of about 2" and is extrernely rapid. A greater accuracy can be obtained by having the reflected light fall on a screen, as has been done by Czochralski,5 Chalmers,6 and Schubnikov.7 All of these methods have been intended for undeformed single crystals. Tammann and his coworkers3,8 developed a method for estimating the number of grains in a polyerystalline aggregate having orientations in a given region of the stereographic triangle and thus obtained statistical information about deformation and reerystallization textures. While the method has had some use in recent years,9 it is not applicable to the majority of problems in physical metallurgy. Smith and Mehl10 determined orientations by plotting the directions of the sides of individual etch pits on a stereographic projection. The accuracy is limited to about 3" and the method requires careful polishing and high magnification.

Jan 1, 1940

By Charles S. Barrett, L. H. Levenson

The orientation of metal crystals and grains, both large and small, can be detcrmined conveniently and accurately without the use of X-ray apparatus. This seems to be appreciated by so few metallurgists that it may be useful to explain in detail the method we have found most satisfactory in the laboratory—the reflection of light from crystallographie etch pits. This note includes a description of a suitable inexpensive instrument and instructions for etching various metals and for plotting the data. As the stereographie projection is used to facilitate handling the data, this note may he considered as an appendix to an earlier review of the metallurgical uses of the stercographie projection.' Various methods involving etch pits have been used by other investigators. Bridgman's method2 consists of attaching the specimen to a sphere (a transparent sphere is convenient4 , holding it at arm's length, and marking a spot on it when it has been turned so that the eteh pits reflect light into the eye of the observer from a lamp standing behind him. It has an accuracy of about 2" and is extrernely rapid. A greater accuracy can be obtained by having the reflected light fall on a screen, as has been done by Czochralski,5 Chalmers,6 and Schubnikov.7 All of these methods have been intended for undeformed single crystals. Tammann and his coworkers3,8 developed a method for estimating the number of grains in a polyerystalline aggregate having orientations in a given region of the stereographic triangle and thus obtained statistical information about deformation and reerystallization textures. While the method has had some use in recent years,9 it is not applicable to the majority of problems in physical metallurgy. Smith and Mehl10 determined orientations by plotting the directions of the sides of individual etch pits on a stereographic projection. The accuracy is limited to about 3" and the method requires careful polishing and high magnification.

Jan 1, 1940

By H. W. Morse

MANY of our largest copper deposits contain both sulfide and oxidized copper minerals. The large porphyry mines, with a total copper content of from 1.3 to 2.0 per cent., send to their mills ore with an oxide content of from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent. While the recoveries of the sulfide minerals are considered satisfactory, using modern flotation practice, the recovery of the oxi- dized portion of the copper is small; better recoveries of oxidized copper were made before flotation methods were adopted. Beside the ores containing copper mainly as sulfide, with a small amount of oxidized copper,, many of the large porphyry mines have oxide orebodies, in which the propor-tion of non-sulfide minerals is so high that 2 present methods of treatment are ineffi-cient. In some of the well-known ore-bodies in the Miami-Inspiration district the copper occurs about equally in sulfide and oxidized forms; and the mixing of minerals is complete throughout the ore-body. There is no possibility of mining the sulfides and the oxides selectively. At the New Cornelia mine, however, the oxide, and sulfide ores are sharply separated, per-haps by an ancient water level, so that the oxide ore may be mined and treated in a plant built for that purpose, and the under-lying sulfide ore may be left for treatment in another plant. If copper is to be made from an ore having a total content of 1.5 per cent., it must be concentrated or removed from the ore by some. hydrometallurgical method. Flotation is generally successful for the sulfide minerals and flotation after filming with sulfide seems to work in many cases on the pure carbonate minerals. Callow has given an extensive report on the results of "sulfidizing" flotation on the ores of the. Magma mine.1 Where such ?a 'method can be applied, it ?may be, the best

