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By X Zheng, P Manton

Pebble recycle crushing circuit performance at Telfer has historically fallen significantly short of the design product P80 of 12 mm. An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the current pebble crusher circuit performance, quantify the optimum performance achievable with the existing circuit and examine the impact of pebble crusher performance on the overall grinding circuit throughput. The primary objective of this investigation was to develop an operating strategy that could consistently deliver the finest possible pebble crusher product to maximise the overall plant throughput.The pebble crusher specific energy (Wc) was proposed as a key control variable for pebble crusher operation based on the results of plant survey work. Over the range of pebble crusher specific energies encountered at Telfer, a strong linear relationship was found to exist between Wc and the crusher product size. This direct linear relationship between specific energy and crusher product size remained constant regardless of how the change in specific energy was generated, ie through changes to the crusher closed side setting (CSS), feed rate, liner profile or moisture content. Key findings for the Telfer pebble crushing circuit were: each 0.1 kWh/t change in Wc resulted in a 4.9 per cent to 6.0 per cent change in plant throughput, each 1 mm change in pebble crusher CSS resulted in a 2.2 per cent to 2.6 per cent change in plant throughput, and 0.57 tonne of new feed was displaced for each tonne of crushed pebbles recycled to the semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) mill. The presence of an existing 3000 tonne pebble stockpile between the SAG mill and pebble crushers provides an opportunity to manipulate the feed rate to the pebble crushers independently of the SAG mill pebble production rate. This flexibility, along with excess pebble crushing capacity, enables the pebble crusher specific energy to be maximised the majority of the time. Pebble crusher specific energy has subsequently been incorporated as an online crusher control measure to assist in maximising plant throughput.

Jan 1, 2009

By M BSckstr÷m

Acid rock drainage (ARD), commonly found in vicinities of sulfidic mines, possess properties capable of widely affecting the surrounding environment by acidification and heavy metal pollution. In most ARD treatments, various alkaline sources are used to neutralise the acid produced. Utilisation of highly alkaline fly ashes instead of raw materials is a cost-effective alternative, which lately have become increasingly popular. In laboratory batch experiments, neutralising capacity of fly ash was studied during 20 days. ARD was added to the fly ash once a day, for each increment the liquid to solid ratio (L/S ratio) was increased. At an early stage of the experiment (day 6, L/S ratio 12), the concentration of barium in solution unexpectedly increased by a factor of 50 (from 200 to 10 000 ¦g+l-1). This high concentration also sustained the following two days (L/S ratios 14 and 16) before dropping to the original level. pH showed a slight increase during these observations (pH 12.4 - 12.7). The phenomenon was also observed in a parallel and identical series. In addition to barium, aluminium and strontium clearly increased in the same manner, however not as much as barium. Furthermore, concentrations of chromium and molybdenum noticeably decreased at these distinct L/S ratios (12, 14 and 16). The behaviour of barium and subsequently strontium, aluminium, chromium and molybdenum is only partially understood. The decrease of chromium and molybdenum is suggested to be due to incorporation into the interlayer regions of hydrocalumite (Ca4Al2(OH)12(OH)2+6H2O), replacing the hydroxide groups, which also explains the increase in pH. Moreover, the increase of barium, strontium and aluminium could be attributable to dissolution of the silicate mineral celsian (Ba,Sr(Al2Si2O8)). Alternatively, barium and strontium increase could be explained by dissolution of a Ba,Sr(SO4)-solid solution and aluminium increase by dissolution of hydrocalumite or ettringite.

Jan 1, 2008

By D Matthews

Increases in mining and production capacities can have a major impact on the productivity of a mining and production facility during the construction and commissioning period. With minimised production loss in mind, a multi-phase modular plant design was implemented on the Khumani Mine in the Northern Cape, South Africa. The first phase involved a run-of-mine (ROM) crushing facility and the subsequent modular processing facility with capacity for 8.4 million tons per annum (Mt/a) product. An interim phase comprising modular additions to the processing facility increased capacity to 10 Mt/a product, with tie-ins occurring during maintenance periods. The second phase involves a second ROM crushing facility and modular additions to the processing facility, increasing capacity to 16 Mt/a product. This paper outlines the design considerations and limitations with modular design that need to be considered and shows how effectively construction and commissioning were implemented within shut-down and maintenance periods.

