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By E. G. Dahlgren, Dan O. Howard

THE West Edmond oil field, which covers parts of Oklahoma, Canadian, Kingfisher, and Logan Counties in the State of Oklahoma, is in geographical extent the largest single oil field found in the state. At the present time, its area of 26,800 acres is almost twice as large as the Oklahoma City field, which hitherto was the state's largest field. Many authorities believe that the West Edmond field is the most important oil pool found in the United States since Pearl Harbor. The discovery of the field without the help of geological, geophysical, or other recognized technical information, the fact that the oil and gas accumulated in a stratigraphic or wedge-type trap, and the rapid development of the productive area under wartime conditions are some of the interesting features of the field. The West Edmond field lies west of the Oklahoma City, Britton, and Edmond fields. The field is in an area that has been considered on the west flank of the Granite Ridge line of folding, on which a number of Central Oklahoma's most important oil fields are located. Over a period of years, especially since the discovery of the new pools such as Oklahoma City, Edmond, Britton, and Crescent, the general area of the West Edmond field has been explored intensively by geological and geophysical methods. This led at times to the drilling of a few dry Wilcox sand tests.

Jan 1, 1945

By W. A. Forbes

OUR present-day geological surveys show that 36 of our States are underlain with bituminous coal, covering a total area of 496,709 square miles. The North American continent possesses 69 per cent of the world's coal reserves, with the United States alone having an estimated 55 per cent. The American coal reserves, in tons, are calculated to he about 3,500,000,000,000 tons, of which we have exhausted about 1 to 1 1/2 per cent. If this coal were mined at the rate of the 1918 production-a record output of 579;000,000 tons-it would not be depleted for 4,000 years. The more easily accessible and high-grade coals would obviously be consumed much before this; some estimates are 100 years. The natural progress of the nation's industries up to 1910 encouraged on every hand the development of new mines, especially where cheap and easy access to coal measures was coupled with short hauls to the consumer. Over-development resulted, which is perhaps today one of the fundamental causes for the many difficulties faced by the coal industry, which is highly competitive; about 70 per cent of the production cost is labor. Salient statistics for 1930, recently issued by the U. S. Bureau of Mines, follow:

Jan 1, 1932

By Kenneth K. Humphreys

INTRODUCTION What is automation? Why automate? Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary defines automation as "the automatically controlled operation of an apparatus, process, or system by mechanical or electronic devices that take the place of human organs of observation, effort, and decision." This definition gives an implied answer to the second question, "Why automate?" Automation, automatic control devices, and process control equipment receive their justification in supplementing or replacing manpower, which results in decreased operating costs. In the past, processes were operated with the minimum amount of instruments needed merely to guide operators. Processes were manually con- trolled by the operator on the basis of simple temperature, pressure, flow, and level indications on a panel. Today the tendency is to design a new plant to operate in a fully automatic manner according to a preset pro- gram utilizing a minimum of manpower. In addition to this direct cost reduction in manual labor, increased equipment capacity results from uniformity of flow and uniform control of process variables. This control eliminates or minimizes surges and permits equipment to be operated at or near its ultimate capacity and, for a given material throughput, permits the use of smaller process equipment. Automatic control, therefore, be it in the field of coal processing or in any industrial field, is simply a problem of economics. Control equipment is justified in terms of its contribution toward increasing productivity, increasing profit margins, or producing a new and salable product at a profit. Instruments and control devices can be divided into two general groups: (1) units which measure and (2) units which both measure and control a process variable.

Jan 1, 1979

By J. C. Boswell, J. D. Crawford

IN addition to its base-metal and coal mining operations, the United States Smelting Refining and Mining Company has, for the past quarter century, been one of the few large American mining companies interested in dredging. Its activities in this field are confined to gold, and to Alaska, but it is the largest operator in that territory, with twelve huge dredges available to work during the summer on the frozen ancient beach sands at Nome and the gravels of Fairbanks. These operations will be described separately.