Jan 9, 1922

By Peter B. Scotland

The mines of the Arizona Copper Co. are situated in the Morenci-Metcalf copper district in southeastern Arizona. This copper-bearing district covers a triangular mountainous area of about 3 square miles, rising abruptly from the gravel plateau of the surrounding country. In this area, an immense intrusion of porphyry lias displaced, shattered, and engulfed the shales, limestones, and quartzites formerly bedded on the basal granite. Outcrops of oxide ore were discovered in 1873, and these surface ores were found to connect in depth with large bodies of high-grade oxide ores in the limestones and shales. The mining of these high-grade ores continued until about 1893, when their rapid exhaustion led to the discovery and exploitation of the low-grade sulphide ores in the adjoining porphyry. Methods of concentration were then devised and the low-grade ores finally rendered profitable. The Arizona Copper Co. and the Detroit Copper Mining Co., operating in the same district, were the pioneers in the successful development of the low-grade "porphyry" properties of to-day. The largest mines of the Arizona Copper Co. are the Humboldt and Clay at Morenci, and the Coronado, Metcalf, and King at Metcalf. These mines produce about 4,000 tons daily of concentrating ore containing from 2.5 to 2.8 per cent. copper. The topography of the country is very rugged and mining operations are conducted principally through adit levels. A few of the mines are opened by shafts, the deepest being 1,100 ft., in the Coronado mine. Ore Occurrence The low-grade sulphide ore occurs as: (1) disseminated deposits in the main stock of quartz porphyry; (2) lode deposits in fault fissures in granite. The high-grade oxide ores were found as tabular deposits in limestone and shale close to contacts with porphyry dikes. Low-grade oxide ore formed the outcrop of some of the sulphide orebodies; the majority of the outcrops, however, were barren.

Jan 1, 1915

By P. D. P. Hamilton

In any mining district where benefication of the ores is practiced, one can usually observe several types of flow sheets even though the various producers are milling ore from the same geological formations. It is obviously impossible to describe all the mills in the Porcupine district. However, the following description of some of them is of particular interest in that it shows where one mill has paid particular attention to corduroy blanket practice; one to gravity concentration of sulfides for intensive cyanidation of the values therein contained; one to flotation of values and cyanidation of this product only; and others where small variations of standard all-slime cyanidation practice prevail. In all cases it will be seen that cyanidation is the basic principle. Discussions involving the difference in the flow sheets and the reasons for them will always be of value to those interested in the art. The author of this article, however, believes that such discussions should originate from the operators of the mills under discussion. For this reason no comparisons or discussion will be included in the description of the mills mentioned. Should any reader of this article obtain information therefrom which will be of value to him in helping to solve his own particular problems, the author will consider that the article has satisfactorily served its purpose. All values mentioned throughout this article are based on the value of gold at $20.67 per ounce. Coniaurum Mines, Limited The ore of the Coniaurium mines consists of a mineralized schist and quartz containing about 2.5 per cent sulfides. Owing to the low grade of ore developed in the mine, extreme care has had to be exercised throughout the entire mining and milling operation in order that an operating profit might be obtained. The management, however, has been able to keep costs down, with the result that at present the outlook for the property is considerably brighter than it has been in the past. This is partly due to the fact that it is now known how to mine and treat

Jan 1, 1935

By C. A. Pierce

Studies of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its commercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft, in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft. of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding formations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresse."1