Jul 11, 2011

By H Barrie, L Ameglio

"Current methods for acid rock drainage (ARD) mitigation revolve around insulation of the waste from oxygen in the atmosphere with water and dry (soils and liners) covers. Both are of limited effectiveness and present significant drawbacks. Furthermore, while they reduce oxygen influx, they reduce but do not prevent ARD.The inert gas mixture (IGM) technology has been designed to overcome the deficiencies of gas transfer into tailings and waste rock materials across the surface and instead block oxidation by controlling the transfer of oxygen from the atmosphere. Inert gas is injected into the mine waste at low flow rates and the positive but low flow purges the oxygen that tends to diffuse into the sulfide waste across the surface. The positive flow of IGM compensates for inward oxygen diffusion and creates a pressure drop across the cover layer preventing inward diffusion of oxygen and, hence, acid generation.The IGM processes are evaluated in this paper: theoretically, with a review of the theory of ARD and the current state of knowledge about the performance of notably dry covers as atmospheric oxygen barriers via models to predict the performance of the IGM technique practically, with a bench-scaled experiment.The results demonstrate the effectiveness of IGM to prevent oxidation of sulfide minerals and ARD in waste rock. The laboratory experiments further identified key variables to be used to monitor performance and control efficiency of IGM, which is now awaiting field-scale application.The IGM technology is a patented process by Terraquest Technologies Ltd (Canada) in USA, Canada and Australia. The IGM technology can be cost-effectively manufactured on-site with commercially available compressors and gas filtration membranes. It is predicted that low-cost covers can then be utilised with IGM, which in turn lowers the overall capital costs of ARD mitigation.CITATION:Ameglio, L and Barrie, H, 2015. Acid rock drainage prevention using inert gas mixture technology, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century, pp 85–96 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne)."

Jul 27, 2015

By N Winkelmann

Underground coal heating is a significant hazard in some coal mines. The broad principles of how underground coal heatings occur is reasonably known, however the technique for locating the heatings in often inaccessible goaf has been proved to be difficult. Since 2002, CSIRO, with the support of the Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) has been undertaking investigations to apply and develop innovative surface-based radon technique for locating the underground heatings in Australia. This paper presents the progress of the investigation.

Jan 1, 2005

By A R. Sale

This paper highlights two aspects of the mineral sands industry in Australia: the development of the industry from approximately 1870 through to 1980, and the author’s experience in the industry from 1966 to date.The first real heavy mineral (HM) mining in Australia started in 1870 with the mining of heavy mineral slicks on the beaches along the east coast of Australia. The real potential of Australian heavy minerals was however only realised in the 1920s with the first production of a heavy mineral concentrate that was shipped to Canada for processing. Post WW 11 and the Korean War, Australia was the largest producer of mineral sands products in the world as well as a significant developer of associated separation equipment and technology. The number of producing companies in the east coast peaked at 33 in 1957, was reduced to ten by 1965, and subsequently further reduced to five in 1980 as a result of potential mining areas being declared National Parks or Conservation Reserves. Today there is one company, Unimin Australia Pty Ltd (formally Consolidated Rutile Ltd) operating on the east coast. In contrast there were three companies on the west coast in 1965, four companies in 1980, and four companies today (albeit not the same companies).There have been considerable ups and downs for the industry in Australia, however world wide it was renowned in the past as being an industry that attracted numerous interesting and innovative characters that played a major role in developing it into the vibrant industry that it is today. This, given the current climate, is predicted to continue into the future.The author has been continuously involved in the industry for over 45 years from 1966, initially as an electrician at Consolidated Rutile Ltd culminating in the role of General Manager/President of Iluka Resources Limited USA, prior to his retirement in 2009. His exposure has been world wide and has covered all aspects of the industry but in the main focused on project development and operational areas. During this time there have been significant technological advances, yet to some extent the basic principles have not changed at all. Some of the most noteworthy advances include the development of the Wright Spiral in 1977, the development of the Reading High Intensity Wet Magnet (WHIMS), the rare earth magnets, the CRL floating thickener and the improvement of analytical techniques. From a safety, health and environmental perspective there has been significant advances that the industry has much to be proud of. These include wetland restoration both in Australia and in the US, the restoration of farmland in Virginia and Capel, and the re-establishment of native species, for example at Eneabba and Richards Bay to name but a few.