Jan 1, 1948

By Paul M. Tyler

FOR the same reason that water is not missed until the well runs dry, the roles of many industrial minerals in wartime are often overlooked. In contrast to the growing shortages of many metals, our supplies of most nonmetallic minerals are limited only by our machinery for taking them from the ground and by our processing facilities. With few exceptions, the demand for increased supplies has been met without fanfare or delay. Only Brazilian quartz crystals, certain kinds of mica, and, latterly, industrial diamonds are on the so-called strategic list, although asbestos, beryl, corundum, cryolite, fluorspar, crucible-grade graphite, ilmenite, iodine, kyanite, monazite, nitrates, rutile, and zircon have caused more concern among those responsible for procurement and are included in our preclusive buying programs. Such specialties are needed urgently, but they are far less important in the over-all picture than the more abundant minerals.

Jan 1, 1942

THREE regional meetings are planned for this summer and fall following the spring meeting held under the auspices of the Iron and Steel Committee and the Ohio Section at Cleveland in April and in lieu of a general fall meeting of the Institute. Plans for all of them are maturing rapidly. Excellent programs and. interesting visits to points of local tech¬nical interest are already assured. THE SALT LAKE CITY MEETING This meeting will be under the auspices of the Milling Committee and the Utah Section. It will be one of the features of the joint convention held the week of August 22 to 26 with the Western Division of the American Mining Congress. The Congress will be responsible for the general arrangements and for the program on the first day. The following general committees have been appointed:

Jan 7, 1927

By D. K. Deardorff, Haruo Kato

D. K. Deardorff and Haruo Kato (U. S. Bureau of Mines)—We wish to refute the 1875" 20°C value that Giessen, et al., report as the transformation temperature of hafnium. Although these authors state that their work along this line will be reported later, we can't leave their value undiscussed, for we believe it to be 125°C too high. Our value of 1750° 20°C, which the authors mention, has been substantiated in our laboratories by the use of three other methods. The first method of substantiation was by heating and cooling curves using a hafnium/tungsten thermocouple, the couple having first been calibrated against a t/Pt-10 pct Rh couple. The second method was by quenching and metallography of dilute Hf-Ta alloys. The third cussion, it may be pointed out that the observations of Rogers referred to large unidirectional strains where the internal cracks or voids appeared only after a strain of 32 pct or more. On the contrary the internal fissures observed, as a result of fatigue cycling, occurred for a total extension of some 5 pct and furthermore followed the directions of the slip zones. Finally, it is not our contention, as implied in Dr. Alden's last paragraph, that the tensile stress is an important factor in crack propagation. Indeed, in connection with the reference to the companion report, special note is made of the fact that "Deformation was apparently concentrated in grains which have a slip plane nearly perpendicular to the specimen axis and thus near the plane of maximum applied shear." This dependence of the growth of fissures on the orientation of the slip planes with respect to the direction of maximum applied shear is clearly shown in work on the torsional cycling of single crystals which has been submitted for publication. method was by heating and cooling curves with W/W-26 pct Re thermocouple. Counting the original resistometric method, four different methods have yielded 1750" 20°C as the transformation temperature of hafnium. All our work on determination of the hafnium transformation temperature has shown that the specimen under test must be quickly heated to and through the transformation temperature if the lowest possible transformation value is to be determined; otherwise a higher value not representative of pure hafnium will result. Speed was emphasized in all methods. In our resistometric work the corresponding voltage, amperage, and temperature readings were taken quickly and the transformation temperature was usually reached within 5 min total heating time. In the thermal analysis work involving Hf/W or W/W-26 pct Re thermocouples the transformation temperature was attained within three minutes total heating time, this time being less because the two variables were

Jan 1, 1963

By AIME AIME

THE Tuesday afternoon session", H. A. Bedworth chairman and T. S. Fuller, vice-chairman, was opened with D. J. McAdam, Jr.'s paper entitled "The Influence of Cyclic Stress on Corrosion." This paper dealt with the influence of cyclic stress on corrosion of alloy steels, corrosion-resisting steels, monel metal and aluminum alloys. The paper was discussed by T. S. Fuller, who pointed out that steels under stress corroded more than unstressed steels when subjected to steam.