Jan 1, 1942

By C. A. Pierce

Studies of roof and floor movement are of interest to those actively engaged in mining. This is especially true in the case of an entirely new area where there is no precedent for guidance. The potash deposit being mined is in the southeast corner of New Mexico, about 20 miles east of Carlsbad. The deposit was formed by the land-locked, shallow, Permian Sea that extended through parts of western Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, southeastern Colorado, and eastern New Mexico. The saline deposits vary from 500 to 4000 ft. thick. Neither of the companies operating in this area has delimited its commercial ore bodies. As all production so far has been from Federal and State leases, the Department of the Interior and the State of New Mexico have a direct interest in the development and extraction of these ore horizons. The ore is composed of an intimate mechanical mixture of sylvite (potassium chloride) and halite (sodium chloride). It lies generally in a horizontal bed varying from 5 to 12 ft, in thickness, and has a cover of approximately 1000 ft., consisting of about 500 ft. of salt beds and 500 ft. of sediments. The immediate mine roof for several feet is principally salt with some potash and clayey material. The next 500 ft. above, from the standpoint of structure, may be considered rock salt with a few inter-bedded potash members. The upper 500 ft. is of sedimentary (Permian and Triassic) origin and contains several water-bearing formations with flows varying from 10 to 500 gal. per minute. This water intensifies the interest in convergence problems as the ore and surrounding formations are water soluble. Potash salt (sylvite) and rock salt (halite) are plastic minerals. Plasticity is defined as a "property of solids by virtue of which they hold their shape permanently under the action of small shearing stresses but are readily deformed, worked, or molded under larger stresse."1

Jan 1, 1942

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast area of Louisiana enjoyed a particularly active and profitable year in 1939. Fifteen new producing structures were located and approximately sixty new producing sand horizons in old fields were opened in that period of time. The most important new discoveries are the Eola field, Avoyelles Parish, and the Paradis, St. Charles Parish. The Eola strike was indicated during December 1938, but the well was not placed on production until January 1939. Eola is particularly important because it was the first discovery of oil in a commercial quantity in the Wilcox formation in that area. Sid Richardson, of Ft. Worth, Texas, drilled the first well on the Haas Investment Company's property, which encountered the producing sand at a little below 8500 ft. Within the year 48 wells were drilled, 42 being commercial producers and 6 dry holes. The second most favorable discovery was the Paradis field, which was discovered by The Texas Company's Louisiana Land and Exploration Company's Paradis No. 1 well, in St. Charles Parish, just west of New Orleans. Detailed information concerning this field has not yet been made available but it is reported that the oil sand is as much as 175 ft. thick. The initial production indicated was 1750 bbl. daily and reports suggest a very large structure. In Calcasieu Parish the Humble Oil and Refining Company's Edge-wood Land No. 1 discovered gas in the Oligocene at a total depth of 7042 ft., in the Perkins area. Although two additional dry holes have been drilled in this prospect, it is still believed to have some merit. A new discovery is credited to Cameron Parish with the finding of Miocene oil in the Superior Oil Company's State No. 1 well in Grand Lake. The Chalkley field, Cameron Parish, is credited as a 1938 discovery but was largely developed in 1939 into one of the more important new fields. During the year 13 wells were drilled, 8 being oil wells and 5 dry holes. The oil is found in the Oligocene at depths of approximately 9000 feet.

Jan 1, 1940

By J. Brian Eby

The Gulf Coast area of Louisiana enjoyed a particularly active and profitable year in 1939. Fifteen new producing structures were located and approximately sixty new producing sand horizons in old fields were opened in that period of time. The most important new discoveries are the Eola field, Avoyelles Parish, and the Paradis, St. Charles Parish. The Eola strike was indicated during December 1938, but the well was not placed on production until January 1939. Eola is particularly important because it was the first discovery of oil in a commercial quantity in the Wilcox formation in that area. Sid Richardson, of Ft. Worth, Texas, drilled the first well on the Haas Investment Company's property, which encountered the producing sand at a little below 8500 ft. Within the year 48 wells were drilled, 42 being commercial producers and 6 dry holes. The second most favorable discovery was the Paradis field, which was discovered by The Texas Company's Louisiana Land and Exploration Company's Paradis No. 1 well, in St. Charles Parish, just west of New Orleans. Detailed information concerning this field has not yet been made available but it is reported that the oil sand is as much as 175 ft. thick. The initial production indicated was 1750 bbl. daily and reports suggest a very large structure. In Calcasieu Parish the Humble Oil and Refining Company's Edge-wood Land No. 1 discovered gas in the Oligocene at a total depth of 7042 ft., in the Perkins area. Although two additional dry holes have been drilled in this prospect, it is still believed to have some merit. A new discovery is credited to Cameron Parish with the finding of Miocene oil in the Superior Oil Company's State No. 1 well in Grand Lake. The Chalkley field, Cameron Parish, is credited as a 1938 discovery but was largely developed in 1939 into one of the more important new fields. During the year 13 wells were drilled, 8 being oil wells and 5 dry holes. The oil is found in the Oligocene at depths of approximately 9000 feet.