Oct 5, 2011

The Australian Mineral Industry's growth in the last two decades is directly related to the skill and experience of its consultants in mining, metallurgy, geology, finance, management, marketing, and engineering. The role of mining consultants needs to be re-examined, so that the quality of the service they deliver will continue to be adequate for the 1990's. One means of this evaluation is by examining Case Studies in the strategies and difficulties of developing contract and entrepreneurial research.

Jan 1, 1986

By G R. Ballantyne, M S. Powell

A comprehensive Australia-wide survey of comminution energy consumption at copper and gold mines was presented by the authors at the 11th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2012. The database has been extended to include major overseas mines and used to benchmark comminution energy consumption across the industry. The mines included in this study now represent 15 and 24 per cent of the total global gold and copper production respectively, and almost all Australian production. The comminution energy intensity per unit of saleable metal has been presented in a graphical form similar to a cost curve used in economics. The graphical method has been developed to assess the competitive advantage that can be achieved by reducing comminution energy intensity.This benchmarking tool has been applied to three published case studies to assess its applicability. The first case study indicated that a large reduction in size-specific energy (kWh/t -75 µm) was achievable by converting standard semi-autogenous and ball mill circuits to include high pressure grinding roll and stirred mills. The second case study investigated the metal-specific energy reduction historically achieved by Bougainville with the addition of a preconcentration screening plant. The final case study was conducted by Barrick Gold Corporation and involved incremental efficiency upgrades at three of its gold mines: Cortez, Cowal and Mara North. The application of the benchmarking tool to each of these case studies successfully demonstrated the scale and competitive advantage that was achieved by reducing energy intensity.CITATION:Ballantyne, G R and Powell, M S, 2014. Benchmarking comminution energy consumption for improved efficiency, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 95–100 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

The recovery of Copper by solvent extraction was arguably the most significant hydrometallurgical development of the 1960's. However, only dilute solutions at relatively high ph. could be treated effectively. ICVAcorga introduced in the 1970's the much stronger salicylaldoxime based reagents, which resulted in a dramatic change in plant configurations. So for example plants which normally use 3 extraction stages and 3 stripping stages could be reduced to 2 + 2 staging or 2 + 1 staging, even for high copper tenors at low ph. Leach liquors up to 40 g A copper are being treated at some locations so that almost any copper bearing liquor can now be purified by solvent extraction. Following a considerable amount of research and development effort ICI/Acorga have made further significant advances in the application of copper solvent extraction. The first of these is in computerised flowsheeting. In conjunction with ICI's Process Technology Department, Acorga have developed the Minchem Computer program, which uses laboratory generated equilibrium data to facilitate optimisation of metallurgical operating parameters. The program can operate in two modes, prediction and assessment so that given suitable extract and strip isotherms plant performance can be predicted for a given set of conditions. Alternatively existing plant performance can be assessed rapidly and accurately, thus providing a valuable quality control tool. Pilot plant work can now be restricted to evaluation of the physical aspects of the SX circuits, and to looking for the unexpected. Secondly using the patented 5-Nonyl Salicylaldoxime in precise admixture with a number of carefully selected strip modifiers, the Acorga M-range has resulted. Reagent selection from these new extractants can now be based on how the reagent can alleviate the remaining problems such as hydrolytic stability, transfer of iron, and organic losses by entrainment which may be related to particular features of the operating plant. Thus the Acorga M-range has enhanced and significantly extended the use of solvent extraction for copper, whilst refinements in the processing of metallurgical data has considerably simplified circuit design and analysis of results.