Jan 1, 1930

By David B. Dill, Edgar R. Lea

The zinc deposits of the Balmat-Edwards Division of the St. Joseph Lead Company in northern New York State provide some 10 per cent of the domestic zinc produced annually within the United States. These complex ore deposits are contained within marbles of the Precambrian Grenville series, in a repetitive sequence of dolomites and silicated units. The Balmat ore bodies are localized at various intervals throughout some 1800 feet of the stratigraphic column on the northwest side of a band of gneiss that has continuity to the Edwards area, some 10 miles to the northeast. The Edwards ore bodies are located to the southeast of this gneiss. The marble formations are thought to have included repetitive intervals of marine sedimentation that provided mineralized source "beds" and were subsequently folded, flooded, and injected with melts at great depth and were sheared, recrystallized, and reconstituted. Detailed structural and stratigraphic studies throughout the northwestern Adirondacks, in the Balmat-Edwards district, and at each mine in particular indicate the close dependence of the ore deposits on the enveloping structure whether it be local, district-wide, or regional in scope. Primary folding has developed a northeast regional trend with northwest dips. Secondary folding has been developed by an almost horizontal northeast-southwest-oriented shear couple in the plane of the regional trend. The secondary folding has produced crossfolds that intersect the regional northeast trend and plunge north to northwest at various angles. The ore bodies are found within certain stratigraphic horizons where repeated alternation of competent and incompetent beds encouraged unusually complex folding. Analysis of individual mine structures indicates that the location of each deposit is controlled by structural crossing of primary and secondary folding. The ore bodies, which are tabular, lenticular, or pod-like in form, have features that suggest parallelism to true bedding or modified flow banding, developed by northeast-southwest shearing stresses related to the development of the crossfolds. The ore deposits in general follow both structural and recrystallization trends within the wall rocks. Mobilization of the pre-metamorphic ore minerals is believed to have involved a combination of plastic flow under stress and solution of the sphalerite, minor galena, and pyrite. The ore fluids are thought to have been guided by secondary shearing and microbrecciation into structurally prepared areas where reprecipitation took place. The presumed premetamorphic mineralization now exhibits epigenetic high-temperature features related to late-stage metamorphism.

Jan 1, 1968

By D. A. Dahlstrom

Although the liquid-solid cyclone is a relatively recent innovation in the field of coal preparation, various authors have already indicated three distinct applications to operations encountered in the modern tipple. Driessen's articles and work at the Dutch State Mines exhibited its possibilities in the beneficiation of fine coal with apparently high efficiencies down to the 200-mesh fraction. 1 2 3 4 Other publications point out its use as a recoverer, thickener, and preliminary dewatering agent of fine coal which in too many cases is being wasted due largely to former high operating cost limitations 5 6. Finally, certain authors have emphasized the practicability of applying the cyclone to the elimination of coarse and fine solids from water slurries in the tipple in order to produce a water suitable for recycle purposes containing only minute particles far below the 200-mesh size.6 This would result in a closed water system for many cases, with its accompanying economic and operating advantages to locations where water quantity and quality problems are severe; better operation of washing equipment using a consistent water devoid of injurious fine particles; lowered maintenance costs due to the lesser abrasion resulting when the fine abraiding particles are removed; and the greater ease of disposing of refuse streams of reduced volume containing greater percentages of solids.

Jan 1, 1949

By Stanley F. French, Bruno F. Koch

Although the amount of dust that will be actually recovered in the six main dust-control systems cannot be accurately stated until the tests mentioned previously are carried out, it is estimated that the average air entering the wet collectors will contain around 5 grains of dust particles per cubic foot. This means that the six systems handling a total of about 133,000 cu.ft. of air per minute will return about 68 1/2 tons of dust to the concentrator per day and since the copper in this dust will average around 2 per cent, the total recovery is approximately 1.37 tons of copper every 24 hours. This important copper recovery is not due entirely to the dust-control system since in a plant without control only the duct that is dispersed to the atmosphere represents a loss. A conservative estimate of the recovery of copper solely due to the dust control system would be about half of the total or approximately 0.70 tons of copper per day.