Jan 1, 1940

By Earl S. Greiner, Eric R. Jette

The constitution of the iron-silicon alloys containing from 14 to 33.4 weight per cent silicon has been studied by a number of investigators, whose results have been reviewed in a monograph published by the Engineering Foundation1. In these previous researches, the solubility of silicon in iron was determined by thermal, microscopic or magnetic methods and the compound Fe3Si2 was reported to be stable at temperatures from 0 to approximately 1030' C. This paper describes the results of an X-ray investigation of the solubility of silicon in iron and gives data which prove that the Fe3Si2 phase is unstable below 825" C. In order to obtain the present results on the solubility of silicon in iron, the authors have utilized the lattice constants of the alpha-phase iron-silicon alloys given in a previous publication2, and also some additional data which will subsequently be described. Materials and Methods The alloys used in this investigation are listed in Table 1. They were prepared in 30 or 50-gram ingots by melting specially purified silicon and electrolytic or carbonyl iron in alundum crucibles under a pressure of less than 1 mm. of mercury. The purity of the silicon, electrolytic and carbonyl irons has been given by the authors in previous publications2, 5. The ingots were homogenized in vacuo at approximately 1000" C. for at least 96 hr. and then slowly cooled. The homogenized specimens were ground to powder in a hardened steel mortar. This powder was passed through a 150 or 200-mesh screen and sealed in evacuated quartz, Jena or Pyrex glass tubes and heat-treated as noted in the various tables. Specimens 23A, 24B, 33 and 35 and the specimens heated for one month at 700" C. were quenched by quickly removing the tubes from a horizontal tubular furnace and dropping them into water. The other specimens were quenched by means of a drop-quenching device, which has been described previously3.

Jan 1, 1937

By John A. Mathews

It is twenty years since the writer made his first molybdenum steels and others were making them commercially five years earlier but the prevailing opinion seems to be that molybdenum steels are new; from time to time the daily press speaks of important discoveries in Europe and intimates that American steel makers have much to learn in regard to alloy steels. The earlier experiments were largely confined to the use of relatively high percentages of molybdenum in tool steels and permanent magnet steels. Recent developments deal with the types of alloy structural steels used for airplane, automobile, and other engineering requirements; in these, the molybdenum content is usually less than 1 per cent. The earlier types generally have been unsuccessful commercially, but the newer types of steels are becoming of increasing importance. The war showed our dependence on foreign sources for alloying metals; molybdenum alone is widely distributed in the United States and seemingly abundant. Many deposits are not now of commercial interest, owing to location and relatively small amount of ore available, but other deposits are being developed and a stable source of supply seems well assured. In tool and magnet steels, it was early found that 1 part of molybdenum was equivalent to from 2 to 2.5 parts of tungsten. The permanent magnet steels investigated by Madame Curie,' in 1898, contained from 3.36 to 4.05 per cent. molybdenum; in 1902, Dr. E. L. French and the writer thoroughly tested steels containing from 2.0 to 4.0 per cent. These steels gave satisfactory tests for permanence, but were low in residual density and much more sensitive to hardening than the corresponding tungsten products. We discontinued work with them, therefore, and have no advice that such steels have been used commercially here or abroad. Prior to the development of the Taylor-White process and the modern high-speed steels, air-hardening steels were in general use. These were

Jan 1, 1922