Jan 1, 1989

By M I. Pownceby, S Hapugoda, H Han, E Donskoi, L Lu

Iron ore sinter mineralogy and its associated macro-/micro – structure has a strong impact on sinter quality. At a macroscopic scale, sinter ideally consists of a strong, porous matrix which bonds relict ore nuclei together. Microscopically, the sinter matrix (solidified from the melt part of the initial sinter mix) generally consists of complex calcium ferrites known as SFCA, secondary magnetite and hematite grains (precipitated from the primary sinter melt), glass and silicates. Depending on the conditions under which the sinter structure is formed, two major forms of SFCA with different morphologies are generally recognised, ie fine micro-platy SFCA (usually termed SFCA-I) and coarse columnar/prismatic SFCA. Detailed optical microscope observations of several pot grate and compact sinter samples revealed the presence of a variety of fine, coarse and dense forms of both types of SFCA. The controlled cooling tests revealed that cooling rate has an impact on the form and size of SFCA crystals. In this work, EPMA analysis of SFCA compositions from a variety of pot grate and compact sinter samples are presented. Results show that the SFCA types exhibit a broad range of complex compositions within the system Fe2O3/CaO/SiO2/Al2O3/MgO/TiO2/MnO2. Although SFCA-I and SFCA are known to be crystallographically distinct and with different, well-defined ranges in composition, there was considerable overlap in compositions of the experimental sinter samples. The development of SFCA textures depend on several parameters including the local chemistry and conditions including the maximum temperature attained and the cooling rate, within the sinter bed, thereby suggesting that SFCA identification based on morphology alone may be erroneous.

Nov 8, 2021

By J Wheeler

The benefits of fine size separation in magnetite concentration are detailed focusing on published research from various iron ore producers. Basic principles of fine sizing and advancements in screening technology are addressed. A chronological review of research is used to show the evolution of fine sizing applications in the industry, starting with studies that demonstrated the benefit of using fine screens to produce consistent lower silica concentrates, followed by improvements in fine sizing equipment that have made effi cient screen classification in ball mill circuits practical. Case studies are used to demonstrate how positive sizing with screens can be used to significantly shift concentrate ‘grind/grade’ relationships.

Jul 11, 2011

By M Hilden, K Barbosa, M Yahyaei, C Ndimande, K Runge, V Jokovic

Classification devices provide a link between comminution and flotation. Basically, it determines which particles are diverted back for additional grinding and which ones pass to downstream flotation. Therefore, the classifiers play an important role in the performance of a mineral processing circuit. Hydrocyclones are the most common classifiers used in wet grinding, despite being associated with poor classification efficiency. Hydrocyclones are widely used due to advantages related to low maintenance as well as reduced capital and operating cost. Other classifiers, such as fine screens, have much better classification efficiency compared to hydrocyclones. The major challenge of using screens in an operation, however, is their large footprint and increased maintenance requirements relative to hydrocyclones. Some researchers have demonstrated that switching from hydrocyclones to screens, as the classifier device in a ball milling circuit, resulted in a 20 per cent increase in plant throughput and significant improvements in coarse particle recovery, resulting in a 6 per cent increase in overall flotation recovery. However, it is known that these benefits of improved classification are very much ore specific, ie depending on the ore response. Therefore, there is a need to estimate the benefits of improved classification in pilot scale testing before the plant could consider the potential classifier upgrade. This paper presents the results of two pilot-scale grinding tests where the ore sample was processed using different classifiers: a traditional hydrocyclone and hybrid classification involving the use of a semi-inverted hydrocyclone followed by a screen. The size specific energy and circulating load were used to compare the performance of the grinding circuit. The grinding product was subject to mineral liberation analysis and the impact of classification efficiency on the mineral liberation is discussed in the paper.

Aug 24, 2022

An empirical method of estimating dense rock (D.R.E.) equivalent volumes erupted as airfall tephra, described in a companion paper in this volume, is elaborated, and its accuracy discussed. Estimates obtained from a single eruption can be classified as to whether they show positive, negative, or constant relative dispersion. For positively dispersed tephras (estimated volumes increasing with distance), this procedure improves the accuracy of the method. The technique is applied to selected andesitic tephras erupted from Egmont Volcano, New Zealand, during the last 28 000 years, which are found to range in volume from about 1.5 x 107 m3 up to about 2.4 x 108 m3 D.R.E. With a factor of about 16 between the smallest and largest volumes, this contrasts sharply with the rhyolite volcanoes in New Zealand, where the difference factor is usually of the order of 100. The largest tephra eruptions at Egmont are small compared to the largest debris avalanches, which have exceeded 1010 m3 (10 km3) in volume.The magnitude versus frequency relationship, calculated using a maximum likelihood method, establishes the limits of eruption magnitude at Mt Egmont as 107 to 109 m3 D.R.E. For some volcanoes, the magnitude-frequency relationship changes with time, owing to clustering of eruptions, separated by long dormant intervals. Ngauruhoe Volcano, New Zealand, is an example. Within eruptive episodes, the mean interval between eruptions of >_ 105 m3 is about 0.9 ¦ 0.65 years. The mean interval between eruptive episodes in which >_ 106 m3 is erupted, including episodes in which this volume is erupted gradually, is about 25.8 ¦ 6.6 years, and the mean dormant interval between all episodes is about 5.2 ¦ 3.0 years. At present Ngauruhoe is in an unusually prolonged dormant period, 50% longer than any in the historical record, since 1839.