Jan 1, 1942

Apr. 9, AIME, Chicago Section, Chicago Bar Assn., 29 S. La Salle St., Chicago. Apr. 11-12, Geological Society of America, Cordilleran Section, annual meeting, University of Arizona, Tucson. Apr. 15, AIME, Morenci Subsection, Longfellow Inn, Morenci, Ariz. Apr. 15-17, AIME, South West district meeting, Jefferson Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. Apr. 17, AIME, Utah Section, New House Hotel; Salt Lake City. Apr. 21-22, American Zinc Institute, annual meeting, Hotel Statler, St. Louis. , Apr. 21-23, Chemical, Metallurgical, and Mining Society, and Diamond Drilling Research Laboratory, symposium on diamond drilling, Johannesburg, South Africa. Apr. 22, Assn. of Consulting Chemists & Chemical Engineers, Inc., general symposium, Hotel Belmont Plaza, New York. Apr. 25-26, AIME, New England Regional Conference, Kenmore Hotel, Boston. Apr. 26-May 11, Liege International Fair, Liege, Belgium. May 4-8, Electrochemical Society, Inc., Spring meeting, Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia.

Jan 1, 1952

By AIME AIME

NEW place was assigned to the women for their headquarters at the annual meeting of the Auxiliary but they, as usual, occupied a large place in the activities of the annual meeting. The alcove on the Thirty-ninth Street side of the building was a busy place on Monday morning, as the members of the various sections from New York to California greeted each other. The registration was conducted under the supervision of Mrs. Wolfes, Miss Georgene Davis and Mrs. Jennings, while Mrs. Hursh, Mrs. Hyde, Mrs. Charlton Reynders, and others dispensed tickets to the various functions that had been provided for entertainment. There seemed to be the usual number registered, but when only one member of the District of Columbia Section made herself known everyone wondered why the large delegation of last year had so dwindled. The explanation appeared next day, when a number of others from that Section arrived, telling of a delightful reception on the night before, at the White House. Mrs. Hoover had honored the "Canaries"¬(the organization of Lone Girl Scout' workers) the officers of the Section, and their husbands, who for once became only "so and so's husband." Luncheon was served on the fifth floor on Monday, the hostesses for that day being Mesdames C. F. Ayer, Willis Burns, G. W. Farny, H. G. Moulton, and T. T. Read. A number of sight-seeing trips had been arranged for the afternoon. The most popular proved to be an expedition to the new Riverside Church; where Dr. Fosdick is pastor. Guides were there to conduct

Jan 1, 1931

By F. F. Aplan

Mineral processing engineers have recorded an- other year of active research and development work. Most gratifying was the broadly based attendance at the Mineral Processing Fundamental (formerly Basic Science) Committee sessions at the 1968 Annual Meeting of the AIME. Because of the availability of good papers, the active discussion and the growing attendance, sessions have grown from one to three at the annual meeting. Prof. M. C. Fuerstenau of the University of Utah will chair the Mineral Processing Fundamentals Committee for the next two years and we may thus be assured of continued active leadership. The name change from "Basic Science Committee" to the more descriptive "Mineral Processing Fundamentals Committee" approved by the MBD executive council is a welcome improvement. Our profession continues to attract the interest and cooperation of those in other professional groups. The 1968 Engineering Foundation Particulate Matter Conference, under the chairmanship of John Karpinski of Bethlehem Steel, was devoted exclusively to comminution this year. It attracted conferees from five continents and served as a particularly stimulating source of interchange of knowledge from many technical fields. Next year's conference will be under the chairmanship of Professor L,. G. Austin of The Pennsylvania State University. This conference plus the Symposium on Wettability and Flotation to be held at the annual American Chemical Society meeting in Minneapolis in April indicates the success achieved in the inter-disciplinary approach to problems. Other evidence of this spirit of professional cooperation is the forth- coming book on Size Reduction edited by D. W. Fuerstenau. This is the outgrowth of an AIChE symposium on size reduction held in 1965.

Jan 2, 1969

By John T. Crawford

Introduction Loading and hauling systems are evaluated in open pit mining for new properties, expanding existing operations, changing systems or equipment, and equipment replacement analysis. The objective of such evaluations is to determine the equipment needed to handle planned tonnages at the lowest cash flow cost. Cash flow costs are used to combine capital outlays with operating and maintenance costs. Leasing costs could be substituted for capital costs with appropriate modifications to calculation procedures. These modifications will not be covered. This chapter will describe methods of evaluating loading and hauling systems, concentrating on some of the more often raised questions concerning quantitative data. While the methods described are not the only ones in current use, they have a record of proven reliability. The shovel and haulage truck system is used In the examples because of its common use in open pit mines. In medium to large open pit mines, electric shovels and diesel-electric drive haulage trucks are normally used. The basic ideas presented in this chapter apply to all loading and hauling systems, with appropriate modifications. The process of performing a shovel and haulage truck evaluation can be time-consuming and tedious because of the quantity of data involved, but it is not particularly difficult. The examples used to Illustrate shovel and haulage truck evaluation are based on a hypothetical open pit mine operating 350 days per year producing 31 750- 000 t (35,000,000 st, 100,000 stpd) annually, of which 11 110 000 t ( 12,250,000 st, 35,000 stpd) are ore. Selection of the optimum shovel and haulage truck fleets will be shown. The principal sources of data for the examples or any other equipment evaluation are equipment manufacturers and actual operations. Whenever possible, actual operating experience should be used to verify estimates. The quantitative data presented herein are unrelated to a specific existing mining operation.

Jan 1, 1979

F. E. Thompson, Pottstown, Pa.: If Mr. Webster's endeavor to open up the subject of cast-iron should prove as prolific of results as did the discussion on " The Physics of Steel," he must certainly feel richly repaid. His remarks concerning the secretiveness and conservatism of the average foundry-man recall to my mind an instance of a blast-furnace which, for the last year, has been producing much foundry-iron. The manager, believing that much more of his product could be used in the foundry than the foundry-men were will-

Jan 1, 1896

By A. Hultgren, G. Phragmén

Page Outline of Progress of Knowledge and Theories about Gas Evolution in Steel Ingots. and Its Influence on Crystallization and Segregation................ 134 Object of Present Investigation........................................... 148 Theoretical Discussion of Process of Solidification........................... 149 Gas Given Off from Rimming Steel during Solidification................... 149 Equilibrium Diagram of the Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys................... 151 Solidification of Pure Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys.......................... 157 Solidification when Carbon Monoxide Is Given Off at Constant Pressure... 157 Solidification when Gas Evolution Is Suppressed....................... 158 Schematic Application on Solidification of Rimming-steel Ingots.......... 159 Influence of Manganese, Sulphur and Phosphorus......................... 160 Experimental work..................................................... 162 Liquid Steel and the Mold Gas......................................... 162 Ingots Investigated and Methods Used.................................. 165 Ingot structure....................................................... 174 Structure of Rim Zone.............................................. 174 Structure of Core................................................... 181 Structures Obtained under Special Conditions of Freezing................ 182 Distribution of Metalloids............................................. 187 Other Observations Made............................................. 192 General Discussion of Solidification Process................................. 195 Condition of Liquid Steel before Casting................................. 195 Rimming Period...................................................... 202 Composition of Rim Zone............................................. 225 Freezing after Top Is Closed........................................... 228 Slag Inclusions and Ingot Scum........................................ 234 Reaction between Gas in Blowholes and Surrounding Solid Steel during Cooling 235 Summary.............................................................. 237 Appendix—Preparation and Etching of Ingot Sections....................... 238 References............................................................. 239 In 1934, Jernkontoret (The Swedish Ironmasters' Association) appointed a committee for the study of the structure of rimming-steel ingots and the various phenomena associated with their solidification. The members of the committee, including those who have joined it later, have been: I. Bohm, B. D. Enlund, B. Kalling, M. Tigerschiöld, S. Wohlfahrt and the authors. The present paper‡ is a somewhat