Jan 1, 1990

The Boddington Gold Mine orebody is a large tonnage, low grade gold deposit located within the Archaean Saddleback greenstone belt within the south-western region of Western Australia. The orebody consists of laterite caprock (30 per cent) and clays (70 per cent) produced by lateritisation of felsic volcanics and intrusives. The caprock comprises gravel, hardcap and B-zone which have a specific gravity of 1.8, 2.4 and 1.8 respectively. The clay has a specific gravity of 1.5.

Jan 1, 1993

Gold mineralisation at the Enterprise Mine, 230 km south of Darwin, occurs within folded and metamorphosed sediments of the Lower Proterozoic Burrell Creek Formation adjacent to the Cullen Granite. The mineralised zone, which occupies an area of approximately 800 m x 300 m is local- ised by a moderately tight, upright symmetrical anticline which plunges shallowly southwards. The anticline has been disrupted by numerous faults on which the maximum movement is 40 m. Gold is associated with quartz and sul- phide veins which are present as saddle reefs, inter-reef veins and fault controlled reefs. it occurs within the veins or their alteration haloes, either as free gold (2 - 50 per cent of total gold content) or intimately associated with sulphides, principally arsenopyrite and Pyrrhotite.

Jan 1, 1984

By R N. Lamb, A N. Buckley

Experiments have been carried out to establish whether time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is able to differentiate monolayer and multilayer coverage of thiol collectors on sulfide minerals. The systems investigated were those for which x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is able to provide an independent determination of the extent of coverage, and included diethyldithiophosphate (DTP) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) on chalcocite, DTP on Ag2+MS prepared by sulfidising metallic silver, and isobutyl xanthate (BX) and MBT on galena. For monolayer adsorption of MBT on chalcocite, peaks from MBTû but not Cu(MBT)û ions were evident. For multilayer coverage, Cu(MBT)2û ions were clearly present, notwithstanding the fact that other data had identified the principal multilayer species as Cu(MBT). For adsorbed DTP on copper and silver sulfides, DTPû and metal(DTP)Hû peaks were observed for monolayer and multilayer coverage. Although the multilayer species was expected to be predominantly metal(DTP), metal(DTP)2û ions were evident for multilayer (but not monolayer) coverage. For the PbS/BX system, intact Pb(BX)2 or Pb(OH)BX ions were not detected for multilayer coverage, although Pb-containing ions heavier than PbBX were. Indeed, for all the systems studied, ToF-SIMS was able to differentiate monolayer from multilayer coverage. In general, however, the SIMS evidence alone might not be sufficiently definitive to effect the differentiation. In the case of collector adsorption on copper and silver sulfides, if the multilayer species detected had been the metal monothiolate only, and had not involved the formation of some metal dithiolate, then ToF-SIMS might not have been able to provide an unequivocal differentiation of the two coverage conditions.

Jan 1, 2005

The economic significance of a fundamental understanding of the mineral pyrrhotite is dis- cussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the relationship of other sulphide minerals to the pyrrhotite when it is the major sulphide mineral present in an ore body. Studies of the Kambalda nickel deposit are used to give a better under- standing of (a) the genesis and other character- istics of a particular ore body (b) the textural relationships between pyrrhotite and other sul- phide minerals (c) magnetic properties of natural pyrrhotite, and (e) the oxidation and supergene processes that take place in a sulphide ore body.