Jan 1, 1939

By G. Phragmén, A. Hultgren

Page Outline of Progress of Knowledge and Theories about Gas Evolution in Steel Ingots. and Its Influence on Crystallization and Segregation................ 134 Object of Present Investigation........................................... 148 Theoretical Discussion of Process of Solidification........................... 149 Gas Given Off from Rimming Steel during Solidification................... 149 Equilibrium Diagram of the Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys................... 151 Solidification of Pure Iron-carbon-oxygen Alloys.......................... 157 Solidification when Carbon Monoxide Is Given Off at Constant Pressure... 157 Solidification when Gas Evolution Is Suppressed....................... 158 Schematic Application on Solidification of Rimming-steel Ingots.......... 159 Influence of Manganese, Sulphur and Phosphorus......................... 160 Experimental work..................................................... 162 Liquid Steel and the Mold Gas......................................... 162 Ingots Investigated and Methods Used.................................. 165 Ingot structure....................................................... 174 Structure of Rim Zone.............................................. 174 Structure of Core................................................... 181 Structures Obtained under Special Conditions of Freezing................ 182 Distribution of Metalloids............................................. 187 Other Observations Made............................................. 192 General Discussion of Solidification Process................................. 195 Condition of Liquid Steel before Casting................................. 195 Rimming Period...................................................... 202 Composition of Rim Zone............................................. 225 Freezing after Top Is Closed........................................... 228 Slag Inclusions and Ingot Scum........................................ 234 Reaction between Gas in Blowholes and Surrounding Solid Steel during Cooling 235 Summary.............................................................. 237 Appendix—Preparation and Etching of Ingot Sections....................... 238 References............................................................. 239 In 1934, Jernkontoret (The Swedish Ironmasters' Association) appointed a committee for the study of the structure of rimming-steel ingots and the various phenomena associated with their solidification. The members of the committee, including those who have joined it later, have been: I. Bohm, B. D. Enlund, B. Kalling, M. Tigerschiöld, S. Wohlfahrt and the authors. The present paper‡ is a somewhat

Jan 1, 1939

[Aase, Qlenn D., (Junior Member '40) Jr. Met.. American Smelt. & Refin. Co., Selby. Calif. Abadie, Henry G., (Junior Member '43) Petr. Engr.. Avenal, Calif. Abbott, Clarence E., (Member '04) Civil En=.. V.P.. Tennessee Coal. Iron & R.R. Co., 1542 Brown biarx Bldg.. Birminpham, Aln. Abbott. Fred E., Jr., (Member '44) Petr. Engr., C/O Arabian Anierican Oil Co.. A.P.O. 816. c/o Postmaster, New York, N. Y. Abel, Raymond L., (Member '28) Chem. Engr.. C. O., Pittsburgh Chem. Warfare Procurenlent Dist.. American Bank Bldg., Pittsburph. Pa. Abel, Walter D., (Member '32) Min. Engr.. Supvr. Engr.. RFC, Los Angeles, Calif.]

Jan 1, 1946

By A. J. Mcintosh

PRICE changes in competing fuels in the last three decades have reflected the changes in the consuming habits of the people of the United States. Prior to World War 11 the importance of fuel oil and fuel gas increased almost constantly while the relative importance of both bituminous and anthracite coal decreased. During this same prewar period coal prices increased to a much greater extent than oil prices. In fact, in many years, oil prices declined and in most cases are now no higher than they were back in 1925-26. During the war natural economic trends were entirely upset because of the tremendous petroleum requirements of the Army and Navy. Under these conditions many industrial plants were converted to the use of coal and the new installations in home heating and industrial plants of all kinds which might have used oil were practically eliminated. Although petroleum prices were rigidly controlled by OPA coal prices increased several times during the war. An over-all statement as to the rela-

Jan 1, 1947