Jan 1, 1972

By Kasai H, Hibi T, Matsuishi S

Coal oil mixture (COM), a liquid fuel pro- duced by mixing together coal and heavy oil on the 50-50 basis, has been brought to a level of practical use in Japan, being actually employed by a oil fired system at Yokosuka Thermal Power Station of The Tokyo Electric Power Co., Inc. A COM Production Plant, built in Onahama which is located about 160 miles from Yokosuka, required COM to be transported by sea. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. therefore performed a series of studies to develop a spe- cialized COM carrier, the world's first of its kind. Long lasting high stability is of pri- mary importance to successful use of COM. Much have been done in the way of research on stability of COM in the static storage, and the mechanism of COM static: stability is almost completety known. On the other hand, the knowledge about the COM dynamic stability, such as the stability while being transported aboard the COM carrier at sea, is still limited at the moment. The motion of COM aboard the COM carrier and how COM would settle were studied by tests. A visualization test on the COM behavior under dynamic motion was also performed and the mechanism of COM dynamic stability was analysed. The tests showed that the ship rolling motion had @n effect of promoting the settling of coal content of COM in the cargo hold. And studies were also made to device a method for esti- mating the settling quantity of coal during sea Transportation.

Jan 1, 1987

By I Zulkarnain, H Permana, R A. Binns

Through an ambitious but relatively low-cost program of marine fieldwork, laboratory investigations and technology-transfer and training activities, three Indonesia-Australia-led marine expeditions were undertaken aboard KR Baruna Jaya VIII between 2001 and 2003. These IASSHA (Indonesia-Australia Survey for Submarine Hydrothermal Activity) cruises have sought to discover and investigate a variety of potential ore forming hydrothermal systems in a range of tectonic settings. All cruises have been successful, both scientifically and from the point of view of training, creation of capabilities and capacity building for such research in Indonesia. Over 60 scientists and technicians from Indonesian and Australian institutions and agencies have been involved. Three new sites and a possible fourth site of hydrothermal activity were discovered in the Sangihe arc in northern Sulawesi. Surveys in the Tomini basin tested a hypothesis based on previous data which suggested this might be an isolated anoxic, brine-filled basin over 2000 m deep where igneous heat sources existed to generate hydrothermal mineralisation. The bay, however, was found to be open to adjacent deep ocean circulation, and there was no evidence of massive base metal sulfides. Subdued evidence of hydrothermal activity was found in the Sunda Strait associated with the famous Krakatau volcano and the extension of the seismically active Semangko Fault. The BANDAMIN program (Indonesia-Germany) covered a portion of the Banda arc in eastern Indonesia, and also found evidence of recent hydrothermal activity and epithermal sulfide mineralisation.

Jan 1, 2004

By N Esmaeili, M Saghaeian, L Hosseini, V Sheikhzadeh, R Hejazi

Ore roasting has long been used for beneficiation and assay upgrading of different ores. In this process, which is mainly used for sulfide ores, the ore is heated to a high temperature. More specifically, it is a metallurgical process involving gas-solid reactions at elevated temperatures. Some types of Iron ore are weak in magnetic properties. Hematite, goethite and limonite are classified in this group. Unlike magnetite, which shows strong magnetic susceptibility, these ores are hard to beneficiate through magnetic separation route. Many researches have focused on gravity separation and flotation routes for upgrading these ores and these methods have also been utilised in the industry. One of the methods to whose industrial application less attention has been paid is magnetising roasting in which the non-magnetic iron ore is transformed to magnetite which is further beneficiated through magnetic separation. In this study, magnetising roasting tests have been performed on one goethite sample in order to check the feasibility of using this method for this specific ore in industrial scale. It is worth mentioning that high intensity magnetic separation have been performed on this sample before but the achieved results were not promising. Results have revealed that through magnetising roasting magnetite content of the ore could be increased from 1.7 per cent up to about 25 per cent. FeO content of the feed sample was increased from 1.03 per cent up to around 9.25 per cent. Also optimum size distribution for achieving the best results in magnetising roasting for this sample has been determined through this study. The best results were achieved when the ore size was 0–10 mm. The effect of coal ratio, time and temperature on the process have also be studied. A coal ratio of 5 per cent, time of 30 min and a temperature of 850°C were determined to be the optimum conditions. Finally, the technical feasibility of utilising magnetising roasting for this specific ore has been confirmed.

Aug 24, 2022